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Dental Tissues > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system is part of the immune system that consists of:

A

• Vessels
• Nodes
• Ducts
• Tonsils

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2
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Helps fight disease processes and serves other functions in the body

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3
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

A system of channels that parallel the venous blood vessels that are numerous than the venous blood vessels that drain tissue fluid as lymph.

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4
Q

Tissue fluid drains from the surrounding region into the

A

lymphatic vessels as lymph

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5
Q

Lymph nodes communicate with each other via

A

regional lymphatic drainage, which takes on a chain-like pattern

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6
Q

Lymphatic vessels are____ than the vascular system’s capillaries

A

larger and thicker

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7
Q

• Lymphatic vessels have ____similar to veins that ensure a one-way flow of lymph through the lymphatic vessel

A

one-way valves

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8
Q

Are lymphatic vessels found within tooth pulp?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Bean-shaped bodies grouped in clusters along the connecting lymphatic vessels that filter toxic products from the lymph to prevent toxins from entering the vascular system

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10
Q

Lymph nodes are composed of

A

organized lymphoid tissue and contain lymphocytes

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11
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells of the immune system that actively remove toxins to help fight disease processes in the body

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12
Q

Lymph nodes are composed of lymphoid tissue and contain lymphocytes. Where do the lymphocytes come from?

A

The nodes are also involved in the production of the lymphocytes

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13
Q

Where are lymph nodes located in relation to the vascular system?

A

Can be superficially located with superficial veins or located deep within the tissue with the deeper blood vessels

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14
Q

In healthy patients, lymph nodes are usually

A

small, soft, and free or mobile in the surrounding tissue

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15
Q

In healthy patients, lymph nodes ______when palpating their usual location during an extraoral examination of the head and neck

A

cannot be visualized or felt

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16
Q

Lymph node groups are named for

A

adjacent anatomical structures as well as their depth

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17
Q

Lymph nodes are linked down a chain of

A

lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

Lymph nodes can be classified as either _______based on their regional lymphatic drainage

A

primary or secondary

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19
Q

Lymph from a particular region first drains into a_____ before lymph flows to a more distant region

A

primary node

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20
Q

Lymph from primary nodes drain into

A

Secondary nodes

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21
Q

Located near airway and food passages to protect the body against disease processes from toxins.

A

Tonsils

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22
Q

These structures contain lymphocytes that remove toxins. Consist of masses of lymphoid tissue located in the oral cavity and pharynx

A

Tonsils

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23
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Masses of lymphoid tissues also containing lymphocytes located near the airway and food passages or in the oral cavity and the pharynx that remove toxins to protect the body against disease processes

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24
Q

Smaller lymphatic vessels containing lymph converge into______

A

larger lymphatic ducts

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25
Q

The lymphatic ducts from the small lymphatic vessels empty into the

A

venous drainage of the vascular system in the thorax

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26
Q

Lymphatic system of the right side of the head and neck converges by way of the___and joins the lymphatic system from the

A

right jugular trunk; right arm and thorax (chest) to form the right lymphatic duct

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27
Q

The right lymphatic ducts drain into the

A

venous drainage at the junction of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins

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28
Q

Lymphatic vessels of the left side of the head and neck converge into the____then into the_____.

A

left jugular trunk; thoracic duct

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29
Q

The thoracic duct joins the venous drainage at the

A

junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins

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30
Q

The lymphatic system from the left arm and thorax also joins the

A

thoracic duct

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31
Q

The thoracic duct is much larger than the right lymphatic duct. Why?

A

It drains the lymph from the entire lower half of the body for both the right and left sides

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32
Q

The right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct both each have ______at the junction with venous system

A

one-way valves

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33
Q

What are the functions of the one way valves of the right lymphatic and thoracic ducts?

A

Just like the other lymphatic valves in the lymphatic vessels, they prevent back flow, preventing venous blood from flowing into the lymph duct

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34
Q

Are lymph nodes of the head and neck paired?

