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AS A JOSENIAN IE ^^ > PRELIMS - ENGINEERING LAWS, ETHICS, & STANDARDS > Flashcards

PRELIMS - ENGINEERING LAWS, ETHICS, & STANDARDS Flashcards

1
Q

Ethics comes from the Greek word Ethos which means?

A

Character

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2
Q

this describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology

A

Ethics

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3
Q

“mos” or “moris” is the Latin equivalent which means

A

custom or traditional life of conduct;

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4
Q

Where is morality derived?

A

Custom

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5
Q
  • Defined as the “practical and philosophical science of the morality
    of human acts or human conduct”
A

Ethics

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6
Q

refers to moral values that are sound or reasonable, actions or
policies that are morally required (right), morally permissible (all
right), or otherwise morally desirable (good)

A

Ethics

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7
Q

Three major areas of study within ethics recognized today are:

A

Meta-ethics
Normative ethics
Applied ethics

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8
Q

concerning the theoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions, and how their truth values (if any)
can be determined

A

Meta-ethics

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9
Q

concerning the practical means of determining a moral course of action

A
  • Normative ethics
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10
Q

concerning what a person is obligated (or permitted) to do in a specific situation or a particular domain of action

A
  • Applied ethics
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11
Q

Importance of the study of
ethics

A
  1. To sharpen the moral nature of the learners
  2. To make them aware of the moral principles and laws governing
    man’s actions
  3. To help the learners become aware of the intimate relation between their moral nature and laws
  4. To show the learners that acting in accordance with his rational and moral nature could lead them to their supernatural destiny- God
  5. To develop in the learners a morally upright living
  6. To let the learners realize that people cannot live together harmoniously in society without the ethical norms and laws applied or followed.
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12
Q

the set of moral beliefs
shared by almost
everyone

A

common morality/social ethics

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13
Q

set of moral beliefs
that a person holds

A

personal ethics

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14
Q

the set of standards adopted
by professionals insofar as
they view themselves acting
as professionals

A

professional ethics

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15
Q

the morality of an action is determined by the right, or permission to act, of a rights holder and the imposed duty of a
rights observer when this holder and observer interact.”

A

Rights Ethics

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16
Q

If a duty is negative, the observer __________________

A

refrains from interfering
with the rights holder’s exercise of the right.

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17
Q

If the duty is positive, the observer _________________

A

takes positive steps to
ensure the right is respected.

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18
Q
  • rights that belong to people simply by virtue of their nature
A

natural rights

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19
Q

Natural rights are established by the appeal to: (SDNH)

A
  • self-evidence
  • divine sanction or guarantee
  • natural law
  • human nature
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20
Q

Limitations of natural rights:

A
  • Atheists will not be convinced to take human rights more seriously
    because these rights are alleged to be founded in God’s will.
  • Many philosophers maintain that rights are secondary to, and
    derivative of, other moral considerations.
  • To see the world exclusively in terms of rights stresses
    individualism at the expense of community.
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21
Q

Produce the most good for the most people, giving equal consideration to everyone affected.

A

Utiltarianism

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22
Q

What is Utility?

A

actions that maximize happiness and minimize suffering

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23
Q

a particular action is right if it is likely to produce the most good for the most people in a given situation

A

Act-utilitarianism

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24
Q

right actions are those required by rules that produce the most good for the most people

A

Rule-utilitarianism

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25
Q

the set of rules which maximize the public good more than alternative codes would

A

Optimal moral code

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26
Q

Limitations of utilitarianism”

A
  • It is difficult to weigh matters of life and death by weighing happiness against suffering.
  • Utilitarianism is unable to distinguish between morally justified and morally unjustified emotions.
  • Utilitarians may not give special weight to the fact that certain
    consequences may affect them personally.
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27
Q

By acting out of duty, a person acts out of a concern for what is
morally right, not out of some self-serving motive.

A

Duty Ethics

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28
Q

What is Maxim?

A

subjective rule a person has in mind while performing an
action

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29
Q

are those required by duties to respect the liberty or autonomy of individuals.

