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Dental Tissues > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

_____is an extensive, intricate network of neural structures that activates, coordinates, and controls all functions of the body

A

The nervous system

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2
Q

The nervous system is an extensive, intricate network of neural structures that activates, coordinates, and controls all functions of the body, including:

A

• Muscle contraction
• Joint movements
• Stimulates glands to secrete
• Regulates the systems of the body (vascular system, digestive system, etc.)
• Allows sensation to be perceived

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3
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

• Central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system: All of the nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

The functional cellular component of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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5
Q

Neurons are composed of what three parts?

A

• Neural cell body
• Two types of cytoplasmic processes: Axon and Dendrite

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6
Q

___provides metabolic support for the entire neuron

A

Neural body

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7
Q

___transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or target tissues

A

Axon

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8
Q

____acts as the primary receiver of signals from other neurons

A

Dendrite

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9
Q

Long, thin, singular cable-like process

A

Axon

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10
Q

The axon is encased in

A

its own membrane and can also be additionally covered by a myelin sheath

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11
Q

What is a Myelin sheath?

A

• A fatty, insulating layer that wraps around the axons of nerve cells
• Acts like a protective coating
• Allows electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently along the nerve fiber

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12
Q

Threadlike process surrounding the cell body

A

Dendrite

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13
Q

Dendrites usually contains multiple_____

A

branches

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14
Q

Functions to receive impulses and conduct those impulses towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

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15
Q

Bundles or tracts of nerve fibers within the nerve

A

Fascicles

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16
Q

Bundle of neural processes outside the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves

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17
Q

Nerves allow information to be

A

carried to and from the brain

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18
Q

Junction between two neurons that allows a signal to pass between them

A

Synapse

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19
Q

Two main types of synapses:

A

• Chemical
• Electrical

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20
Q

In order to function, tissues, structures and organs require ____

A

Innervation

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21
Q

Innervation

A

a supply of nerves to the body part

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22
Q

An accumulation of neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglion

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23
Q

An appendage to a peripheral nerve where neuronal cell bodies are found outside the
CNS

A

ganglion

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24
Q

Ganglion are associated with ____nerves

A

all sensory and autonomic

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25
Q

Preganglionic fibers

A

the autonomic neuronal fibers that enter a ganglion

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26
Q

Postganglionic fibers

A

the autonomic neuronal fibers that leave the ganglion after synapsing with preganglionic fibers

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27
Q

Two types of nerves:

A

• Afferent nerves

• Efferent nerves

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28
Q

Afferent nerves

A

• Sensory nerves
• Carries information away from the periphery of the body, to the brain or spinal cord
• Touch, taste, pain, proprioception

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29
Q

Efferent nerves

A

• Motor nerves
• Carries information away from the brain or spinal cord, to the periphery of the body
• Activates muscles
• One motor neuron with its branching processes) may control hundreds of muscle fibers

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30
Q

The body is________, with positively and negatively charged ions floating around

A

electrically neutral

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31
Q

Some areas of the body have more positive ions, while other areas have more negative ions. Our body has barriers to keep the positive and negative ions separate until we are ready to use them
This barrier is the_____

A

neural membrane

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32
Q

Fluid outside the neural membrane has a___ charge

A

positive

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33
Q

Fluid inside the membrane has a____ charge

A

negative

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34
Q

The difference between the + and - charge is called

A

resting potential

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35
Q

Nerves work by____

A

depolarizing at the cell membrane to transmit impulses

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36
Q

Nerves work by depolarizing at the cell membrane to transmit impulses. This nerve impulse is called_____

A

action potential

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37
Q

Action potential spreads to____

A

adjacent areas, which sends the impulses

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38
Q

To send impulses across synapses, we need____

A

neurotransmitters (chemical agents)

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39
Q

Example of neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine

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40
Q

The CNS has what two main divisions?

A

• Brain
• Spinal cord

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41
Q

The CNS is surrounded by

A

bone (skull or vertebrae), and a layering of membranes

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42
Q

The CNS is surrounded by bone (skull or vertebrae), and a layering of membranes. What is the purpose of this?

A

to protect the CNS

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43
Q

The membranes of the CNS are called

A

Meninges

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44
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

A

• Dura mater: Also surrounds and supports the venous channels; Carry blood from the brain to the heart - these channels are the dural sinuses
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia mater

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45
Q

Also surrounds and supports the venous channels; Carry blood from the brain to the heart - these channels are the dural sinuses

A

Dura mater

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46
Q

Four major divisions of the brain:

A

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem
• Diencephalon

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47
Q

• Largest division of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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48
Q

The cerebrum consists of how many hemispheres?