A

Yes

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35
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

Drain the right or left tissue, structures, or organs in each region, depending on their location

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36
Q

Lymph nodes are grouped based on ____

A

their location to nearby anatomic structures as well as their depth (superficial or deep)

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37
Q

There are how many groups of paired superficial lymph nodes in the head?

A

five

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38
Q

What are the five groups of paired superficial lymph nodes in the head?

A

• Occipital lymph nodes
• Posterior auricular lymph nodes
• Anterior auricular lymph nodes
• Superficial parotid lymph nodes
• Facial lymph nodes

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39
Q

Are the occipital lymph nodes paired?

A

Yes

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40
Q

How many occipital lymph nodes are there on each side (paired)?

A

1-3

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41
Q

Where are the occipital lymph nodes located?

A

Located on the posterior base of the head in the occipital region

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42
Q

What is the function of the occipital lymph nodes?

A

They drain the occipital region of the scalp

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43
Q

The occipital lymph nodes empty into

A

the deep cervical nodes

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44
Q

Are the Posterior Auricular Lymph Nodes paired?

A

Yes

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45
Q

On each side of the head (paired), there are how many posterior auricular lymph nodes per side?

A

1-3

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46
Q

Where are the posterior auricular lymph nodes located?

A

Located posterior to each auricle and external acoustic meatus

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47
Q

Are the Anterior Auricular Lymph Nodes paired?

A

Yes

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48
Q

On each side of the head, how many anterior auricular lymph nodes are there?

A

1-3

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49
Q

Where are the anterior auricular lymph nodes located?

A

Located immediately anterior to each tragus

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50
Q

Are the Superficial Parotid Lymph Nodes paired?

A

Yes

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51
Q

On each side of the head, how many superior parotid lymph nodes are there?

A

Up to 10

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52
Q

Where are the superficial parotid lymph nodes located?

A

Located just superficial to each parotid salivary gland

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53
Q

The posterior auricular, anterior auricular, and superficial parotid lymph nodes drain what structures?

A

• External ear
• Lacrimal gland
• Adjacent regions of the scalp and face

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54
Q

All of the superficial lymph nodes of the head empty into _____

A

the deep cervical lymph nodes

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55
Q

Are the facial lymph nodes paired?

A

Yes

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56
Q

On each side of the head, there are how many facial lymph nodes?

A

Up to 12

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57
Q

The facial lymph nodes are located along the ___

A

facial vein

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58
Q

The facial lymph nodes are categorized into how many subgroups?

A

four

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59
Q

What are the four subgroups of the facial lymph nodes?

A

• Malar lymph nodes

• Nasolabial lymph nodes

• Buccal lymph nodes

• Mandibular lymph nodes

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60
Q

Where are the malar lymph nodes located?

A

Located in the infraorbital region

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61
Q

Where are the nasolabial lymph nodes located?

A

Located along the nasolabial sulcus

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62
Q

Where are the buccal lymph nodes located?

A

• Located around the labial commissure
• Superficial to the buccinator muscle

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63
Q

Where are the mandibular lymph nodes located?

A

• Located in the tissue superior to the surface of the mandible
• Anterior to the masseter muscle

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64
Q

What is the function of the facial lymph nodes?

A

Drains the skin and mucous membranes in their respective regions. Also drain from one to another in a superior to inferior fashion before draining into the deep cervical nodes

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65
Q

Are the four subgroups of the facial lymph nodes paired?

A

Yes

66
Q

There are how many groups of paired deep lymph nodes in the head?

A

Two

67
Q

What are the two groups of paired deep lymph nodes in the head?

A

• Deep parotid lymph nodes
• Retropharyngeal lymph nodes

68
Q

All of the deep lymph nodes of the head drain into the

A

deep cervical nodes

69
Q

Are the Deep Parotid Lymph Nodes paired?