A

Right actions

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30
Q

Important duties according to one duty ethicist:

(K,C,D,D,D,D,K,C,O,D)

A
  1. Do not kill.
  2. Do not cause pain.
  3. Do not disable.
  4. Do not deprive of freedom.
  5. Do not deprive of pleasure.
  6. Do not deceive.
  7. Keep your promises.
  8. Do not cheat.
  9. Obey the law.
  10. Do your duty.
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31
Q

desirable habits or tendencies in action, commitment, motive, attitude, emotion, ways of reasoning, and ways of relating to others

A

Virtue

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32
Q

A person’s fundamental character

A

soul

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33
Q

middle ground between two extremes of excess and deficiency

A

mean

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34
Q

focused on the good of clients and the
wider public

A

Public-spirited virtues:

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35
Q

virtues of mastery of one’s profession

A

Proficiency virtues

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36
Q

especially important in enabling
professionals to work successfully with other people

A

Teamwork virtues:

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37
Q

are necessary in exercising moral
responsibility

A

Self-governance virtues:

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38
Q

the pattern of virtues and vices

A

character

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39
Q

morally undesirable habits or tendencies

A

vices

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40
Q

Examples of public spirited virtues (NBSGJ)

A

Nonmaleficence
Beneficence
Sense of community
Generosity
Justice

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41
Q

Examples of proficiency virtues (CDC)

A

Competence
Diligence
Creativity

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42
Q

Examples of teamwork virtues (CCLRRA)

A

Collegiality
Cooperativeness
Loyalty
Respect
Responsible authority
Ability to motivate others

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43
Q

Examples of self-governance virtues

(SGFCSPCSIH)

A

Self-understanding
Good moral judgement
Fidelity
Courage
Self-discipline
Perseverance
Conscientiousness
Self-respect
Integrity
Honesty

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44
Q

tendency not to harm others intentionally

A

Nonmaleficence

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45
Q

preventing harm to others and promoting public safety, health, and welfare

A

Beneficence

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46
Q

going beyond the minimum requirements in helping
others

A

generosity

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47
Q

being well prepared for the jobs one undertakes

A

Competence

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48
Q

alertness to dangers and careful attention to detail in performing tasks

A

Diligence

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49
Q

any work for hire regardless of the skill level involved and the
responsibility granted

A

Job

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50
Q

employment through which someone makes a living

A

Occupation

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51
Q

an occupation requiring special education such as law, medicine,
teaching, or the ministry by which a person habitually earns his
living

A

Profession

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52
Q

Attributes of a profession

A
  1. Work that requires sophisticated skills, the use of judgment, and the exercise of discretion.
  2. Membership in the profession requires extensive formal education
  3. The public allows special societies or organizations that are controlled by members of the profession to set
    standards for admission to the profession
  4. Significant public good results from the practice of the
    profession
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53
Q

Practice is done on a fee-
for-service basis with a
personal individual
relationship between the
client and the professional

A

Consulting Professions

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54
Q

The professional has, more
or less, a fixed task at a
definite time designated
by an individual proprietor
or an institution or
corporation

A

Scholarly Professions

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55
Q

Views professional societies as being set up primarily to further
the public good, as described in the definition of a profession

A
  • Social-contract model
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56
Q

Professions function as a means for furthering the economic
advantage of the members

A
  • Business model
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57
Q

with duty to formulate an idea and from it to create a reality; he develops ideas and elaborate plans and designs

A

Designer

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58
Q

he considers and prescribes the methods and manner of construction

A
  • Contractor/Operator
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59
Q

he supervises and superintends the execution of the work
and sees to it that it is properly constructed according to
plan and specifications

A
  • Supervisor
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60
Q

– he investigates the conditions and determines means by
which those conditions can be utilized and modified to meet
certain ends; and after completion, he must see and
investigate the works whether it has been conducted in
accordance with his created plans

A
  • Investigator
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61
Q

– he advises the employer as to the feasibility of the project
proposed, the cost which will be entailed, and the results
which will be accomplished

A

adviser

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62
Q
  • consists of the responsibilities and rights that ought to be
    endorsed by those engaged in engineering, and also of
    desirable ideals and personal commitments in engineering
A

Engineering Ethics

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63
Q

is the study of the decisions, policies, and values that are
morally desirable in engineering practice and research

A

Engineering Ethics

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64
Q

Why study Engineering Ethics?

A

. the ability to think critically and independently about moral issues and to apply this moral thinking to situations that arise in the course of professional
engineering practice

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65
Q

Practical skills to increase moral autonomy

(MCCMMMRTMI)

A

Moral Awareness
Cogent Moral Reasoning
Cognitive Coherence
Moral Imagination
Moral Communication
Moral Reasonableness
Respect for Persons
Tolerance and Diversity
Moral Hope
Integrity

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66
Q

proficiency in recognizing moral problems and issues in
engineering

A

Moral awareness

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67
Q

comprehending, clarifying, and assessing arguments on
opposing sides of moral issues

