Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HISTOLOGY > FINALS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

FINALS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

▪ Second messenger system of the body
▪ Uses chemical messages (hormones) that are released into the blood
▪ Consists of ductless glands that secrete
hormones into the interstitial blood

A

Endocrine System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones control several major processes:

A

o Reproduction
o Growth and development
o Mobilization of much of homeostasis
o Regulation of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

▪ Comes from a Greek word meaning “to arouse”
▪ Produced by specialized cells (secrete hormones
into extracellular fluids)
▪ Blood transfers them to target sites
▪ They regulate the activity of other cells

A

HORMONES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chemical classification of hormones:
(proteins, peptides, amines)

A

Amino acid-based hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chemical classification of hormones:
(cholesterol)

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chemical classification of hormones:
(highly active lipids)

A

Prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

TYPES OF HORMONE ACTION:
- is secreted in one location (ducts)
and released into BLOOD circulation.

A

Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

TYPES OF HORMONE ACTION:
- is secreted in endocrine cells and
released into INTERSTITIAL SPACE.

A

Paracrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

TYPES OF HORMONE ACTION:
- is secreted in endocrine cells and
sometimes released into interstitial space; binds to specific receptor on cell of origin resulting to SELF-REGULATION of its function.

A

Autocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TYPES OF HORMONE ACTION:
- is secreted in endocrine cells and
remains in relation to the plasma membrane; acts on immediately adjacent cells by direct cell-to-cell contact.

A

Juxtacrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

TYPES OF HORMONE ACTION:
- is secreted in endocrine cells and
released into the LUMEN OF GUT

A

Exocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TYPES OF HORMONE ACTION:
- is secreted in the NEURONS and released from nerve endings; interacts with receptors of cells at distant site.

A

Neuroendocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

▪ Effects caused by hormones:

A

o Changes in plasma membrane permeability/electrical state
o Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
o Activation/inactivation of enzymes
o Stimulation of mitosis
o Promotion of secretory activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a. Direct Gene Activation: Steroid Hormone
Mechanism

A
  1. DIFFUSE THROUGH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE of
    target cells
  2. ENTER THE NUCLEUS
  3. BIND TO A SPECIFIC PROTEIN within the nucleus
  4. BIND TO A SPECIFIC SITES on the cell’s DNA
  5. ACTIVATE GENES that result in synthesis of newproteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Second-Messenger System: Nonsteroid
Hormone Mechanism

A
  1. Hormone binds to a membrane receptor & it
    does not enter the cell
  2. Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme catalyzing a reaction that produces a
    second messenger molecule
  3. Oversees additional intracellular changes to
    promote a specific response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

WHAT TYPE OF STIMULUS?
- endocrine glands are activated by other hormones

A

HORMONAL STIMULUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WHAT TYPE OF STIMULUS?
- changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release

A

HUMORAL STIMULUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

WHAT TYPE OF STIMULUS?
- nerve impulse stimulate hormone release

A

NEURAL STIMULUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

▪ “Master endocrine gland”, stimulating
hormones
▪ Approximately the size of a pea
- Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus
▪ Protected by the sphenoid bone

A

PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PITUITARY GLAND 2 FUNCTIONAL LOBES:
- AKA adenohypophysis, 3 parts are derived
embryonically from the hypophyseal pouch

A

Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)
❖ Accounts for 75% of the adenohypophysis and has a thin fibrous capsule
❖ Main components are cords of well-stained endocrine cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries and supporting reticular connective tissue

A Pars tuberalis
B Pars intermedia
C Pars distalis

A

Pars distalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)
❖ A smaller FUNNEL-SHAPED region surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis
❖ Most of the cells are
gonadotrophs (synthesize &
secrete luteinizing hormone [LH] & follicle-stimulating hormone
[FSH])

A Pars tuberalis
B Pars intermedia
C Pars distalis

A

Pars tuberalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)
❖ A NARROW ZONE lying between the pars distalis and the pars nervosa
❖ Contains basophils
(corticotrophs: releases
adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]), chromophobes, and small, colloid-filled cysts

A Pars tuberalis
B Pars intermedia
C Pars distalis

A

Pars intermedia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PITUITARY GLAND 2 FUNCTIONAL LOBES:
- AKA neurohypophysis
o Not an endocrine gland, acts only as a
STORAGE area for hormones made by
hypothalamic neurons
o Retains many histologic features of brain tissue and consists of a large part, the pars nervosa, and the smaller infundibulum stalk attached to the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

▪ Neuroendocrine organ because aside from
neural functions, it also produces and releases hormones
▪ Hormonal release of the anterior pituitary is
controlled by releasing hormone & inhibiting
hormones produced by hypothalamus

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

▪ Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by
hormones from the hypothalamus & pituitary gland:
o Hypothalamus secretes TSH-releasing
hormones or TRH (travels to the anterior pituitary & stimulates the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone)
o TSH: stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.
▪ Thyroid hormones have negative feedback
effect on the hypothalamus & pituitary.
o Loss of negative feedback results in excess TSH to be secreted, which causes
the thyroid gland to enlarge resulting in a
condition (goiter)
▪ Thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize
thyroid hormones, which will be taken up by the thyroid follicles.

