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HISTOLOGY > FINALS: URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

FINALS: URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

pH above 7.45

A

ALKALOSIS

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2
Q

pH below 7.35

A

ACIDOSIS

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3
Q

arterial pH between 7.35 & 7.0

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL ACIDOSIS

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4
Q

 Systems of 1 or 2 molecules that act to
prevent dramatic changes in H+
concentrations when acids/bases are added
 Bind to H+ when pH drops
 Release H+ when pH rises
 1st line of defense in resisting pH changes

A

BLOOD BUFFERS

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5
Q

3 MAJOR CHEMICAL BUFFER SYSTEMS:

A

 Bicarbonate buffer system
 Phosphate buffer system
 Protein buffer system

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6
Q
  • Mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) & sodium
    bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
  • Bicarbonate ions (HCO3‾) react with strong acids to
    change them to weak acids
  • Carbonic acid dissociates in the presence of a strong
    base to form a weak base and water
A

BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM

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7
Q

prevents excessive water loss in urine

A

ADH

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8
Q

regulates Na+ content
of ECF

A

ALDOSTERONE

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9
Q

ALDOSTERONE IS TRIGGERED BY THE?

A

renin-angiotensin
mechanism

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10
Q

 Regulate aspects of homeostasis: water
balance, electrolytes, acid-base balance in
blood, BP (renin) , RBC production (EPO),
activation of vitamin D
 Excretes wastes in urine
 Lie against the DORSAL body wall in a retroperitoneal position in the superior
lumbar region
 Right kidney is slightly lower than the left
 Attached to ureters, renal blood vessels, &
nerves at renal hilum
 Atop each is an adrenal gland
 Adult: 12 cm (5in)long, 6 cm (2.5in) wide, & 3 cm (1in) thick

A

KIDNEYS

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11
Q

 Transport urine from kidneys to urinary
bladder

A

URETERS

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12
Q

 Stores urine & expels it into urethra

A

URINARY BLADDER

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13
Q

Discharges urine from body

A

URETHRA

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14
Q

KIDNEY COVERINGS:
- Smooth, transparent sheet of dense
irregular connective tissue that is
continuous with the outer coat of the
ureter
 Barrier against trauma & helps MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF KIDNEY

A

FIBROUS CAPSULE

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15
Q

KIDNEY COVERINGS:
-  Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the
fibrous capsule
 Protects the kidney from trauma &
holds it firmly in place within the
abdominal cavity

A

PERIRENAL FAT CAPSULE

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16
Q

KIDNEY COVERINGS:
-  Thin layer of dense irregular connective
tissue
 ANCHORS the kidney to the surrounding structures & to the abdominal wall

A

RENAL FASCIA

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17
Q

RENAL MEDULLA:
Triangular regions with a striped appearance

A

Renal/medullary pyramids

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18
Q

RENAL MEDULLA:
portions of the renal
cortex that extend between renal
pyramids

A

Renal columns

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19
Q

RENAL PELVIS: inner collecting tube
- cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

A

Calyces

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20
Q

 The structural and functional units of the
kidneys
 Responsible for forming urine

A

NEPHRONS

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21
Q

TYPES OF NEPHRONS:
 Located entirely in the cortex
 Includes most nephrons

A

CORTICAL NEPHRONS

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22
Q

TYPES OF NEPHRONS:
 Found at the boundary of the cortex & medulla

A

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

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23
Q

CAPILLARY BEDS ASSOCIATED WITH
NEPHRONS:
 Feeder vessel: afferent arteriole
 Receives blood that has passed through
glomerulus: efferent arteriole

A

GLOMERULUS

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24
Q

CAPILLARY BEDS ASSOCIATED WITH
NEPHRONS:
 Arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
 Normal, low-pressure capillaries
 Attached to a venule
 Cling close to the renal tubule
 Reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from
collecting tubes

A

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

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25
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR):

A

125 mL/min

26
Q

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION:
Filtration occurs through a structure of
three parts:

A
  • The FENESTRATIONS OF THE CAPILLARY
    endothelium, which blocks blood cells and
    platelets
  • The THICK, COMBINED BASAL LAMINA, or
    GBM, which restricts large proteins and
    some organic anions
  • The FILTRATION SLIT diaphragms between
    pedicels, which restrict some small proteins
    and organic anions.
27
Q

 1st FUNCTION to be AFFECTED IN RENAL DISEASE
 Begins as soon as the filtrate enters PCT
 The peritubular capillaries reabsorb
several materials: some water, glucose,
amino acids, ions
 Some reabsorption is passive, most is active

A

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

28
Q

MATERIALS NOT REABSORBED:

A
  • Nitrogenous waste products
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
  • Excess water
29
Q

 Tubular reabsorption in reverse
 Some materials (H+, K+, creatinine, drugs) move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules
 Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter & make their way into the urine.

