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Dental Tissues > Glandular Tissue > Flashcards

Glandular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Glandular tissue in the head an neck area includes:

A

• Lacrimal glands
• Salivary glands
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Thymus

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2
Q

What is a gland?

A

a structure that produces a chemical secretion necessary for normal functioning

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3
Q

What are exocrine gland?

A

a gland that has a duct associated with it

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4
Q

What is a duct?

A

passageway that allows the secretion to be emptied directly into the location where it needs to be used

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5
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

a ductless gland where the secretion (hormones) are poured into the vascular system, which carries the secretion to the region where it needs to be used

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6
Q

Is the lacrimal gland a paired gland?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are lacrimal glands?

A

Almond-shaped exocrine glands that secrete lacrimal fluid (tears)

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8
Q

The lacrimal gland is divided into what two continuous parts?

A

• Palpebral part - smaller portion, closest to the eye along the inner portion of the eyelid
• Orbital part - larger, deeper portion

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9
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Located in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone

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10
Q

The nasolacrimal duct (tear duct) begins in the

A

orbit between the maxilla and lacrimal bone

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11
Q

The canal containing the lacrimal duct is called the

A

nasolacrimal canal

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12
Q

Cells within the gland secrete lacrimal fluid

A

Lacrimal gland

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13
Q

Lacrimal fluid travels through ducts to the

A

surface of the eye, effectively “spreading” tears across the cornea with each blink

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14
Q

Excess tears (lacrimal fluid) drain through small openings in the inner corner of the eye called ________into the tear ducts and eventually empty into the nasal cavity

A

lacrimal punctum, or puncta

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the lacrimal gland?

A

Innervated by the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve, or cranial nerve VII)

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16
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the lacrimal gland is into the

A

superficial parotid lymph nodes

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17
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

a network of vessels and nodes that drains lymphatic fluid from tissues and returns it to circulation

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18
Q

Where does blood supply come from for the lacrimal gland?

A

lacrimal artery (which is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which comes from the internal carotid artery)

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19
Q

Venous drainage of the lacrimal gland comes from

A

the superior ophthalmic vein

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20
Q

Dry eye syndrome is also called

A

keratoconjunctivitis sicks (KCS)

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21
Q

Dry eye syndrome is a condition where the

A

Lacrimal glands produce less lacrimal fluid

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22
Q

Dry eye syndrome is caused by

A

aging or certain medications

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23
Q

Treatment for dry eye syndrome includes

A

• Avoidance of exacerbating factors
• Tear stimulation
• Tear supplementation
• Increasing tear retention
• Eyelid cleansing
• Treatment of eye inflammation

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24
Q

Salivary glands produce

A

Saliva

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25
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

• Part of the defenses of the immune system
• Aids digestion with the breakdown of food products
• Lubricates and cleanses the oral cavity

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26
Q

The salivary glands are controlled by the_______nervous system

A

Autonomic

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27
Q

The salivary glands are divided by

A

size into major and minor glands

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28
Q

Both major and minor salivary glands are exocrine or endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands because they have ducts associated with them that help drain saliva directly into the oral cavity

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29
Q

____for factors involved with systemic diseases and periodontal disease are now being effectively used

A

Salivary biomarkers

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30
Q

Major salivary glands are palpated during an

A

extraoral examination

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31
Q

Minor salivary glands are palpated during an

A

intraoral examination

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32
Q

What are major salivary glands?

A

Large, paired salivary glands that have named ducts associated with the glands

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33
Q

What are the three major salivary glands?

A

• Parotid gland
• Submandibular gland
• Sublingual gland

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34
Q

The functioning of the ducts associated with the major salivary glands are checked during an

A

intraoral examination

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35
Q

What is the largest major salivary gland?

A

parotid salivary gland

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36
Q

The parotid salivary gland contributes___% of total salivary volume

A

25

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37
Q

The parotid salivary gland is divided into

A

two lobes

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38
Q

The parotid salivary gland is divided into two lobes by the

A

facial nerve (cranial nerve VIl)

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39
Q

Are the parotid salivary glands innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)?

