GE ETHICS - Mar12 Quiz Flashcards by JOHN EVAR LABASTILLA

It makes a human act less perfectly human thus affecting the moral responsibility of a moral agent.

MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS

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These are things that may affect human act in the essential qualities of knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness

MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS

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 It is the absence of intellectual knowledge in man.

IGNORANCE

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It is the lack of knowledge concerning the moral wrongness of an act, or a condition wherein a person, lacks the necessary information.

IGNORANCE

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 It is a type of ignorance which can be dispelled by the use of ordinary diligence and persistence.

VINCIBLE IGNORANCE

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The moral agent is AWARE of the uncertainty surrounding his choice yet still chooses to act upon it.

VINCIBLE IGNORANCE

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This type of ignorance occurs when a person positively WANTS TO BE IGNORANT in order to plead innocent to a charge of guilt.

AFFECTED IGNORANCE

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This happens when the moral agent, even after realizing his/her own
ignorance, is exerting positive effort in order to RETAIN THE STATE OF IGNORANCE.

AFFECTED IGNORANCE

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It is an ignorance which the person CANNOT OVERCOME either because the person does not realize his own state of ignorance, or because it is
almost impossible for him to acquire the proper knowledge of the matter.

INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE

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It is a state of deficiency of the intellect characterized by a total lack of knowledge concerning the wrongness of an act.

INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE

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The person is COMPLETELY UNAWARE of his ignorance, and there is no way
he can remedy it.

INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE

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_____________ ignorance destroys the voluntariness of an act

Invincible

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_______ ignorance does not destroy the voluntariness, but it does _______ the voluntariness of an act

Vincible; lessen

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True or False

Affected ignorance does not excuse a person from his bad
actions; on the contrary, it actually increases their malice.

True

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This refers to the bodily appetites or tendencies

Concupiscence/Passion

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These are strong tendencies towards the possession of something good
or towards the avoidance of something evil.

CONCUPISCENCE/PASSION

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When are Passions called good?

When ordered by the rational will to help
man in the practice of virtue, or in the attainment of what is morally
good.

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When are Passions called Bad?

when used by the rational will to accomplish
morally evil actions.

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TRUE OR FALSE?

Passions may arise spontaneously before the previous judgment of reason
and after the will can control the psychological situation

FALSE

Passions may arise spontaneously before the previous judgment of reason
and BEFORE the will can control the psychological situation

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Two types of Passions

Antecedent and Consequent

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it is a type of passion that spring into
action unstimulated by any act of the will;

Antecedent Passion

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A type of passion wherein there is a strong and sudden urge to action.

Antecedent Passion

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it is when the will, directly or indirectly,
stirs them up or fosters them.

Consequent Passion

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an emotional response that arises spontaneously and
involuntarily before any significant act of the will or deliberation.

ANTECEDENT PASSION

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A type of Passion that stems from instinct, temperament, or prior experiences,

ANTECEDENT PASSION

True or False? Antecedent Passion promotes an individual’s freedom and responsibility

False; Antecedent Passion DIMINISHES an individual’s freedom and responsibility

It is an emotional response that arises after a deliberate act of the will or rational choice.

CONSEQUENT PASSION

It is often intentionally cultivated or fostered by the individual, either through reflection or by dwelling on certain thoughts or experiences.

CONSEQUENT PASSION

True or False? Consequent passions do not lessen voluntariness but increases moral responsibility.

True

It is the agitation of the mind brought about by the apprehension of impending evil

Fear

It arises as an impulsive movement of avoidance of a threatened evil, ordinarily accompanied by bodily disturbances.

Fear

Enumerate the Types of Fear

 Acts done with fear  Acts done out of fear

these are acts done in spite of fear.

Acts done with fear

these are acts that because of fear it throws the person into a state panic that may make him powerless to think.

Acts done out of fear

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES GOVERNING FEAR?

Acts done with fear are voluntary. Acts done out of fear diminish the voluntariness of an act.

It is the application of external force on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling him to do something against his will.

VIOLENCE

TRUE OR FALSE Acts elicited by the will are subject to violence

FALSE; not subject

TRUE OR FALSE Even though a person experiences so much fear in the face of an unjust aggressor, he or she is still held morally responsible of his or her action.

FALSE; Not held morally responsible

TRUE OR FALSE Absolute violence includes any voluntariness from the forced action

FALSE; Excludes

It is a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner.

HABIT

It is a constant and easy way of doing things acquired by the repetition of the same act.

HABIT

TWO TYPES OF HABIT

Virtue and Vice

it’s a disposition to do the good and right thing.

Virtue

is a character trait or disposition that is morally reprehensible or blameworthy.

Vice

TRUE OR FALSE actions performed by “the force of habit” are not imputable to man

FALSE; imputable

TRUE OR FALSE? Habits do not destroy voluntariness

True

TRUE OR FALSE? If a positive and constant effort is being made to counter act a habit, the acts inadvertently proceeding for the habit are considered voluntary but are not imputable to man

FALSE; involuntary

It is the necessity of performing or omitting an action in accordance with the moral or positive law as recognized by the mind.

MORAL OBLIGATION

It is the understanding of the law that prompts an individual to perform an act or to refrain from it.

MORAL OBLIGATION

It simply means duty or oughtness.

MORAL OBLIGATION

A human act is , by definition, both (1)_________ and (2)______. It proceeds entirely from a (3)_________ and (4)___________, from a (5)___________. Thus, it belongs to the agent; it is his act. This is what is meant by saying that a human act is (6)__________ to its agent, or that a human act has the (7)______________

1. knowing 2. free 3. knowing 4. free agent 5. rational being 6. imputable 7. property of imputability

It is any motive, consideration, or promise which impels one to follow a moral obligation.

Sanction

It refers to the merit or demerit, the rewards or punishments given to man a free and moral agent.

Sanctions

What are the kinds of sanctions?

Positive Sanctions Natural Sanctions Perfect Sanctions

these are provisions of the Criminal and Penal Law of different nations which deal with the definition, trials, and punishments of crimes

Positive Sanction

the evildoer is punished in which it may result in mental or organic disturbance

Natural Sanctions

it is imposed by God and are in direct proportion to the degree of responsibility of human actions, to the good or evil done.

Perfect Sanctions

Enumerate the Stages of Moral Development

Obedience and Punishment Individualism and Exchange Maintaining Personal Relationships Law and Order Social Contract Universal Principles

Levels of Moral Development

Preconventional Morality (ages 1-6) Conventional Morality (ages 7-11) Post Conventional Morality (ages 11 and above)

Stages under Pre-Conventional Development (age 1-6)

Obedience and Punishment Individualism and Exchange

Stages under Conventional Development (age 7-12)

Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships Law and Order

Stages under Post Conventional Morality (ages 11 and above)

Social Contract Universal Principles

Contribution of Lawrence Kohlberg

Theory of Moral Development

T or F In other words, the mental development of a person grows side by side or simultaneously with his/her moral, standards views, values, choices, and decisions

* The child follows or behaves or cooperates because of the fear or dread of punishment (avoiding punishment). * Little to none independent moral reasoning

Obedience and Punishment

* The child follows or behaves or cooperates because there are incentives/rewards/satisfaction/benefit. * Little to none knowledge of right and wrong

Individualism and Exchange

* The child follows/behaves because they want approval and acceptance (society) * Avoids disapproval; conscious of other people’s views judgements about their ‘self-image’

Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships

* The child follows or behaves because the law says so. * Breaking the law is wrong because the law is designed to protect people * Maintain order and uphold cultural norms; avoid doing something against the law, society, religion, culture, etc.

Law and Order

* Adults give more respect on the rights/freedom of others * Don’t simply look into self good/benefit but also look into the good/benefit of others (welfare); avoid doing evil so as not to violate the freedom of others.

Social Contract

* Adults believe in a democratic process but also encourages disobedience on unjust laws. * Uphold principles of justice, ethics, and fairness (universal principle). * Doing good because it is universally accepted.

Universal Principles