A

Yes

70
Q

On each side of the head, how many deep parotid lymph nodes are there?

A

• Up to 10

71
Q

Where are the deep parotid lymph nodes located?

A

Located deep within the parotid salivary gland

72
Q

The deep parotid lymph nodes drain the______

A

middle ear, auditory tube, and parotid salivary gland

73
Q

Are the Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes paired?

A

Yes

74
Q

On each side of the head, there are how many retropharyngeal lymph nodes?

A

Up to 3

75
Q

Where are the retropharyngeal lymph nodes located?

A

Located near the deep parotid nodes, at the level of the atlas (first cervical vertebra)

76
Q

The retropharyeangeal lymph nodes drain the____

A

area posterior to the palate, pharynx, paranasal sinuses, and nasal cavity

77
Q

Are the cervical lymph nodes paired?

A

Yes

78
Q

What is the function of the cervical lymph nodes?

A

• Unilaterally either drain the right or left tissue, structures, or organs in each region, depending on their location

• Except for the midline submental nodes, which drain the tissue in the submental triangle bilaterally

79
Q

Where are the cervical lymph nodes located?

A

Located in either a superficial or deep position relative to the surrounding tissue in the neck

80
Q

Groupings for the cervical lymph nodes are based on

A

their location to nearby anatomic structures as well as their depth (superficial or deep)

81
Q

What are the four groups of paired superficial cervical lymph nodes in the neck?

A

Submental lymph nodes

Submandibular lymph nodes

External jugular lymph nodes

Anterior jugular lymph nodes

82
Q

How many paired groups of cervical superficial lymph nodes are there?

A

Four

83
Q

Are the Submental Lymph Nodes paired?

A

Yes

84
Q

How many submental lymph nodes are on each side?

A

2-3

85
Q

Where are the submental lymph nodes located?

A

Located inferior to the chin within the submental triangle; • Near the midline, inferior to the mandibular symphysis, superficial to the mylohyoid muscle

86
Q

The submental lymph nodes bilaterally drain the ____

A

• lower lip
• both sides of the chin
• floor of the mouth
• apex of the tongue
• mandibular incisors with associated periodontium and gingiva

87
Q

The submental lymph nodes empty into

A

the submandibular nodes or directly into the deep cervical nodes

88
Q

What is the main cause of submental lymphadenopathy?

A

Most common cause of node enlargement is from infections involving mononucleosis syndromes, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and dental infections such as periodontitis

89
Q

Are the submandibular lymph nodes paired?

A

Yes

90
Q

How many submandibular lymph nodes are on each side?

A

3-6

91
Q

Where are the submandibular lymph nodes located?

A

Located at the inferior border of the mandibular ramus; Superficial to the submandibular salivary gland

92
Q

The submandibular lymph nodes unilaterally drain the ______

A

• cheeks
• upper lip
• body of the tongue
• anterior hard palate
• most of the teeth with associated periodontium and gingiva (except for the mandibular incisors and maxillary third molars)

93
Q

Submandibular nodes may be_____ nodes for the submental nodes and facial regions

A

secondary

94
Q

The lymphatic system from both the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands also drains into these nodes

A

Submandibular lymph nodes

95
Q

The submandibular nodes empty into the____

A

deep cervical nodes

96
Q

The most common cause of submandibular lymphadenopathy is from ____

A

infections of head, neck, sinuses, ears, eyes, scalp, and pharynx

97
Q

Are the external jugular lymph nodes paired?

A

Yes

98
Q

How many external jugular lymph nodes are on each side of the neck?

A

1-2

99
Q

Where are the external jugular lymph nodes located?

A

Located on each side of the neck alongside the external jugular vein; Superficial to the SCM

100
Q

The external jugular nodes may be secondary nodes for the____

A

occipital, posterior auricular, anterior auricular, and superficial parotid nodes

101
Q

The external jugular lymph nodes empty into the

A
102
Q

Are the Anterior Jugular Lymph Nodes paired?

A

Yes

103
Q

Also called anterior cervical nodes

A

Anterior jugular lymph nodes

104
Q

Where are the anterior jugular lymph nodes located?

A

Located on each side of the neck alongside the anterior jugular vein. Anterior to the larynx, trachea, and SCM muscle. Between the superficial layer of deep cervical fascia and the infrahyoid muscles

105
Q

The anterior jugular lymph nodes drain the____and empty into the ____.

A

infrahyoid region of the neck; deep cervical nodes

106
Q

How many deep cervical lymph nodes are there?

A

15-30

107
Q

Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?

A

• Located along the length of the internal jugular vein on each side of the neck
• Deep to the SCM
• Extend from the base of the skull to the root of the neck
• Adjacent to the pharynx, esophagus, and trachea

108
Q

The deep cervical lymph nodes can be divided into__

A

two paired groups

109
Q

What are the two paired groups of deep cervical lymph nodes?

A

• superior deep cervical lymph nodes
• inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

110
Q

Are the superior deep cervical lymph nodes paired?

A

Yes

111
Q

Where are the superior deep cervical lymph nodes located?

A

Located beneath the SCM; Superior to the point where the omohyoid muscle crosses the internal jugular vein

One node of the superior deep cervical nodes, the jugulodigastric lymph node or tonsillar node can be prominent and palpable when the palatine tonsils undergo node enlargement or lymphadenopathy. The jugulodigastric lymph node are located inferior to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and posterior to the angle of the mandible

112
Q

The primary nodes of the superior deep cervical lymph nodes drain____

A

• posterior nasal cavity
• posterior hard palate
• soft palate
• base of the tongue
• maxillary third molars with associated periodontium and gingiva
• temporomandibular joint
• esophagus
• trachea
• thyroid gland

113
Q

The superior deep cervical nodes may be secondary nodes for all other nodes of the head and neck, except___

A

inferior deep cervical nodes

114
Q

The superior deep cervical lymph nodes empty into the

A

inferior deep cervical nodes or directly into the jugular trunk

115
Q

Are the Inferior Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes Paired?

A

Yes

116
Q

Where are the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes located?

A

• Located beneath the SCM
• Inferior to the point where the omohyoid muscle crosses the internal jugular vein

117
Q

The Primary nodes of the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes drain the:

A

• posterior part of the scalp and neck
• Superficial pectoral region
• Part of the arm
• base of the tongue

118
Q

The inferior deep cervical nodes may be secondary nodes for the____

A

superficial nodes of the head and superior deep cervical nodes

119
Q

The inferior deep cervical lymph nodes ____form the jugular trunk.

A

efferent vessels

120
Q

one of the tributaries of the right lymphatic duct on the right side and the thoracic duct on the left. The efferent vessels of the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes form this.

A

Jugular trunk

121
Q

What are Efferent vessels?

A

channels that carry filtered lymph fluid away from lymph nodes, back to the bloodstream

122
Q

The inferior deep cervical nodes also communicate with the ___that drain the breast region.

A

axillary lymph nodes

123
Q

Which node of the Inferior Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes can be prominent and palpable?

A

The jugulo-omohyoid lymph node can potentially be palpated

124
Q

Where is the jugulo-omohyoid located?

A

at the actual crossing of the omohyoid muscle and internal jugular vein

125
Q

The jugulo-omohyoid drains the___

A

tongue and submental triangle as well as associated structures and regions

126
Q

Associated with the lymphatic drainage of the tongue that if enlarged, it can be a sign of a tongue carcinoma

A

Jugulo-omohyoid lymph node

127
Q

In addition to the deep cervical lymph nodes are the accessory and supraclavicular node groups which are located where?

A

Located in the most inferior part of the neck

128
Q

The accessory lymph nodes are approximately ___in number

A

2 - 6

129
Q

The accessory lymph nodes are located along the______

A

eleventh cranial or accessory nerve

130
Q

The accessory lymph nodes drain the

A

scalp and neck regions

131
Q

The accessory lymph nodes empty into the_____

A

supraclavicular nodes

132
Q

The supraclavicular lymph nodes are approximately ___in number

A

1 -10

133
Q

The supraclavicular lymph nodes are located___

A

superiorly along the clavicle close to where sternum joins it

134
Q

The supraclavicular lymph nodes drain the
___

A

lateral cervical triangles

135
Q

The supraclavicular lymph nodes empty into____

A

one of the jugular trunks or directly into the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

136
Q

Apart of the the lymphatic system but NOT located along lymphatic vessels (as the lymph nodes are)

A

Tonsils

137
Q

All tonsils drain into the

A

superior deep cervical lymph nodes

138
Q

The three groups of tonsils are:

A

• Palatine tonsils
• Lingual tonsil
• Pharyngeal and tubal tonsil

139
Q

What do the Palatine Tonsils look like?

A

Two rounded masses of variable size

140
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

located in the oral cavity between the anterior and posterior faucial pillars on each side of the fauces

141
Q

What is the function of the palatine tonsils?

A

Help protect the body from infection

Trapping and filtering out germs that enter through the mouth or nose

142
Q

An indistinct layer of lymphoid nodules located intraorally on the dorsal surface of the base of the tongue

A

Lingual tonsils

143
Q

Where is the Pharyngeal Tonsil located?

A

Located on the midline of the posterior wall or roof of the nasopharynx.

144
Q

This tonsil is also called the adenoids

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

145
Q

slightly enlarged in children but can undergo even further enlargement with infection

A

pharyngeal tonsil

146
Q

Help fight infection by trapping germs that enter the body through the nose and mouth

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

147
Q

Where is the Tubal Tonsil located?

A

located in the nasopharynx, posterior to the openings of the eustachian or auditory tube

148
Q

What is the function of the tubal tonsil?

A

Help to prevent bacteria from traveling up the tubes and causing middle ear infections

149
Q

When a patient has a disease process such as cancer or infection active in a region, the region’s lymph nodes respond. The result is

A

increase in size and change in consistency of the lymphoid tissue or in other words lymphadenopathy

150
Q

When more than one group of lymph nodes is enlarged, it is considered___.

A

generalized lymphadenopathy

151
Q

Generalized lymphadenopathy commonly occurs with___

A

systemic infections

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

widespread cancers such as leukemia

152
Q

The occurrence of lymphadenopathy may allow each lymph node to be visualized during an____ examination.

A

extraoral

153
Q

Changes in consistency of lymph nodes allow each involved node to be felt when__ during the extraoral examination along the even firmer backdrop of underlying bones and muscles such as the SCM muscle or the clinician’s hands.

A

Palpated

154
Q

Generally, lymph nodes must be larger than approximately____ to be palpable or visualized

A

10 mm in diameter

155
Q

Enlarged nodes can be mobile or fixed. Enlarged nodes can be tender to palpation. Is this true?

A

Yes

156
Q

Lymphadenopathy can also occur in the tonsils. Tissue enlargement of the tonsils (except for posteriorly located pharyngeal tonsils) can often been visualized during an___ examination of the patient

A

intraoral

157
Q

Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the___

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

158
Q

In cases of infectious mononucleosis, in teenagers and young adults, there is frequently what symptoms?

A

pharyngitis and inflamed palatine tonsils with exudate

159
Q

the jugulodigastric lymph node or tonsillar node can be prominent and palpable when

A

the palatine tonsils undergo node enlargement or lymphadenopathy.

160
Q

the jugulodigastric lymph node or tonsillar node can be prominent and palpable when

A

the palatine tonsils undergo node enlargement or lymphadenopathy.

Dental Tissues (20 decks)

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