A

TUBULAR SECRETION

30
Q

major site for
removal of nonfiltered substances

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

31
Q

TUBULAR SECRETION 2 MAJOR FUNCTIONS:

A
  1. REGULATION OF THE ACID-BASE BALANCE
    in the body through the secretion of
    hydrogen ions.
  2. ELIMINATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS not
    filtered by the glomerulus
32
Q

24 HOURS:
 Kidneys filters ________of blood plasma

A

150-180 L

33
Q

24 HOURS:
Only about ___of urine are produced

A

1-18 L

34
Q

 2 slender attaching the kidney to the bladder
 25-30 cm (10-12 in) long & 6 mm (1/4 in) in
diameter
 Peristalsis (contraction of smooth muscle
layers in their walls) aids gravity in urine transport
 Small valvelike folds of bladder mucosa: prevents urine from flowing back into the ureter

A

URETERS

35
Q

 Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
 Temporarily stores urine
 TRIGONE (3 openings)
- 2 ureters openings (ureteral orifices)
- Single opening of urethra (internal urethral
ORIFICE: drains the bladder
 Males: prostate gland surrounds the neck of
the bladder
 3 layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
 Mucosa made of TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
 Walls are thick & folded in an empty bladder
 Bladder can expand significantly W/OUT INCREASING INTERNAL PRESSURE

A

URINARY BLADDER

36
Q

 Thin-walled tube that carries urine by
peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of
the body
 Release of urine is controlled by 2
sphincters:
- INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER
(involuntary): smooth muscle
- EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER
(voluntary): skeletal muscle

A

URETHRA

37
Q

 Act of emptying the bladder

A

MICTURITION (VOIDING)

38
Q

Volume of urine in the bladder exceeds

A

200-400 mL

39
Q

2 sphincters control the flow of urine from
the bladder, both must open to allow
voiding:
- relaxed after stretching of the bladder

A

INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

40
Q

2 sphincters control the flow of urine from
the bladder, both must open to allow
voiding:
must be voluntarily relaxed

A

EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

41
Q

 Falling/floating kidney, is an inferior
displacement/dropping of the kidney
 Cause: Kidney is not securely held in place
by adjacent organs/its covering of fat
 Dangerous because the ureter may kink &
block urine flow—exerts pressure on kidney
tissue (hydronephrosis)

A

NEPHROPTOSIS

42
Q

Abnormally low urinary output (100-400 mL/day)
 Indicates that glomerular BP is too low to
cause filtration
 Other causes: transfusion reactions & acute
inflammation/from crush injuries of the
kidneys

A

OLIGURIA

43
Q

less than 100 mL

A

ANURIA

44
Q

 Formed by the occasional precipitation & solidification of the crystals of salts present in urine
 Commonly contain crystals of calcium
oxalate, uric acid or calcium phosphate

A

RENAL CALCULI (KIDNEY STONES)

45
Q

 Decrease/cessation of glomerular filtration
 Kidneys abruptly stop working entirely
 Main feature: suppression of urine flow
(oliguria/anuria)

A

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

46
Q

 Infection of a part of the urinary
system/presence

  • Symptoms: DYSURIA (painful urination),
    urinary urgency & frequency, fever
A

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)

47
Q

inflammation of urethra

A

URETHRITIS

48
Q

inflammation of urinary bladder

A

CYSTITIS

49
Q

kidney inflammation

A

PYELONEPHRITIS/PYELITIS

50
Q

 Unable to voluntarily control the external
sphincter
 Normal in infants & children 2-3 years old
 TYPES:
- Stress incontinence
- Urge incontinence
- Overflow incontinence
- Functional incontinence

A

INCONTINENCE

51
Q

 Bladder is unable to expel its contained urine
 Causes:
- After surgery in which anesthesia has been
given
- Hyperplasia (enlargement) of prostate gland

A

URINARY RETENTION

52
Q

 ADH is not released, huge amounts of very
dilute urine (25 L/day) flush from the body
day after day
 Can lead to severe dehydration & electrolyte
imbalances
 Always thirsty & have to drink fluids almost
continuously to maintain normal fluid balance

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

53
Q

 Hypoaldosteronism
 Have polyuria (excrete large volumes of
urine) & lose tremendous amounts of salt & water to urine

A

ADDISON’S DISEASE

54
Q

 Degenerative condition, 1 or both kidneys enlarge & have many blisterlike sacs (cysts) containing urine

A

ACUTE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

55
Q

 Condition found in male babies only
 Urethral orifice is located on the ventral
surface of the penis

A

HYPOSPADIAS

56
Q

 Inflammation of the kidney that involves the
glomeruli
 Common cause: allergic reaction to the
toxins produced by streptococcal bacteria
that have recently

A

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

57
Q

 The thickening and loss of function in the
GBM produced as part of the systemic
microvascular sclerosis in diabetes mellitus
 Is the leading cause of (irreversible) endstage kidney disease in the United States,
treatment requires either a kidney transplant
or regular artificial hemodialysis

A

DIABETIC GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS

58
Q

 One of the most common problems caused by sickle cell disease
 Occurs when the affected erythrocytes sickle in the vasa recta, because of the low oxygen tension there.
 The nephropathy results from renal infarcts, usually within the renal papillae or pyramids

A

SICKLE CELL NEPHROPATHY

59
Q

can cause an unstable
urothelium, with benign urothelial changes
involving hyperplasia or metaplasia

A

Chronic cystitis

60
Q

is usually some form of
transitional cell carcinoma arising from
unstable urothelium.

A

Bladder cancer

HISTOLOGY (12 decks)

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