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HISTOLOGY > PRELIM LEC 2: EPITHELIUIM > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC 2: EPITHELIUIM Flashcards

1
Q

● An avascular (having few or no blood
vessels) tissue, which lacks a direct blood supply.
● Nutrients are delivered by diffusion from blood vessels in the neighboring connective tissue.
● From the GREEK word epi meaning
“upon” and thele meaning “nipple”.
● Epithelial cell nuclei have a distinctive
shape, varying from spherical to elongated or elliptic
● MOST EPITHELIAL TISSUES ARE
RENEWED CONTINUOUSLY

A

EPITHELIUM

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2
Q

BASIC FUNCTIONS

A
  1. Protection of the body from abrasion and injury (e.g., skin and esophagus);
  2. Absorption of material from lumen (e.g., tubules in kidney, small and large
    intestines);
  3. Transportation of material along surface (e.g., cilia-mediated transport in the trachea);
  4. Secretion of mucus, hormones, and proteins (e.g., glands)
  5. Gas exchange (e.g., alveoli in the Lung); and
  6. Lubrication between two surfaces (e.g., mesothelium of pleural cavity)
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3
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissues
Based on number of layers of cells:

A

● SIMPLE
● STRATIFIED

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4
Q

Based on shapes of cells in superficial layer

A

● Squamous epithelium
● Cuboidal epithelium
● Columnar epithelium
● Transitional epithelium (urothelium)

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5
Q

Specializations of the Apical Surface
(Apical Domain)
● ELONGATED , motile structures that have a greater diameter and length than microvilli
● Arise from basal bodies
● Function: aid in the transport of material along the surface of epithelial cells

A

CILIA

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6
Q

● SMALLER THAN CILIA; composed of actin microfilaments.
● Anchored to a network structure-terminal web- which contains actin filaments to stabilize the microvillus
● Function: aid in absorption

A

MICROVILLI

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7
Q

● Long microvilli; consist of actin
microfilaments
● Function: help with absorption

A

STEREOCILIA

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8
Q

Specialization of the Lateral Surface
(Lateral Domain)
- completely surround the apical cell borders to seal the underlying intercellular cleft from the outside environments.

A

Zonula occludens (tight junctions)

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9
Q
  • found just beneath the tight junction, also forming a bandlike junction surrounding the entire cell and serving to attach adjacent cells
A

Zonula adherens (adhering junctions)

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10
Q
  • located beneath the adhering junctions, also assist in cell to cell attachment.
A

Desmosomes

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11
Q
  • are communicating junctions, provide a low-resistance channel to permit passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells
A

Gap junctions

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12
Q

Specializations of the Basal Surface (Basal Domain)
- a SHEET OF EXTRACELLULAR MATERIAL on all epithelial cells in contact with subjacent connective tissue at their basal surfaces.

A

BASAL LAMINA

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13
Q

● The layer below basal lamina
● These are reticular fibers made of type III collagen in the underlying connective tissues by anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen

A

RETICULAR LAMINA

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14
Q

Macromolecular components of basal
laminae
- These are LARGE GLYCOPROTEIN MOLECULES that self-assemble to form a lace-like sheet immediately below the cells’ basal poles where they are held in place by the transmembrane integrins

A

LAMININ

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15
Q
  • monomers of type IV collagen contain three polypeptide chains and self assemble further to form a felt-like sheet associated with the laminin layer.
A

TYPE IV COLLAGEN

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16
Q

these glycosylated proteins and others serve to link together the laminin and type IV collagen sheets.

A

ENTACTIN (nidogen - a glycoprotein) AND PERLECAN (a proteoglycan with heparan sulfate side chains)

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17
Q

● Composed of one layer of uniform flat cell cells, which rest on the basement
membrane. THE SIMPLEST OF THE
EPITHELIA.
● Apical surfaces are smooth, and the width of the cells is greater than height.
● Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where
protection is not important; secretes
lubricating substances in serosae.

● Locations: lining the posterior surface of the cornea; lining blood vessels and
lymphatic vessels (endothelium); lining the surface of the body cavities (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal mesothelium); and lining the alveoli of the lungs.

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS

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18
Q

Flattened and elongated, oriented parallel to the direction of blood flow, and resting on a basement membrane.

A

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

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19
Q

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
-The cells and basement membrane are linked by junctions called
_________________.
- Beneath the basement
membrane is a subendothelial layer of connective tissue.

A

HEMIDESMOSOMES

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20
Q

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

  • The wavy structure is called the internal_____________.

The endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, and the internal elastic lamina compromise the tunica intima

A

ELASTIC LAMINA

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21
Q

A neoplasm that arises from surfaces of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. It is only occasionally found in the pericardial mesothelium
● Commonly seen in individuals who either were exposed to asbestos or who smoke.

A

MESOTHELIOMA

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22
Q

The formation of deposits of yellowish
plaques that contain cholesterol, lipid
material, and lipophages (macrophage with engulfed lipids)
● These deposits, when hardened, may
occlude blood flow to distant tissues, and blood clots may form on exposed collagen in subendothelial connective tissue.
● Clot formation or dislodged pieces of plaque may result in vascular occlusion and stroke.

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

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23
Q

FACTORS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS:

A
  • ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
  • DYSLIPIDEMIA
  • INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS
  • HYPERTENSION
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24
Q

● Composed of one layer of uniform cuboidal cells, which rest on the basement membrane.
● The cell’s height, width, and depth are
roughly equal. Nuclei are centrally placed and spherical in shape.
● Function: SECRETION & ABSORPTION

● Location: distal and collecting tubules of the kidney; found lining most of the tubules I the kidney and in some excretory glands.

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL ENPITHELIUM

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25
Q

● Characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormone.
● Symptoms: nervousness, irritability,
tachycardia, increased perspiration,
difficulty sleeping, muscle weakness, warm moist skin, trembling hands, and hair loss.
● Seen most often in women 20 to 40 years of age

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

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26
Q

● THE MOST COMMON FORM
HYPERTHYROIDISM.
● Autoimmune disease (antibodies to the TSH receptor)
● Signs: EXOPHTHALMOS
● Diagnostic test: antibody test

A

GRAVE’S DISEASE

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27
Q

● THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● Associated with enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)
● Characterized by high TSH and positive TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibody

A

HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS

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28
Q

● Composed of one layer of columnar cells resting on the basement membrane.
● Cell’s height is greater than the width. The elongated nucleus is most often located in the basal region of the cell.
● Function: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.

● Location: can be found in the digestive tract, oviducts (fallopian tubes) in the female reproductive system, and ductuli efferentes testis of the male reproductive system

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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29
Q

● A DISORDER OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
● If left untreated, coeliac disease can lead to malabsorption, anemia, bone disease, and, rarely, some forms of cancer.
● Histologic features: blunting of villi,
presence of lymphocytes among epithelial cells (intraepithelial lymphocytes), and increased lymphocytes within the lamina propia (connective tissue)

A

CELIAC (COELIAC DISEASE)

30
Q

Function: secretion, particularly on mucus; population of mucus by ciliary action.

Location: Nonciliated type in male’s
sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

31
Q

Composed of one layer of nonuniform cells that vary in shape and height.
● Often referred to as RESPIRATORY
EPITHELIUM
● Cells appear similar to stratified cells, but all cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
● Most cells are tall columnar cells, but there are also some short basal cells, some which are stem cells.
● The most widespread type of
pseudostratified columnar epithelium is
found in the respiratory tract and has long fingerlike, motile structures called cilia on the apical surface of the cells.

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

32
Q

A disease marked by ACUTE or CHRONIC INFLAMMATION of the BRONCHIAL TUBES (bronchi). The inflammation may be caused by infection (virus,bacteria) or by exposure to irritants

A

BRONCHITIS

33
Q

● Contains several layers of cells in the
superficial layer being flattened.
● Protects the body against injury, abrasion, dehydration, and infection.
● Maybe keratinized (found in the skin -
flattened, nonnucleated dead cells - filled with tonofilaments) or nonkeratinized (same as keratinized but nucleated - found in the linings of the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and true vocal cords).
● Thick membrane composed of several
layer; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

34
Q

● A COMMON CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN disease typically characterized by PINK - TO- SALMON- colored plaques with silver scales and sharp margins.
● T-lymphocyte-mediated immunologic
reactions are believed to cause the clinical feature.
● Symptoms include itching, joint pain, nail pitting, and nail discoloration.

A

PSORIASIS

35
Q

● A complication of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX disease marked by metaplasia of the SSE of the distal esophagus into a simple columnar epithelium as a response to prolonged reflux-induced injury.
● Patients have a high risk in developing
ADENOCARCINOMA.

A

BARRETT SYNDROME

36
Q

● Composed of two or three layers of cells.
● The top layer is columnar in shape and the basal layer is usually cuboidal in shape.
● NOT A COMMON TYPE of epithelium.
● Location: conjunctiva, some large ducts in the exocrine glands

A

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

37
Q

● A clinical condition that can result from blockage of a duct or ducts, so that saliva is not able to exit into the mouth. This causes the saliva to back up inside the duct, resulting in gland swelling.
● Most common blockage is a salivary stone (calculus/calculi), which forms from salts contained in the saliva. A blocked duct and gland filled with stagnant saliva may become infected with bacteria.
● Removal of a stone may require surgery or lithotripsy (treatment by focused, high-intensity acoustic pulses).

A

SALIVARY GLAND SWELLING

38
Q

● A stratified epithelium is often referred to as a UROTHELIUM. Lines the excretory channels leading from the kidney (renal calyces, ureters, bladder, and proximal segment or the urethra).
● May contain four to six layers in the relaxed state.
● Histological appearances can change when stretched.
● Surface cells are often described as “dome shaped” and are called dome cells (which may contain two nucleoli) or umbrella cells (they contain extra cell membrane).

A

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

39
Q

the SPREAD OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASM from its site of origin to a remote site, usually through blood and lymphatic vessels.

A

METASTASIS

40
Q
  • a general term describing a DISORDER OF LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM causing amounts of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood; certain dyslipidemias constitute a major risk factor in developing atherosclerosis such as hypercholesterolemia.
A

DYSLIPIDEMIA

41
Q
  • abnormal bone mineralization producing weak, soft bones; may be caused by vitamin D deficiency or kidney disorders, including renal fanconi syndrome.
A

OSTEOMALACIA

42
Q

the reversible process by which ONE MATURE CELL TYPE CHANGES INTO ANOTHER MATURE CELL TYPE, as in squamous or metaplasia of respiratory or glandular

A

METAPLASIA

43
Q

● Composed of epithelial tissue and can be classified as endocrine and exocrine
according to how the secretory product
leaves the gland

A

GLANDS

44
Q

● Release their products into interstitial fluid or directly into the bloodstream

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

45
Q

● Secrete their products either through DUCTS into the lumen of an organ or directly onto the body surfaces

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS

46
Q

collection of neutrophils and neutrophil debris WITHIN THE PARAKERATOTIC SCALE in the skin disease psoriasis.

A

MICROABSCESS

47
Q
  • collection of neutrophils WITHIN THE EPIDERMIS, abutting the parakeratotic scale in the skin disease psoriasis.
A

MICROPOSTULE

48
Q

PERSISTENCE OF THE NUCLEI OF KERATINOCYTES into the stratum corneum of the skin or mucous membranes; parakeratotic scales containing neutrophils are seen in the skin.

A

PARAKERATOSIS

49
Q

Glands
Can be classified by product:

a WATERY proteinaceous fluid (e.g. parotid, gland of von Ebner of the tongue, pancreas, and sweat gland)

A

SEROUS GLANDS

50
Q

secrete mucus, a viscous
mixture of glycoprotein and water (e.g.
goblet cells in the small and large
intestine, respiratory epithelium, some
glands in hard and soft palates, and
stomach epithelium)

A

MUCOUS GLANDS

51
Q

have both serous and mucous secretions (e.g.submandibular, sublingual, tracheal glands

A

MIXED GLANDS (SEROMUCOUS)

52
Q

produce lipids (e.g. skin

A

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

53
Q

Classified by mechanisms or secretion
● MOST COMMON MODE
● The secretory products are released from the cell by EXOCYTOSIS WITHOUT THE LOSS OF CELL MATERIAL (e.g. release of zymogen granules by pancreatic acinar cells)

A

MEROCRINE

54
Q

● The secretory product is released together WITH PART OF THE APICAL CYTOPLASM of the secretory cell (lipid secretion of the mammary gland)

A

APOCRINE

55
Q

● The secretory product is released by
DISINTEGRATION OF THE ENTIRE CELL The secretory cell dies and a new secretory cell is formed from a nearby basal cell (e.g. sebum released by the cells of sebaceous glands)

A

HOLOCRINE

56
Q

Classified by morphology
● The secretory products are released directly ONTO THE SURFACE of an epithelium (e.g. goblet cell)

A

UNICELLULAR

57
Q

Consist of numbers of secretory cells
arranged in a different organizations that can be classified generally, simple glands and compound glands, which can also be subclassified according to their morphology:

A

MULTICELLULAR

58
Q

have no ducts, straight tubules and can be found in small and large intestines.

A

SIMPLE TUBULAR GLANDS

59
Q
  • DON’T have ducts, secretory cells are split into two or more tubules and can be found in the stomach.
A

SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR GLANDS

60
Q

have a LONG DUCT, secretory cells are formed by coiled tubules.

A

Simple coiled tubular glands

61
Q

have SHORT, unbranched ducts; secretory cells are arranged in acini form.

A

Simple acinar glands

62
Q

have a short, unbranched duct, secretory cells are formed into branched acini.

A

Simple branched acinar glands

63
Q

have branched ducts, secretory cells are formed into branched tubules (e.g. brunner glands)

A

Compound tubular glands

64
Q

branched ducts, secretory units are branched acini.

A

Compound acinar glands

65
Q

branched ducts, secretory units are formed by both an acinar component and a tubular component (e.g. submandibular and sublingual glands).

A

Compound tubuloacinar glands

66
Q

FUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
- SEROUS LINING of cavities such as pericardium, pleura, peritoneum for lubrication

A

Mesothelium

67
Q

made up of FLAT CELLS that lines the
blood vessels

A

Endothelium

68
Q

BASKET CELLS to remodel the scars in the skin

A

Myoepithelium

69
Q

lining of the uterus

A

Endometrium

70
Q

layer of the ovaries and seminiferous tubules

A

Germinal epithelium

71
Q

for secretions

A

Glandular epithelium

HISTOLOGY (12 decks)

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