A

Consists of two cerebral hemispheres

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49
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A

• Produces muscle coordination
• Maintains normal muscle tone and posture
• Coordinates balance

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50
Q

Second largest division of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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51
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

• Coordinates sensory data and motor functions
• Governs aspects of intelligence and reasoning, learning, and memory

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52
Q

What are the divisions of the brain stem?

A

Divisions include medulla, pons, and midbrain

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53
Q

Function of the medulla

A

Regulates heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction (blood pressure)

Houses reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccuping

Houses the cell bodies of the motor neurons for the tongue

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54
Q

The pons houses

A

the cell bodies for cranial nerves V and VII

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55
Q

The midbrain houses

A

relay stations for hearing, vision, and motor pathways

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56
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Regulates pain and mood

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57
Q

The Diencephalon primarily includes the

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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58
Q

The thalamus is the

A

central relay point for incoming nerve impulses

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59
Q

The hypothalamus regulates____

A

homeostasis

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60
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly

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61
Q

Runs along the dorsal side of the body; links the brain to the rest of the body

A

Spinal cord

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62
Q

The spinal cord is encased in

A

a series of bony vertebrae that comprise the vertebral column

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63
Q

Spinal column consists of what two components of brain substance?

A

• Gray matter - consists of unmelinized cell bodies and dendrites
• White matter - made up of bundles of myelinated axons

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64
Q

The spinal cord is responsible for______. It is also involved in___

A

carrying messages to and from the brain; reflexes that do not immediately involve the brain (responses that are automatic responses to stimuli

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65
Q

____is composed of all the nerves and nerve pathways in the body

A

PNS

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66
Q

PNS is composed of all the nerves and nerve pathways in the body, including:

A

• Pathways among the CNS
• Receptors
• Muscles
• Glands

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67
Q

PNS is further divided into what two systems?

A

• Sensory Nervous System or Afferent nervous system
• Motor Nervous System or Efferent nervous system

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68
Q

The Motor Nervous System of the PNS is subdivided into

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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69
Q

The sensory Nervous System of the PNS processes input from the

A

environment

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70
Q

What input from the environment does the sensory nervous system of the PNS process?

A

• Sight
• Smell
• Taste
• Touch
• Hearing

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71
Q

Sensory nerves transmit information to the central nervous system (CNS) through the

A

peripheral nerves

72
Q

This nervous system controls unconscious processes in the body

A

Autonomic nervous system

73
Q

What are some unconscious processes that the autonomic nervous system controls?

A

• Breathing
• Digestion
• Heart rate

74
Q

Contains sensory neurons that monitor the internal environment and make changes to maintain homeostasis

A

Autonomic nervous system

75
Q

• The autonomic nervous system has both ____

A

motor pathways and sensory neurons

76
Q

The autonomic system has what two divisions?

A

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

77
Q

Responsible for the “fight or flight” response, which is activated when the body is under stress or in danger

A

Sympathetic nervous system

78
Q

Responsible for “rest and digest” mode, which is activated when the body is relaxed and not in danger

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

79
Q

The cranial nerves are part of the ____nervous system.

A

Peripheral

80
Q

There are ___paired cranial nerves

A

12

81
Q

The 12 paired cranial nerves are all connected to the brain at its

A

base

82
Q

The cranial nerves pass through the skull by way of___

A

fissures or foramina

83
Q

The cranial nerves serve to innervate

A

structures in the head or neck

84
Q

the tenth cranial or vagus nerve also descends into the

A

thorax chest) and abdomen where it innervates internal organs

85
Q

Cranial nerves are either______

A

afferent or efferent (some are both)

86
Q

Cranial nerves are numbered according to their

A

location in the brain (Anterior to posterior)

87
Q

The cranial nerves are numbered by

A

Roman numerals (I to XII)

88
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

A

Olfactory nerve

89
Q

The olfactory nerve is an___ nerve

A

afferent

90
Q

This cranial nerve transmits smell

A

Cranial nerve I or olfactory nerve

91
Q

“Olfaction”

A

smell

92
Q

The olfactory nerve enters the skull through

A

perforations in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

93
Q

The olfactory nerve terminates at the

A

olfactory bulb

94
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

A

Optic nerve

95
Q

The cranial nerve II an efferent or afferent nerve?

