Glandular Tissue Flashcards
Glandular tissue in the head an neck area includes:
• Lacrimal glands
• Salivary glands
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Thymus
What is a gland?
a structure that produces a chemical secretion necessary for normal functioning
What are exocrine gland?
a gland that has a duct associated with it
What is a duct?
passageway that allows the secretion to be emptied directly into the location where it needs to be used
What is an endocrine gland?
a ductless gland where the secretion (hormones) are poured into the vascular system, which carries the secretion to the region where it needs to be used
Is the lacrimal gland a paired gland?
Yes
What are lacrimal glands?
Almond-shaped exocrine glands that secrete lacrimal fluid (tears)
The lacrimal gland is divided into what two continuous parts?
• Palpebral part - smaller portion, closest to the eye along the inner portion of the eyelid
• Orbital part - larger, deeper portion
Where is the lacrimal gland located?
Located in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone
The nasolacrimal duct (tear duct) begins in the
orbit between the maxilla and lacrimal bone
The canal containing the lacrimal duct is called the
nasolacrimal canal
Cells within the gland secrete lacrimal fluid
Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal fluid travels through ducts to the
surface of the eye, effectively “spreading” tears across the cornea with each blink
Excess tears (lacrimal fluid) drain through small openings in the inner corner of the eye called ________into the tear ducts and eventually empty into the nasal cavity
lacrimal punctum, or puncta
What is the innervation of the lacrimal gland?
Innervated by the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve, or cranial nerve VII)
Lymphatic drainage of the lacrimal gland is into the
superficial parotid lymph nodes
What is the lymphatic system?
a network of vessels and nodes that drains lymphatic fluid from tissues and returns it to circulation
Where does blood supply come from for the lacrimal gland?
lacrimal artery (which is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which comes from the internal carotid artery)
Venous drainage of the lacrimal gland comes from
the superior ophthalmic vein
Dry eye syndrome is also called
keratoconjunctivitis sicks (KCS)
Dry eye syndrome is a condition where the
Lacrimal glands produce less lacrimal fluid
Dry eye syndrome is caused by
aging or certain medications
Treatment for dry eye syndrome includes
• Avoidance of exacerbating factors
• Tear stimulation
• Tear supplementation
• Increasing tear retention
• Eyelid cleansing
• Treatment of eye inflammation
Salivary glands produce
Saliva
What is the function of saliva?
• Part of the defenses of the immune system
• Aids digestion with the breakdown of food products
• Lubricates and cleanses the oral cavity
The salivary glands are controlled by the_______nervous system
Autonomic
The salivary glands are divided by
size into major and minor glands
Both major and minor salivary glands are exocrine or endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands because they have ducts associated with them that help drain saliva directly into the oral cavity
____for factors involved with systemic diseases and periodontal disease are now being effectively used
Salivary biomarkers
Major salivary glands are palpated during an
extraoral examination
Minor salivary glands are palpated during an
intraoral examination
What are major salivary glands?
Large, paired salivary glands that have named ducts associated with the glands
What are the three major salivary glands?
• Parotid gland
• Submandibular gland
• Sublingual gland
The functioning of the ducts associated with the major salivary glands are checked during an
intraoral examination
What is the largest major salivary gland?
parotid salivary gland
The parotid salivary gland contributes___% of total salivary volume
25
The parotid salivary gland is divided into
two lobes
The parotid salivary gland is divided into two lobes by the
facial nerve (cranial nerve VIl)
Are the parotid salivary glands innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)?
No
The duct associated is the parotid gland is called the
parotid duct, also called the Stensen duct
Long duct, up to 6 cm
Stensen duct
The Stensen duct (parotid duct) starts from the
anterior border of the gland, superficial to the masseter muscle
The Stensen duct pierces what muscle?
the buccinator muscle
The Stensen duct opens up into the
adult oral cavity on the inner surface of the buccal mucosa of the cheek, usually opposite the permanent maxillary second molar
The parotid salivary gland is innervated by
by the lesser petrosal nerve a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve or cranial nerve [X)
The lymphatic drainage of the parotid gland is into the
deep parotid lymph nodes
Blood supply for the parotid gland comes from the
transverse facial artery, a branch of the external carotid artery
Venous drainage of the parotid gland is into the
retromandibular vein
What is mumps?
Contagious viral infection that usually involves imflammatory enlargement of the parotid salivary glands (called parotitis)
What is the second largest salivary gland?
Submandibular salivary gland
The submandibular gland contributes ______% of the total salivary volume to the oral cavity
60-65
The submandibular salivary gland is divided into
two lobes or arms
What are the two lobes of the parotid gland?
Superficial lobes which is the larger lobes and the deep lobe which is the smaller lobe
What are the two lobes of the submandibular gland?
• Superficial lobe which is the larger lobes and the deep lobe which is the smaller lobe
Both lobes of this gland hook or wrap around the mylohyoid muscle
The submandibular gland
The superficial lobe of the submandibular gland occupies the
submandibular fossa
The submandibular salivary gland is located
Posterior to the sublingual salivary gland
The duct associated with the submandibular salivary gland is the
submandibular duct, also called Wharton duct
Long duct, up to 5 cm
Wharton duct
The Wharton duct starts from the
deep lobe and travels between the mylohyoid, hypoglossus, and genioglossus muscles
The Wharton duct opens up into the
oral cavity at the sublingual caruncle
What is the innervation of the submandibular salivary gland?
By the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
Lymphatic drainage of the submandibular salivary gland is into the
submandibular lymph nodes
Blood supply of the submandibular salivary gland comes from the
branches of the facial and lingual arteries
Venous drainage of the submandibular salivary gland is mainly by the
facial vein
Smallest, most diffuse major salivary gland
Sublingual salivary gland
The sublingual salivary gland contributes ____% of the total salivary volume to the oral cavity
10
The sublingual salivary gland occupies the
sublingual fossa
Where is the sublingual salivary gland situated?
deep to the tongue, bordered laterally by the mandible, medially by the genioglossus muscle, and superior to the mylohyoid muscle
The ducts associated with the sublingual salivary glands are
the ducts of Rivinus, which sometimes combine and form an accessory sublingual duct also called Bartholin duct
There are how many ducts of Rivinus for the sublingual salivary gland?
8-20
The ducts of Rinivus opens up into the
oral cavity at the same opening as the submandibular duct, at the sublingual caruncle
The sublingual salivary gland is innervated by the
Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
Lymphatic drainage of the sublingual salivary gland is into the
submandibular lymph nodes
Blood supply for the sublingual salivary gland comes from the
sublingual and submental arteries
Smaller but more numerous than major salivary glands
Minor salivary glands
There are approximately_____ minor salivary glands.
600 to 1,000
The minor salivary glands rangein size from approximately
1 to 5 mm
• Line the oral mucosa of the oral cavity and oropharynx
Minor salivary glands
The minor salivary glands contribute____% of total salivary volume
less than 10
Where are minor salivary glands located?
scattered throughout the oral cavity in the buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa, the soft palate, the posterior part of the lateral zones of the hard palate, and the floor of the mouth
found in lesser numbers along the mucosa of the tonsils, supraglottis region, and paranasal sinuses as well as between the muscle fibers of the tongue
Von Ebner salivary glands (minor salivary glands) are located near the base of the circumvallate papilla on the tongue.
Where are minor salivary glands NOT found?
in the gingival tissue, the anterolateral part of the hard palate, or the medial zone of the hard palate
Each minor salivary gland has a ____that secretes saliva directly into the oral cavity
single duct
Are minor salivary glands exocrine or endocrine glands?
Exocrine
Innervation of the minor salivary glands is by
various nerves depending on location
Lymphatic drainage, Blood supply and Venous drainage of the minor salivary glands is
variable based on location
Salivary stone are also called
Sialolith
What are salivary stones?
Stones that form within salivary glands and blocks drainage of
saliva
Salivary stones can cause
enlargement and tenderness
What are Mucocele?
Salivary stones associated with minor glands
What are Ranula?
Salivary stones associated with major glands
What is Hyposalivation?
reduced salivary production
Hyposalivation can be caused by
medications, disease, or destruction of salivary tissue (example: radiation therapy)
Severe hyposalivation is called
xerostomia (dry mouth)
Xerostomia can result in
increased trauma to oral mucosa, increased caries, eating and speech difficulty, and bad breath (halitosis)
Attempts to stimulate salivary flow with gum or candy is common and can increase___
risk of caries
What is Sjögren syndrome?
A systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce both tears and saliva (lacrimal and salivary glands)
What are the two major symptoms of Sjögren syndrome?
dry eye syndrome (DES) and xeostomia
Sjögren syndrome is more common in
women and those over 40
Sjögren syndrome often accompanies other autoimmune disorders such as
lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
What is Nicotinic stomatitis?
An oral lesion associated with salivary glands that causes the hard palate to become hyperkeratinized from the heat generated by tobacco use. Also causes the salivary duct openings become inflamed and dilated
The largest endocrine gland
Thyroid gland
Does the thyroid gland have ducts?
No
This gland produces and secretes thyroxine directly into the vascular system
Thyroid gland
What is the thyroid gland?
A butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions.
The hormones of the thyroid gland regulates what bodily functions?
• Metabolism
• Growth and development
• Body temperature
• Heart rate
• Blood pressure
• Bone health: The thyroid produces calcitonin, which helps bone cells process calcium
The thyroid gland has how many lobes?
Two lateral lobes
The thyroid gland consists of two lateral lobes called the
Right and left lobes
The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected anteriorly by a
midline isthmus
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Located in the anterior and lateral regions of the neck, inferior to the thyroid cartilage, at the junction between the larynx and trachea within the visceral compartment of the neck (along with the hyoid bone, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and pharynx)
Innervation of the thyroid gland is by the
Sympathetic nerves through the cervical ganglia innervate the thyroid
The release of hormones by the thyroid gland is controlled by the
pituitary gland
Lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland is into the
superior deep cervical lymph nodes
Blood supply for the thyroid gland comes from the
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
Venous return or drainage of the thyroid gland is by the
superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins which form a venous plexus
Disease processes involving the thyroid gland may cause
enlargement of the thyroid
What is a goiter?
An enlarged thyroid gland that shows through the skin of the neck as a large mass
• Goiters may be______when palpated and may contain
firm and tender; hard masses
Enlargement of the thyroid gland causes goiters may or may not be associated with
endocrine disease
Thyroid disorders are not always obvious. Consequently, thyroid disease is grossly under diagnosed, including that of cancer of the gland. Many symptoms of an underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism, such as_______, are nonspecific and may be attributed to aging, menopause, or depression
weight gain and fatigue
Thyroid disorders are not always obvious. Consequently, thyroid disease is grossly under diagnosed, including that of cancer of the gland. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, like_______, may be attributed to anxiety.
nervousness, insomnia, and heart palpitations
The diseased thyroid gland may also lose its mobility and not move up when the patient swallows during an extraoral examination, indicating a____
neoplastic growth
• A lump in the thyroid gland is called a
thyroid nodule
• Thyroid nodules are common and can be palpated in____ who have them
fewer than one out of 10 people
Thyroid nodules tend to be___ in size.
small
What is the consistency of thyroid nodules?
solid or filled with fluid, which is called a cyst
Can dental professionals play an important role in detection of nodules or enlargement of the thyroid gland?
Yes
The thyroid gland may be partially or fully removed by surgery for various disease processes. Is this true or false?
True
The parathyroid gland usually consist of how many glands?
four small endocrine glands, two on each side
Does the parathyroid gland have ducts?
No
The parathyroid gland produces and secretes
parathyroid hormone directly into the vascular system
The parathyroid glands regulate
calcium and phosphorus levels
The parathyroid glands may_______ if they are involved in a disease process
alter the function of the thyroid gland
Located adjacent to or within the thyroid gland, on its posterior surface
Parathyroid gland
This endocrine gland is NOT visible or palpable during extraoral examination (not the thymus)
Parathyroid gland
Innervation of the parathyroid glands is by
• Sympathetic nerves through the cervical ganglia innervate the parathyroids
Lymphatic drainage of the parathyroid glands is into the
superior deep cervical lymph nodes
Blood supply of the parathyroid glands comes from the
inferior thyroid arteries
Venous return of the parathyroid gland is by the
superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins, which form a venous plexus
An endocrine gland that is part of the immune system that fights disease processes
Thymus gland
The thymus gland consists of how many lobes?
two lateral lobes
What are the two lobes of the thymus gland?
• Left lobe
• Right lobe
The thymus gland is connected anteriorly by a
midline isthmus
How does the thymus fight disease processes in the immune system?
T-Cell lymphoctes and white blood cells mature in the thymus in response to stimulation by thymus hormones
This gland grows from birth through puberty but after puberty, this gland stops growing and gradually undergoes a process called involution - shrinking. Therefore it is considered a temporary structure
Thymus gland
Where is thymus gland located?
in the thorax (chest) and the anterior region of the base of the neck, inferior to the thyroid gland. Superficial and lateral to the trachea; Deep to the sternum. May extend superiorly to the inferior portion of the thyroid gland.
The thymus gland is attached to the lobes of the thyroid gland by the
thryothymic ligament
This endocrine gland is not easily palpated during an extra oral examination (not the parathyroid gland)
Thymus gland
The thymus gland is innervated by
branches of the tenth cranial nerve (vagus nerve) and cervical nerves
Blood supply of the thymus gland comes from the
inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries
Venous return of the thymus gland is mainly by
veins in the posterior surface of the gland that run directly into the brachiocephalic veins