A

No

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40
Q

The duct associated is the parotid gland is called the

A

parotid duct, also called the Stensen duct

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41
Q

Long duct, up to 6 cm

A

Stensen duct

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42
Q

The Stensen duct (parotid duct) starts from the

A

anterior border of the gland, superficial to the masseter muscle

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43
Q

The Stensen duct pierces what muscle?

A

the buccinator muscle

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44
Q

The Stensen duct opens up into the

A

adult oral cavity on the inner surface of the buccal mucosa of the cheek, usually opposite the permanent maxillary second molar

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45
Q

The parotid salivary gland is innervated by

A

by the lesser petrosal nerve a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve or cranial nerve [X)

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46
Q

The lymphatic drainage of the parotid gland is into the

A

deep parotid lymph nodes

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47
Q

Blood supply for the parotid gland comes from the

A

transverse facial artery, a branch of the external carotid artery

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48
Q

Venous drainage of the parotid gland is into the

A

retromandibular vein

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49
Q

What is mumps?

A

Contagious viral infection that usually involves imflammatory enlargement of the parotid salivary glands (called parotitis)

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50
Q

What is the second largest salivary gland?

A

Submandibular salivary gland

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51
Q

The submandibular gland contributes ______% of the total salivary volume to the oral cavity

A

60-65

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52
Q

The submandibular salivary gland is divided into

A

two lobes or arms

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53
Q

What are the two lobes of the parotid gland?

A

Superficial lobes which is the larger lobes and the deep lobe which is the smaller lobe

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54
Q

What are the two lobes of the submandibular gland?

A

• Superficial lobe which is the larger lobes and the deep lobe which is the smaller lobe

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55
Q

Both lobes of this gland hook or wrap around the mylohyoid muscle

A

The submandibular gland

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56
Q

The superficial lobe of the submandibular gland occupies the

A

submandibular fossa

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57
Q

The submandibular salivary gland is located

A

Posterior to the sublingual salivary gland

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58
Q

The duct associated with the submandibular salivary gland is the

A

submandibular duct, also called Wharton duct

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59
Q

Long duct, up to 5 cm

A

Wharton duct

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60
Q

The Wharton duct starts from the

A

deep lobe and travels between the mylohyoid, hypoglossus, and genioglossus muscles

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61
Q

The Wharton duct opens up into the

A

oral cavity at the sublingual caruncle

62
Q

What is the innervation of the submandibular salivary gland?

A

By the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

63
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the submandibular salivary gland is into the

A

submandibular lymph nodes

64
Q

Blood supply of the submandibular salivary gland comes from the

A

branches of the facial and lingual arteries

65
Q

Venous drainage of the submandibular salivary gland is mainly by the

A

facial vein

66
Q

Smallest, most diffuse major salivary gland

A

Sublingual salivary gland

67
Q

The sublingual salivary gland contributes ____% of the total salivary volume to the oral cavity

A

10

68
Q

The sublingual salivary gland occupies the

A

sublingual fossa

69
Q

Where is the sublingual salivary gland situated?

A

deep to the tongue, bordered laterally by the mandible, medially by the genioglossus muscle, and superior to the mylohyoid muscle

70
Q

The ducts associated with the sublingual salivary glands are

A

the ducts of Rivinus, which sometimes combine and form an accessory sublingual duct also called Bartholin duct

71
Q

There are how many ducts of Rivinus for the sublingual salivary gland?

A

8-20

72
Q

The ducts of Rinivus opens up into the

A

oral cavity at the same opening as the submandibular duct, at the sublingual caruncle

73
Q

The sublingual salivary gland is innervated by the

A

Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

74
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the sublingual salivary gland is into the

A

submandibular lymph nodes

75
Q

Blood supply for the sublingual salivary gland comes from the

A

sublingual and submental arteries

76
Q

Smaller but more numerous than major salivary glands

A

Minor salivary glands

77
Q

There are approximately_____ minor salivary glands.

A

600 to 1,000

78
Q

The minor salivary glands rangein size from approximately

A

1 to 5 mm

79
Q

• Line the oral mucosa of the oral cavity and oropharynx

A

Minor salivary glands

80
Q

The minor salivary glands contribute____% of total salivary volume

A

less than 10

81
Q

Where are minor salivary glands located?

A

scattered throughout the oral cavity in the buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa, the soft palate, the posterior part of the lateral zones of the hard palate, and the floor of the mouth

found in lesser numbers along the mucosa of the tonsils, supraglottis region, and paranasal sinuses as well as between the muscle fibers of the tongue

Von Ebner salivary glands (minor salivary glands) are located near the base of the circumvallate papilla on the tongue.

82
Q

Where are minor salivary glands NOT found?

A

in the gingival tissue, the anterolateral part of the hard palate, or the medial zone of the hard palate

83
Q

Each minor salivary gland has a ____that secretes saliva directly into the oral cavity

A

single duct

84
Q

Are minor salivary glands exocrine or endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine

85
Q

Innervation of the minor salivary glands is by

A

various nerves depending on location

86
Q

Lymphatic drainage, Blood supply and Venous drainage of the minor salivary glands is

A

variable based on location

87
Q

Salivary stone are also called

A

Sialolith

88
Q

What are salivary stones?

A

Stones that form within salivary glands and blocks drainage of
saliva

89
Q

Salivary stones can cause

A

enlargement and tenderness

90
Q

What are Mucocele?

A

Salivary stones associated with minor glands

91
Q

What are Ranula?

A

Salivary stones associated with major glands

92
Q

What is Hyposalivation?

A

reduced salivary production

93
Q

Hyposalivation can be caused by

A

medications, disease, or destruction of salivary tissue (example: radiation therapy)

94
Q

Severe hyposalivation is called

A

xerostomia (dry mouth)

95
Q

Xerostomia can result in

A

increased trauma to oral mucosa, increased caries, eating and speech difficulty, and bad breath (halitosis)

96
Q

Attempts to stimulate salivary flow with gum or candy is common and can increase___

A

risk of caries

97
Q

What is Sjögren syndrome?

A

A systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce both tears and saliva (lacrimal and salivary glands)

98
Q

What are the two major symptoms of Sjögren syndrome?

A

dry eye syndrome (DES) and xeostomia

99
Q

Sjögren syndrome is more common in

A

women and those over 40

100
Q

Sjögren syndrome often accompanies other autoimmune disorders such as

A

lupus and rheumatoid arthritis

101
Q

What is Nicotinic stomatitis?

A

An oral lesion associated with salivary glands that causes the hard palate to become hyperkeratinized from the heat generated by tobacco use. Also causes the salivary duct openings become inflamed and dilated

102
Q

The largest endocrine gland

A

Thyroid gland

103
Q

Does the thyroid gland have ducts?

A

No

104
Q

This gland produces and secretes thyroxine directly into the vascular system

A

Thyroid gland

105
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

A butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions.

106
Q

The hormones of the thyroid gland regulates what bodily functions?

A

• Metabolism
• Growth and development
• Body temperature
• Heart rate
• Blood pressure
• Bone health: The thyroid produces calcitonin, which helps bone cells process calcium

107
Q

The thyroid gland has how many lobes?

A

Two lateral lobes

108
Q

The thyroid gland consists of two lateral lobes called the

A

Right and left lobes

109
Q

The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected anteriorly by a

A

midline isthmus

110
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Located in the anterior and lateral regions of the neck, inferior to the thyroid cartilage, at the junction between the larynx and trachea within the visceral compartment of the neck (along with the hyoid bone, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and pharynx)

111
Q

Innervation of the thyroid gland is by the

A

Sympathetic nerves through the cervical ganglia innervate the thyroid

112
Q

The release of hormones by the thyroid gland is controlled by the

A

pituitary gland

113
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland is into the

A

superior deep cervical lymph nodes

114
Q

Blood supply for the thyroid gland comes from the

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

115
Q

Venous return or drainage of the thyroid gland is by the

A

superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins which form a venous plexus

116
Q

Disease processes involving the thyroid gland may cause

A

enlargement of the thyroid

117
Q

What is a goiter?

A

An enlarged thyroid gland that shows through the skin of the neck as a large mass

118
Q

• Goiters may be______when palpated and may contain

A

firm and tender; hard masses

119
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid gland causes goiters may or may not be associated with

A

endocrine disease

120
Q

Thyroid disorders are not always obvious. Consequently, thyroid disease is grossly under diagnosed, including that of cancer of the gland. Many symptoms of an underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism, such as_______, are nonspecific and may be attributed to aging, menopause, or depression

A

weight gain and fatigue

121
Q

Thyroid disorders are not always obvious. Consequently, thyroid disease is grossly under diagnosed, including that of cancer of the gland. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, like_______, may be attributed to anxiety.

A

nervousness, insomnia, and heart palpitations

122
Q

The diseased thyroid gland may also lose its mobility and not move up when the patient swallows during an extraoral examination, indicating a____

A

neoplastic growth

123
Q

• A lump in the thyroid gland is called a

A

thyroid nodule

124
Q

• Thyroid nodules are common and can be palpated in____ who have them

A

fewer than one out of 10 people

125
Q

Thyroid nodules tend to be___ in size.

A

small

126
Q

What is the consistency of thyroid nodules?

A

solid or filled with fluid, which is called a cyst

127
Q

Can dental professionals play an important role in detection of nodules or enlargement of the thyroid gland?

A

Yes

128
Q

The thyroid gland may be partially or fully removed by surgery for various disease processes. Is this true or false?

A

True

129
Q

The parathyroid gland usually consist of how many glands?

A

four small endocrine glands, two on each side

130
Q

Does the parathyroid gland have ducts?

A

No

131
Q

The parathyroid gland produces and secretes

A

parathyroid hormone directly into the vascular system

132
Q

The parathyroid glands regulate

A

calcium and phosphorus levels

133
Q

The parathyroid glands may_______ if they are involved in a disease process

A

alter the function of the thyroid gland

134
Q

Located adjacent to or within the thyroid gland, on its posterior surface

A

Parathyroid gland

135
Q

This endocrine gland is NOT visible or palpable during extraoral examination (not the thymus)

A

Parathyroid gland

136
Q

Innervation of the parathyroid glands is by

A

• Sympathetic nerves through the cervical ganglia innervate the parathyroids

137
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the parathyroid glands is into the

A

superior deep cervical lymph nodes

138
Q

Blood supply of the parathyroid glands comes from the

A

inferior thyroid arteries

139
Q

Venous return of the parathyroid gland is by the

A

superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins, which form a venous plexus

140
Q

An endocrine gland that is part of the immune system that fights disease processes

A

Thymus gland

141
Q

The thymus gland consists of how many lobes?

A

two lateral lobes

142
Q

What are the two lobes of the thymus gland?

A

• Left lobe
• Right lobe

143
Q

The thymus gland is connected anteriorly by a

A

midline isthmus

144
Q

How does the thymus fight disease processes in the immune system?

A

T-Cell lymphoctes and white blood cells mature in the thymus in response to stimulation by thymus hormones

145
Q

This gland grows from birth through puberty but after puberty, this gland stops growing and gradually undergoes a process called involution - shrinking. Therefore it is considered a temporary structure

A

Thymus gland

146
Q

Where is thymus gland located?

A

in the thorax (chest) and the anterior region of the base of the neck, inferior to the thyroid gland. Superficial and lateral to the trachea; Deep to the sternum. May extend superiorly to the inferior portion of the thyroid gland.

147
Q

The thymus gland is attached to the lobes of the thyroid gland by the

A

thryothymic ligament

148
Q

This endocrine gland is not easily palpated during an extra oral examination (not the parathyroid gland)

A

Thymus gland

149
Q

The thymus gland is innervated by

A

branches of the tenth cranial nerve (vagus nerve) and cervical nerves

150
Q

Blood supply of the thymus gland comes from the

A

inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries

151
Q

Venous return of the thymus gland is mainly by

A

veins in the posterior surface of the gland that run directly into the brachiocephalic veins

Dental Tissues (15 decks)

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