A

Afferent

96
Q

The optic nerve or cranial nerve II enters skull through

A

optic canal of the sphenoid bone

97
Q

In the skull, both right and left optic nerves join at the___

A

optic chasm

98
Q

Fibers of the optic nerve___ before continuing into the brain

A

cross

99
Q

What is cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor Nerve

100
Q

The Oculomotor Nerve is an efferent or afferent nerve?

A

Efferent nerve

101
Q

The oculomotor nerve is responsible for

A

eye movement and pupillary constriction

102
Q

The oculomotor nerve or cranial nerve III is located in the

A

lateral wall of the cavernous sinus

103
Q

The oculomotor nerve or cranial nerve III exits the skull through the

A

superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

104
Q

What is Cranial Nerve IV?

A

Trochlear Nerve

105
Q

What type of nerve is the trochlear nerve?

A

Efferent nerve

106
Q

The trochlear nerve is responsible for

A

eye movement and proprioception

107
Q

What is Proprioception?

A

the body’s ability to sense movement, action, and location

108
Q

The trochlear nerve is located

A

in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus

109
Q

The trochlear nerve exits the skull through the

A

superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

110
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal nerve

111
Q

Is the trigeminal nerve an afferent or efferent nerve?

A

Both

112
Q

Efferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve controls

A

the muscles of mastication and some cranial muscles

113
Q

The Afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve innervates

A

the teeth, tongue, oral cavity, and skin of
the face and head

114
Q

Largest cranial nerve

A

Cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve

115
Q

The trigeminal nerve has what two roots?

A

Sensory and motor roots

116
Q

The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve has what three divisions?

A

• Ophthalmic nerve (first division)
• Maxillary nerve (second division)
• Mandibular nerve (third division)

117
Q

The Ophthalmic nerve (first division, V1) of the trigeminal nerve passes through the

A

superior orbital fissure

118
Q

The Ophthalmic nerve (first division, V1) of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory fibers to:

A

• the eyeball, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands
• skin of the forehead, eyelid, and nose, and part of the nasal mucosa

119
Q

The Maxillary nerve second division, V2) of the trigeminal nerve Passes through the

A

foramen rotundum

120
Q

The Maxillary nerve second division, V2) of the trigeminal nerve carries sensory fibers to:

A

the middle third of the face

121
Q

The Mandibular nerve (third division, V3) of the trigeminal nerve passes through the

A

foramen ovale

122
Q

The motor root of trigeminal nerve travels with____

A

Mandibular nerve (third division, V3) of the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve

123
Q

The Mandibular nerve (third division, V3) of the trigeminal nerve Provides sensory information from the

A

lower face, including the jaw, tongue, mouth floor, and cutaneous tissues between the lower lip and base of the mandible

124
Q

The motor root of the trigeminal nerve supplies motor innervation to the

A

muscles of mastication and other muscles in the floor of the mouth

125
Q

What is cranial nerve VI?

A

Abducens Nerve

126
Q

The abducens nerve is a afferent or efferent nerve?

A

Efferent nerve

127
Q

The abducens nerve or cranial nerve VI is responsible for

A

Eye movement

128
Q

The abducens nerve or cranial nerve VI controls one muscle of the eye called the

A

Lateral rectus muscle

129
Q

The abducens nerve or cranial nerve VI exits the skull through the

A

superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

130
Q

What is cranial nerve VII?

A

Facial nerve

131
Q

Is the facial nerve an efferent or afferent nerve?

A

Both

132
Q

The Efferent fibers of the facial nerve or cranial nerve VII controls the

A

muscles of facial expression and posterior supra hyoid muscles

133
Q

The efferent portion of the facial nerve or cranial nerve VII also provides parasympathetic innervation to the

A

lacrimal gland, submandibular salivary gland, and sublingual salivary gland

134
Q

The afferent portion of the facial nerve or cranial nerve VII serves

A

a tiny patch of skin behind the ear, and taste sensation with the taste buds of certain lingual papillae from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

135
Q

The facial nerve efferent fibers of the cranial nerve VII leaves the cranial cavity by passing through the _____and exits the skull through the____

A

internal acoustic meatus; stylomastoid foramen

136
Q

The facial nerve Branches into what three segments?

