PRELIMS - GE ETHICS Flashcards
a branch of philosophy that deals with the study of the principles of right moral action.
Ethics
Ethics aims to study the principles underlying the ____________________________ and to prescribe the principles and methods for distinguishing _______________________ and __________________
desirable types of human conduct; right from wrong; good from bad
_________ is the material object of ethics, also known as the ______________
the physical doer of an act; moral agent
The two faculties in man that distinguishes them from animals
Intellect and Will
________ is the cause of his/her actions
the material object of ethics
refers to the action done or actions performed by a moral agent,
non-material object of Ethics
non-material object of Ethics is also called as __________
human acts
Why would an action be called non-material?
because action/s are not physical entities that can be readily perceived.
ACTS OF MAN OR HUMAN ACTS?
Acts that are naturally exhibited by virtue of our nature as animal being
ACTS OF MAN
ACTS OF MAN OR HUMAN ACTS?
any sort of activity, internal or external, bodily or spiritual, performed by a human being
HUMAN ACTS
ACTS OF MAN OR HUMAN ACTS?
Acts that are performed knowingly and freely and which are either ethical or unethical, but are not morally indifferent.
HUMAN ACTS
ACTS OF MAN OR HUMAN ACTS?
Acts that are performed without awareness of the mind.
ACTS OF MAN
ACTS OF MAN OR HUMAN ACTS?
Acts that the person has no direct control.
ACTS OF MAN
ACTS OF MAN OR HUMAN ACTS?
Acts which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man.
HUMAN ACTS
What are the two types of Acts of Man?
Natural-Involuntary
Natural-Voluntary
are forms of acts of man that are performed intuitively or involuntarily.
Natural-Involuntary acts
are neutral acts that man performs. But these acts are within his will to control at least for some period of time.
Natural-Voluntary
What are the constituents of Human Acts?
Knowledge
Freedom
Voluntariness
It means deliberation about the means to perform an action and about the end to be achieved.
Knowledge
a human act must be knowing and deliberate act.
Knowledge
It means awareness or consciousness of the condition and implication of our actions.
Knowledge
It is an act that is under control of the will, an act that the will can do or leave undone
Freedom
A human act must be free
Freedom
It is the power to choose between two or more courses of action without being forced to take one or the other by anything except our own will
Freedom
A human act is a voluntary act
Voluntariness
The action or omission of an act must proceed from a principle within the agent, and from some knowledge which the agent possesses of the end.
Voluntariness
A will-act
Voluntariness
What are the degrees of voluntariness? (PIDI)
Perfect
Imperfect
Direct
Indirect
It is when the agent fully knows and fully intends the act
Perfect
Perfect is when the ____________
agent fully knows and fully intends the act
It is when there is some defect in the agent’s knowledge, intention, or in both.
Imperfect
Imperfect is when ______________
there is some defect in the agent’s knowledge, intention, or in both.
It is an act which is willed as an end in itself
Direct
Direct is an act _____________
which is willed as an end in itself
Is present in that human act which is an effect, foreseen or foreseeable, of another act directly willed.
Indirect
Indirect is present in that human act which is _______________________
an effect, foreseen or foreseeable, of another act directly willed.
When is the moral agent responsible for the evil effect of a cause directly willed?
The agent must be able to foresee the evil effect, at least in a general way
The agent must be free to refrain from doing that which is the cause of the evil effect
The agent must be morally bound not to do that which is the cause of the evil effect
When may one perform an act, not evil in itself, which has two effects, one good, and one evil?
The evil effect must not precede the good effect
There must be a reason sufficiently grave calling for the act in its good effect
The intention of the agent must be honest, that is, the agent must directly intend the good effect and merely permit the evil effect as a regrettable incident or side issue
Answers the question pertaining the last end of men and the meaning of life
Ethics
A science of the morality of human conduct
Ethics
Ethics is also known as
Moral Philosophy
What are the elements of human acts? (AIMEC)
Act
Intention
Means
End
Consequence
What are the four types of Ends?
Proximate End
Intermediary End
Ultimate End
Last End
It is an end that must be fulfilled
Proximate End
A subordinate end to fulfill the ultimate end
Intermediary End
Etymological definitions of Philosophy
philos and sophia (love of wisdom)
philosophein (desire to know or to find out)
a science of unanswered questions
Philosophy
Ethics is derived from the Greek word
Ethos
The latin equivalent of custom
Mos or Mores
moral is derived from the word
“mos” or “mores”
Three Postulates of Ethics
The existence of God.
The dignity of the human person.
The immortality of the human soul.
How is the existence of God a postulate of ethics?
it provides an objective and unchanging foundation of morality.
God’s nature is the standard of goodness
moral laws are expressions of God’s will or character
provides authority to ground moral obligations.
T or F
Moral commands are not merely human interventions but have the force of divine law
T
What does the Dignity of the Human Person postulate state?
Humans are capable of reasoning, making judgements, and understanding the consequences of their actions which distinguishes humans from other beings.
What is the Immortality of the Human Soul postulate state?
The immoratlity of the soul is a necessary postulate for ensuring ultimate justice.
The belief in an immortal soul provides a framework for ensuring that good is ultimately rewarded and evil is ultimately punished, offering hope and meaning in the face of earthly justice
In the Immortality of the Human Soul postulate, without the prospect of an afterlife where moral accounts are settled, _____________________
the moral order of the universe appears incomplete and fundamentally unjust.
In the Dignity of Human Person postulate, If individuals are not held morally culpable for their actions, _________________
there is no basis for moral order or social responsibility.
The kind of moral responsibility when the person who commits the wrongful act has complete knowledge of the moral wrongness of his action and performs the wrongful act according to his will or choice.
Guilty
The kind of moral responsibility when a person who commits the act has incomplete knowledge of the moral wrongness of his action, or when a person has been coerced to perform a wrongful act. The person is still at fault but has lesser liability.
Mitigated
A kind of moral responsibility that signifies a heightened degree of blameworthiness for a wrongful act due to the presence of malice or deliberate avoidance of moral accountability.
Aggravated
The moral responsibility is diminished or exempted if the wrongful act is performed under any of the following conditions:
**When the person who commits a wrongful act is acting incomplete ignorance of the moral wrongness of the act
When the wrongful consequence of an act is an expected but unintended effect of a rightful act
When the wrongful consequence is a result of an accident
When the wrongful act is **brought about by coercion or by other factors that are sufficient to interfere with the rationality and freedom of the person **who commits it.
When the person who commits the wrongful act has no ability to discern the moral wrongness of his action.
According to St. Augustine, what are the two types of Good?
Apparent Good and Lesser Good
Two Types of Moral
Immoral and Amoral