A

THYROID GLAND

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

thyroid hormone with 4 iodine atoms

A

Thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

thyroid hormone that contains 3 iodine atoms

A

Triiodothyronine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

▪ Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
▪ Chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone
(chemical class: peptide)
o Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium
from bone
o Stimulate the kidneys & intestine to
absorb more calcium
o Raise calcium levels in the blood

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ADRENAL GLAND:
- outer glandular region; produces 3 major groups of steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
- has 3 concentric zones
- ❖ Zona glomerulosa:
mineralocorticoids (ALDOSTERONE)
- ❖ Zona fasciculata:
glucocorticoids (CORTISOL)
- ❖ Zona reticularis: androgens

A

CORTEX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ADRENAL GLAND:
- inner neural tissue region; produces catecholamines→ EPINEPHRINE (AKA adrenaline, principal hormone) & NOREPINEPHRINE (AKA noradrenaline, released in small amounts)
➢ Both hormones are released in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight hormones)

A

Medulla:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a mixed gland & flattened organ that measures about 12.5–15 cm (5–6 in.) in
length, located in the curve of the duodenum

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

o Chemical class: protein
o Little masses of hormone-producing tissue scattered among the enzyme- producing acinar tissue of the pancreas

CELL TYPES:
o Alpha (A) cells
o Beta (B) cells
o Delta (D) cells
o F cells

A

Pancreatic islets (islet of Langerhans)

34
Q

Pancreatic islets (islet of Langerhans) CELL TYPES:
- 17% of pancreatic islet
cells & secrete GLUCAGON

A

Alpha (A) cells

35
Q

Pancreatic islets (islet of Langerhans) CELL TYPES:
- 70% of pancreatic islet
cells & secrete INSULIN

A

Beta (B) cells

36
Q

Pancreatic islets (islet of Langerhans) CELL TYPES:
- 7% of pancreatic islet
cells & secrete SOMATOSTATIN

A

Delta (D) cells

37
Q

Pancreatic islets (islet of Langerhans) CELL TYPES:
- 6% of pancreatic islet cells & secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE

A

F cells

38
Q

Acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes DECREASE of BLOOD GLUCOSE content

A

INSULIN

39
Q

Acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis; INCREASES BLOOD GLUCOSE content

A

GLUCAGON

40
Q

Inhibits release of other
islet cell hormones through local paracrine action; inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary and HCl secretion by gastric parietal cells

A

SOMATOSTATIN

41
Q

Stimulates activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and
bicarbonate secretion, and intestinal motility

A

PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE

42
Q

▪ A small, cone-shaped gland found hanging
from the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain;
located superior & posterior to the thalamus of the brain
▪ Secretes MELATONIN
o Chemical class: AMINE
o Contribute to the setting of the body’s
biological clock
o Peak levels is at night & lowest levels is
during daylight (noon)
o May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated
functions

A

PINEAL GLAND

43
Q

▪ Located posterior to the sternum, between the lungs
▪ Largest in infants & children
▪ Produces THYMOSIN
o Chemical class: PEPTIDE
o Promotes maturation of some types of WBCs
o May retard aging process
o Important in developing the immune system

A

THYMUS GLAND

44
Q

Produce sex cells and sex hormones that are identical to those produced by adrenal cortex cells: ovaries &
testes

A

GONADS

45
Q

Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of estrogens & progesterone to
maintain pregnancy

A

Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG)

46
Q

Maintain pregnancy; help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk

A

Estrogen & progesterone

47
Q

Works cooperatively with estrogen & progesterone in preparing the breasts for lactation

A

Human placental
lactogen (hPL)

48
Q

Causes the mother’s pelvic ligaments & the pubic symphysis to relax & become more flexible, which eases birth passage

A

Relaxin

49
Q

DISORDERS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
▪ Most common abnormality associated with dysfunction of the posterior pituitary
▪ Excessive urine output due to HYPOSECRETION
OF ADH
▪ Person is continually thirsty & drink huge amounts of water

A

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

50
Q

hyposecretion of ADH, usually caused by a BRAIN TUMOR, head trauma, or brain surgery that damages the posterior pituitary or the hypothalamus

A

Neurogenic DI

51
Q

the KIDNEYS DO NOT RESPOND to ADH & the ADH receptors may be
nonfunctional, or the kidneys may be
damaged

A

Nephrogenic DI

52
Q

▪ Hyposecretion of GH during childhood slows
bone growth, & the epiphyseal plates close
before normal height is reached

A

Pituitary dwarfism

53
Q

▪ Hypersecretion of GH during childhood, an
abnormal increase in the length of long bones