A

Cogent moral reasoning

68
Q
  • forming consistent and comprehensive viewpoints based on
    consideration of relevant facts
A
  1. Moral coherence
69
Q
  • discerning alternative responses to moral issues and finding
    creative solutions for practical difficulties
A

Moral imagination

70
Q
  • precision in the use of a common ethical language, a skill
    needed to express and support one’s moral views adequately to
    others
A
  1. Moral communication
71
Q
  • the willingness and ability to be morally reasonable
A
  1. Moral reasonableness
72
Q
  • genuine concern for the well-being of others as well as oneself
A
  1. Respect for persons
73
Q
  • respect for ethnic and religious differences and acceptance of
    reasonable differences in moral perspectives
A

Tolerance and diversity

74
Q
  • enriched appreciation of the possibilities of using rational
    dialogue in resolving moral conflicts
A

Moral hope

75
Q
  • maintaining moral integrity and integrating one’s professional
    life and personal convictions
A

Integrity

76
Q

are codes in which organizations lay down guidelines for responsible behavior of their members.

A

Codes of Conduct

77
Q

Codes of Conduct is a.k.a.?

A

Codes of Ethics

78
Q

It is a code by a professional association

A

Professional code

79
Q

A code by a company

A

Corporate code

80
Q

Define the nature, scope, government, length, disclosure, and focus of Code of Ethics

A

General; Wide; Decision-making; Short; Publicly-disclosed; Values or principles

81
Q

Define the nature, scope, government, length, disclosure, and focus of Code of Conduct

A

Specific; Narrow; Actions; Comparatively longer; Employees only; Compliance and rules

82
Q

What is the importance of codes? (SGISSEDC)

A
  1. Serving and protecting the public
  2. Guidance
  3. Inspiration
  4. Shared standards
  5. Support for responsible professionals
  6. Education and mutual understanding
  7. Deterrence and discipline
  8. Contributing to the profession’s image
83
Q

Expresses the moral values of a
profession or company.

A

Aspirational code

84
Q

Three types of codes (AAD)

A

Aspirational code
Advisory code
Disciplinary code

85
Q

has the objective to help individual
professionals or employees to exercise moral judgments in
concrete situations on the basis of the more general values
and norms of the profession or company.

A

Advisory code

86
Q

has the objective that the behavior of all
professionals or employees meets certain values and norms.

A

Disciplinary code

87
Q

A sound professional code will stand up to three tests:

A
  1. It will be clear and coherent.
  2. It will organize basic moral values applicable to the profession
  3. It will provide helpful and reasonable guidance that is compatible with moral convictions (judgment, intuitions) about concrete situations.
88
Q

Most modern professional codes relate to three domains:

A

1) conducting a profession with integrity and honesty, and in a competent way;

2) obligations towards employers and clients; and

3) responsibility towards the public and society

89
Q

Elements of Corporate Codes (MCRR)

A
  • Mission
  • Core Values
  • Responsibilities towards stakeholders (CSR)
  • Rules and Norms
90
Q

Possibilities and Limitations of Codes of Conduct

A
  • Codes of conduct and self-interest
  • Vagueness and potential contradictions
91
Q

The Values Theory of Shalom Schwartz define values as _____________________

A

Desirable, trans-situational goals, varying in importance that serves as guiding principles in people’s lives

92
Q

Features of values: Values are _____ (BMGO)

A
  1. Beliefs
  2. Motivational Construct
  3. Guide the selection or evaluation of actions, policies, people, and events
  4. Ordered by importance relative to one another
93
Q

The ten basic values (SSHAPSCTBU)

A

Self-direction
Simulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
Security
Conformity
Tradition
Benevolence
Universalism

94
Q

Independent thought and action; choosing, creating, exploring.

A

Self-direction

95
Q

Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life.

A

Stimulation

96
Q

Pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself.

A
  1. Hedonism.
97
Q

Personal success through demonstrating
competence according to social standards.

A

Achievement

98
Q

Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources.

A

Power

99
Q

Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self.

A

Security

100
Q

Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms.

A

Conformity

101
Q

Respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide the self.

A

Tradition

102
Q

Preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in frequent personal contact

A

Benevolence

103
Q

Understanding, appreciation, tolerance,
and protection for the welfare of all people and for nature.

A

Universalism

104
Q

The values under Openness to Change

A

Stimulation and Self-Direction

105
Q

The values under Self-transcendence

A

Universalism and Benevolence

106
Q

The values under Conservation

A

Conformity, Tradition, and Security

107
Q

The values under Self-Enhancement

A

Achievement and Power

108
Q

The different kinds of values (MAPII)

A

Moral values
Aesthetic Values
Performance Values
Intrinsic Values
Instrumental Values

109
Q

How are values formed?

A

Values are molded through

  1. the attitudes and behavior of the people who raised us and who we relate to such as our family, friends, and economic/political systems
  2. Influence of gender and education
  3. the sources of value change in adulthood
110
Q

Sources of value change in adulthood include _________

A
  1. Historical events that impact on specific age cohorts (e.g., war,
    depression)
  2. physical ageing (e.g., loss of strength or memory)
  3. life stage (e.g., child rearing, widowhood)
111
Q

Why are values weakened?

A

Needs can be more pressing than values

It is much easier to convey other values

There is great social pressure in favor of anti-values

112
Q

Values in Engineering Profession entail what aspects?

A

Partnership with nature
Human progress
Safety, risk, and accidents
Clean, clear decision-making
Community

113
Q

What are the ten organizational values? (HRCSRCSTLS)

A

Honesty
Responsibility
Communication
Sincerity
Respect
Comradeship
Solidarity
Tolerance
Learning
Self-Improvement

114
Q

Offering what can be delivered; act accurately and timely; honor what belongs to others; genuineness; justice in mind; no taking advantage

A

Honesty

115
Q

accepting responsibility; making decision with attention; honoring our debts;

A

Responsibility

116
Q

effort to listen; explain things correctly; not making assumption; avoid labeling interlocutors; avoid prejudice; no gossiping; not being quiet when we have something to say; not missing opportunities for self-improvement

A

Communication

117
Q

Express freely; believe in truthfulness; say what we think; act consistently; treat others with openness; loyalty and transparency; sincerity reflects appreciation

A

Sincerity

118
Q

not looking down on others; act with respect; appreciate everyone; understand with empathy; no insulting and assaulting; treat people with dignity

A

Respect

119
Q

Create success together; individual courage in teamwork; best result achieved when all do the best they can; appreciating all team members

A

Comradeship

120
Q

Commit and share the situations of others; support others; helping with nothing in exchange; sharing benefits and risks

A

Solidarity

121
Q

Accept opinions; don’t discredit people with different POVs; know and accept the other person; willpower and maturity

A

Tolerance

122
Q

Constant improvement; look for opportunities that update knowledge permanently

A

Learning

123
Q

Committed to improving every day; challenges inspire; not doing things half-way; feeling fulfilled when we make a conscious effort; discipline and perseverance

A

Self improvement

124
Q

Two types of Engineers’ Rights

A

Professional and Employee Rights

125
Q

Rights under Professional Rights

A

Professional Conscience
Conscientious Refusal
Recognition

126
Q

Rights under Employee Rights

A

Privacy
Equal Opportunity
Intellectual Property

127
Q

-the rights that engineers have as professionals

A

Professional Rights

128
Q
  • Is the moral right to exercise professional judgement in
    pursuing professional responsibilities
A

Right of Professional Conscience

129
Q

requires autonomous moral judgement in trying to uncover the most morally reasonable courses of action, and the
correct courses of action are not always obvious

A

Right of Professional Conscience

130
Q

There are two general ways to justify the basic right of professional conscience:

A
  1. The exercise of moral reflection and conscience that justifies professional duties is necessary, with respect to that duty.
  2. The general duties to respect persons and rule-utilitarianism would accent the public good of allowing engineers to pursue their professional duties.
131
Q
  • is the right to refuse to engage in unethical behavior.
  • can be done solely because it feels unethical to the doer. This action might bring conflicts within the authority-based
    relationships.
A

Right of Conscientious Refusal

132
Q

The two main situations to be considered in Conscientious Refusal are −

A
  1. When it is already stated that certain act is unethical in a widely shared agreement among all the employees.
  2. When there occurs disagreement among considerable number of people whether the act is unethical.
133
Q
  • the recognition of one’s work and accomplishments
A

Right to Recognition

134
Q
  • the right to speak about the work one does by maintaining confidentiality and can receive external recognition
  • The right for internal recognition which includes patents, promotions, raises etc. along with a fair remuneration, are
    also a part of it.
A

Right to Recognition

135
Q
  • The right for internal recognition which includes patents, promotions, raises etc. along with a fair remuneration, are
    also a part of it.
A

Right to Recognition

136
Q
  • can be any right, moral or legal, that involves the status of
    being an employee
A

Employee Rights

137
Q
  • refers to the right of having a private life, off the job. It is the right to control the access to and the use of information
    about oneself
A

Privacy

138
Q

What does Equal Opportunity entail?

A

Non-Discrimination
Anti-Sexual Harassment
Affirmative Action

139
Q

the demeaning of a person based on trivial factors such as one’s sex, race, skin color, age or political or religious outlook can be understood

A

Discrimination

140
Q

The unwanted imposition of sexual
requirements in the context of a relationship of unequal power

A

sexual harassment

141
Q

refers to the preference given to a person or a group who was denied equal importance in the past

A

Affirmative Action

142
Q

a type of property right which allows the creators or owners of patents,
trademarks, or copyrighted works to benefit from their own work or
investment.

A

Intellectual Property Right

143
Q

The IPR (Intellectual property Rights) need to be protected in order to
serve the following reasons:

A
  • The creations and inventions are the paths which lead to the progress of
    human development.
  • To develop the commitment and interest for more creations.
  • Indirectly promotes the economic growth that creates new jobs and industries, and enhances the quality and enjoyment of life.
144
Q

responsibilities of an engineer towards the organization he
belongs to

A

Internal Responsibilities

145
Q

Internal responsibilities include: (LCRC)

A
  • Loyalty
  • Collegiality
  • Respect for Authority
  • Collective Bargaining
146
Q
  • Is the faithful adherence to an organization and the
    employer
A

Loyalty

147
Q

Two types of loyalty

A

Agency-loyalty
Attitude-loyalty (or Identification Loyalty)

148
Q

the term that describes a work environment where responsibility and authority are shared among the
colleagues

A

Collegiality

149
Q

Elements of collegiality

A
  • Respect to the ideas and work of others
  • Commitment to moral principles
  • Connectedness
150
Q

can be defined as the legal right to command action by others and to enforce compliance

A

Authority

151
Q

Major types of authority

A

Executive Authority
Expert Authority

152
Q

is the negotiation about working
conditions and terms of employment between an employer
and one or more representative employees with a view to
reaching agreement

A

Collective Bargaining

153
Q

Types of Collective Bargaining (DIAI)

A
  • Distributive Bargaining
  • Integrative bargaining
  • Attitudinal Structuring
  • Intra-organizational Bargaining
154
Q

responsibilities of an engineer outside the organization

A

External Responsibilities

155
Q

External responsibilities include

A

Confidentiality
Conflict of Interest
Occupational crimes

156
Q
  • that practice which helps to keep secret all information deemed
    desirable to keep secret.
A

Confidentiality

157
Q

Types of confidential information

A

Privileged Information
Proprietary Information

158
Q

The two conditions where conflict of interest typically arise

A
  • The professional is in a relationship or role that requires exercising good judgment on behalf of the interests of an
    employer or client.
  • The professional has some additional or side interest that could threaten good judgement in serving the interests of the
    employer or client.
159
Q

Types of conflict of interest (APA)

A
  • Actual conflicts of interest
  • Potential conflicts of interest
  • Apparent conflicts of interest
160
Q
  • Illegal acts made possible through one’s lawful employment
  • Secretive violation of laws regulating work activities
A

Occupational Crimes

161
Q

Examples of occupational crimes

A
  • Price fixing
  • Endangering lives
  • Industrial espionage (spying)
162
Q
  • When an employee or former employee conveys information
    about a significant moral problem to someone in position to take
    action on disputes or grievances
A

Whistleblowing

163
Q

Act by an employee of informing the public or higher
management of unethical or illegal behavior by an employer or
supervisor

A

Whistleblowing

164
Q

Types of whistleblowing

A
  • Internal & External
  • Acknowledged and Anonymous
165
Q

Conditions for Whistleblowing (NPCL)

A
  • Need
  • Proximity
  • Capability
  • Last resort
166
Q

How to prevent whistleblowing

A
  1. There must be a strong corporate ethics culture.
  2. There should be clear lines of communication within the
    corporation.
  3. All employees must have meaningful access to high-level
    managers in order to bring their concerns forward.
  4. There should be willingness on the part of management to
    admit mistakes, publicly if necessary.
167
Q

Guidelines for whistleblowing

A
  • Whistleblowing should only be performed if all normal channels
    have already been exhausted.
  • During the time the normal channels are being pursued and during
    subsequent action, detailed records, including copies of supporting
    documents, should be kept of all relevant data, formal meetings,
    and applicable interactions.
  • The records should stick to facts and exclude emotional observations.
  • If possible, these should be conducted with other employees as there is strength in numbers.
  • Even if others are unwilling to join the employee, they should at least be consulted for advice so that the employee does not work in isolation.
  • For an external case, a lawyer should be consulted about potential
    legal liabilities.

AS A JOSENIAN IE ^^ (8 decks)

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