A

• Facial nerve (Main trunk)
• Chorda tympani
• Greater petrosal nerve

137
Q

What is Cranial Nerve VIlI?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

138
Q

The Vestibulocochlear Nerve or cranial nerve VIII is an afferent or efferent nerve?

A

Afferent

139
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve conveys signals from the

A

inner ear to the brain

140
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve functions in ___

A

Hearing and balance

141
Q

Where is the Inner ear located?

A

in the temporal bone

142
Q

Cranial nerve VIII or the vestibulocochlear nerve enters the cranial cavity through the

A

internal acoustic meatus

143
Q

What is Cranial Nerve IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

144
Q

Is the glossopharyngeal nerve an afferent or efferent nerve?

A

Both

145
Q

The efferent portion of cranial nerve IX or the glossopharyngeal nerve controls the

A

pharyngeal muscle and the stylopharyngeus muscle

146
Q

The efferent portion of cranial nerve IX or the glossopharyngeal nerve controls the pharyngeal muscle and the stylopharyngeus muscle. It also provides parasympathetic innervation to the______

A

parotid salivary gland

147
Q

The Afferent portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the____ and allows for____

A

oropharynx; taste and general sensation from the base of the tongue

148
Q

_____is the afferent limb of the gag reflex

A

CN IX

149
Q

Responsible for carrying sensory information about blood pressure to the brain along with the vagus nerve (X)

A

Afferent portion of the glossopharyngeal nerve or cranial nerve IX

150
Q

Cranial nerve IX or the glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the skull at the

A

jugular foramen

151
Q

CN IX has several branches, including:

A

• Tympanic branch
• Stylopharyngeal branch
• Tonsillar branch
• Lingual branch
• Carotid branch
• Pharyngeal branch

152
Q

The Tympanic branch of CN IX supplies the

A

middle ear

153
Q

The Tympanic branch of CN IX leaves the skull through the

A

foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone as the lesser petrosal nerve

154
Q

Stylopharyngeal branch of the CN IX control the

A

stylopharyngeus muscle, which aids in swallowing and speaking

155
Q

Tonsillar branch of the CN IX forms the

A

tonsillar plexus, which innervates the palatine tonsils

156
Q

The Lingual branch of CN IX provides

A

general and taste sensation to the posterior third of the tongue

157
Q

The Lingual branch of CN IX provides

A

general and taste sensation to the posterior third of the tongue

158
Q

The Carotid branch of the CN IX innervates the

A

carotid artery

159
Q

The Pharyngeal branch of CN IX combines with the vagus nerve (X) to form the

A

pharyngeal plexus, which innervates the mucosa of the oropharynx

160
Q

What is cranial nerve X?

A

The vagus nerve

161
Q

Is the vagus nerve or cranial nerve X an Efferent or afferent nerve?

A

Both

162
Q

The large efferent component of the vagus nerve or cranial nerve X controls the

A

Muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx

163
Q

The large efferent component of the vagus nerve or the cranial nerve X controls the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx. It also provides parasympathetic innervation to

A

many organs in the thorax and abdomen (including the thymus gland, heart, and stomach)

164
Q

The Afferent portion of the vagus nerve innervates

A

a small amount of skin around the ear, and provides taste sensation for the epiglottis

165
Q

The three cranial nerves that carry taste information are

A

VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus)

166
Q

• Responsible for carrying sensory information about blood pressure to the brain along with the glossopharyngeal nerve (X)

A

Vagus nerve or cranial nerve X

167
Q

Cranial nerve X or the vagus nerve passes through the skull at the

A

jugular foramen

168
Q

What is cranial nerve XI?

A

The accessory nerve

169
Q

Is the cranial nerve XI an efferent or afferent nerve?

A

Efferent nerve

170
Q

Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

A

Cranial nerve XI

171
Q

The accessory nerve or cranial nerve XI assists the vagus nerve (X) in

A

innervating the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx

172
Q

The accessory nerve or cranial nerve XI assists the vagus nerve (X) exits the skull through the____

A

jugular foramen

173
Q

What is Cranial Nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

174
Q

is Cranial Nerve XII or the hypoglossal nerve an afferent or efferent nerve?

A

• Efferent nerve

175
Q

The Cranial Nerve XII or the hypoglossal nerve innervates the

A

intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

176
Q

The Cranial Nerve XII or the hypoglossal nerve exits the skull through the

A

hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone

Dental Tissues (15 decks)

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