A

Gigantism

54
Q

hypersecretion of GH occurs after long-bone growth has ended

A

Acromegaly

55
Q

▪ Hyposecretion of FSH or LH in both males and
females

A

Sterility

56
Q

▪ Enlargement of thyroid gland that results when
the diet is deficient in iodine

A

Goiter

57
Q

▪ Congenital hypothyroidism
▪ Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones that is present at birth, causes severe mental
retardation & stunted bone growth
▪ Screening Test: low T4
▪ Confirmatory Test: high TSH

A

Cretinism

58
Q

▪ SEVERE FORM of primary hypothyroidism
occurring in adults
▪ Occurs 5x more often in females
▪ Hallmark: EDEMA
▪ Other symptoms: low metabolic rate; feeling
chilled; constipation; thick, dry skin and puffy
eyes; lethargy; and mental sluggishness
▪ A goiter occurs if myxedema results from lack of iodine

A

Myxedema (mucous swelling)

59
Q

▪ Most common form of hyperthyroidism
▪ Primary hyperthyroidism
▪ Autoimmune disorder in which the person produces antibodies that mimic the action of
TSH
▪ Enlarged thyroid & exophthalmos (protruding eyes)
▪ Most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (an
excess of thyroid hormone in the body, having this condition simply means you have a LOW LEVEL of TSH)
▪ Antibody present: Anti-TSH receptor
▪ Symptoms: elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeat, nervousness, goiter (sometimes), and exophthalmos (bulging of the eyes)
▪ Treatment: surgically removing thyroid gland
or ingesting radioactive iodine (131-I) which
destroys the most active thyroid cells

A

Graves’ disease

60
Q

▪TOO LITTLE parathyroid hormone (PTH)—leads to
a deficiency of blood Ca2+ (hypocalcemia),
leading to twitches, spasms, & tetany of
skeletal muscle

A

Hypoparathyroidism

61
Q

▪ EXCESS PTH; 3rd most common endocrine
disorder
▪ Often caused by a parathyroid gland tumor

A

Hyperparathyroidism

62
Q

a skeletal disorder
caused by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone from the overactive parathyroid glands.

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

63
Q

▪ Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids & aldosterone
▪ Majority of cases are autoimmune disorders,
characterized by a peculiar bronze tone of skin

A

Addison’s disease

64
Q

▪ Overproduction of the hormone aldosterone
by adrenal glands, typically result from
adrenal tumors

A

Hyperalderosteronism

65
Q

▪ Hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal
cortex
▪ Causes include a tumor of the adrenal gland that secretes cortisol, or a tumor elsewhere that secretes ACTH, which in turn stimulates excessive secretion of cortisol
▪ Most often as a result of corticosteroids drugs
▪ “Cushingoid signs”: SWOLLEN “MOON” FACE, redistribution of fat to the abdomen and the posterior neck (causing a “buffalo hump”), easy bruising, and poor wound healing.
▪ May cause hyperglycemia, hypertension, and
hypercholesterolemia
▪ Decrease lymphocytes

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

66
Q

▪ Hypersecretion of the sex hormones,
regardless of sex
▪ In females: beard develops & masculine
pattern of body hair distribution occurs

A

Masculinization

67
Q

▪ Inability to produce/use insulin
▪ Blood glucose level is high & glucose “spills”
into the urine (glucosuria)
▪ Hallmarks: POLYURIA (huge urine output that
decreases blood volume & causes dehydration), polydipsia (excessive thirst), & polyphagia (excessive hunger/food
consumption)

A

Diabetes mellitus

68
Q

insulin is absent

A

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

69
Q

insulin is deficient

A

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

70
Q

fatty acid metabolites or
ketones or ketone bodies are organic acids
that when they accumulate in the blood

A

Ketoacidosis:

71
Q

▪ Often results when a diabetic injects TOO MUCH INSULIN
▪ Main symptom: hypoglycemia

A

Hyperinsulinism

72
Q

▪ Autoimmune disease; primary hypothyroidism
▪ Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis
▪ INCREASE TSH
▪ Antibody present: Anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase)
▪ Symptoms: a more common cause of goiter

A

Hashimoto’s disease

73
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism

A

Decrease T3 and
T4; Increase TSH

74
Q

Primary Hyperthyroidism

A

Increase T3 and
T4; Decrease TSH

75
Q

▪ Presence of EXCESSIVE BODY & FACIAL HAIR in a male pattern, especially in women.
▪ May be due to EXCESS ANDROGEN production
due to tumors/drugs.

A

Hirsutism

76
Q

is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries

A

Menopause

77
Q

AFTER ____
Thymus size begins to DECREASE , & thymic
tissue is replaced by adipose & areolar
connective tissue

A

PUBERTY

78
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
- pituitary gland, adrenal medulla, pineal gland

A

Ectoderm

79
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Mesoderm

80
Q

thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
pancreas, thymus

A

Endoderm

HISTOLOGY (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions