Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HISTOLOGY > PREFI: NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

PREFI: NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Most complex system formed by a network of nerve cells (neurons) assisted by many more supporting cells (glial cells)

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CNS IS CONSIST OF?

A

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

white matter?

A

axons predominate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

grey matter?

A

neuronal perikaryal predominates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IS CONSIST OF?

A

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves; ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION
a. Somatic: sensory input perceived
consciously
b. Visceral: sensory input not perceived
consciously

A

SENSORY DIVISION (afferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION
a. Somatic: motor output controlled
consciously or voluntarily
b. Autonomic: motor output not
controlled consciously

A

MOTOR DIVISION (efferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gathers information

A

SENSORY INPUT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

process and interpret sensory input; decides if action is needed

A

INTEGRATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

RESPONSE to integrated stimuli by activating muscles or glands

A

MOTOR INPUT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Develops from the ectoderm
  • Begins in 3rd-4 th week of development
A

NERVE TISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

gives rise to both spinal cord and brain

A

Neural plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

functional unit of nervous system

A

NEURONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

has one axon and two or more dendrites; most common

A

MULTIPOLAR NEURON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

has one axon and one dendrite

A

BIPOLAR NEURONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

has all other sensory neurons with each having a single process

A

UNIPOLAR OR PSEUDOUNIPOLAR NEURONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

has many dendrites but no true axon

A

ANAXONIC NEURONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • SUPPORT NEURONAL SURVIVAL and activities
  • Share the same development with
    neurons, from the embryonic neural plate
A

GLIAL CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GLIAL CELLS IN THE CNS
* Unique feature: proximal regions are
reinforced with bundles of intermediate filaments (glial fibrillary acid protein)
a. Helps form the blood-brain barrier
b. Regulates the ISF composition
c. Provides structural support and
organization to the CNS
d. Assists the neuronal development
e. Replicates to occupy space of dying neurons

A

ASTROCYTES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TYPE OF ASTROCYTES
- long processes, ABUNDANT IN WHITE MATTER

A

FIBROUS ASTROCYTES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TYPE OF ASTROCYTES
- short processes, abundant in gray matter

A

PROTOPLASMIC ASTROCYTES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GLIAL CELLS IN THE CNS
- Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
- Assists in production and circulation of CSF

A

EPENDYMAL CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

GLIAL CELLS IN THE CNS
* EVENLY DISTRIBUTED within WHITE and GRAY MATTER
* Originate from circulating blood monocytes
a. Phagocytic cells moving through CNS
b. PROTECTS CNS by engulfing infectious
agents and other potentially harmful
substances

A

MICROGLIAL CELLSL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

GLIAL CELLS IN THE CNS
* PREDOMINANT glial cell in white matter
* White color: due to lipid concentrated in the wrapped myelin sheaths
a. Myelinates and insulates CNS axons
b. Allows faster action potential propagation along axons in the CNS

A

OLIGODENDROCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

GLIAL CELLS IN THE PNS
- Electrically insulates PNS cell bodies
- Regulates nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in ganglia

A

SATELLITE CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

GLIAL CELLS IN THE PNS
* Found only in the PNS
* Named after Theodor Schwann
a. Surround and insulate PNS axons and myelinate those with large diameters
b. Allows faster action potential propagation along an axon in the PNS

A

NEUROLEMMOCYTE (SCHWANN CELLS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Clinical Significance

  • Brain tumor originating from fibrous
    astrocytes
  • Symptoms: headaches, seizures,
    nausea, vomiting, vision problems,
    cognitive and behavioral changes
A

ASTROCYTOMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
- Common type of dementia in the elderly, affecting both neuronal perikaryal and synapses within the cerebrum
* Functional defects are caused by neurofibrillary tangles (accumulation of
tau protein) and neuronal plaques (dense aggregates of β-amyloid protein)

A

Alzheimer’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

GLIAL CELL TYPE
Origin: neural tube
Location: CNS
Main functions: myelin production, electrical insulation

A

OLIGODENDROCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

GLIAL CELL TYPE
Origin: neural type
Location: CNS
Main functions: structural and metabolic support of neurons, especially at synapses; repair processes

A

ASTROCYTE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

GLIAL CELL TYPE
Origin: neural type
Location: line ventricles and central canal of CNS
Main functions: aid production and movement of CSF

A

EPENDYMAL CELL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

GLIAL CELL TYPE
Origin: bone marrow (monocyte)
Location: CNS
Main functions: defense and immune-related activities

A

MICROGLIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

GLIAL CELL TYPE
Origin: neural crest
Location: peripheral nerves
Main functions: myelin production, electrical insulation

A

SCHWANN CELL

34
Q

GLIAL CELL TYPE
Origin: neural crest
Location: peripheral ganglia
Main functions: structural and metabolic support for neuronal cell bodies

A

SATELLITE CELLS (of ganglia)

35
Q
  • Gradual destruction of myelin sheaths
    around the axons by an autoimmune
    mechanism
  • Myelin sheaths are converted into
    hardened sheaths or scleroses
A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

36
Q
  • Electrical charge travelling along the
    membrane of a neuron
  • Converts electrical signal from the presynaptic cell into a chemical signal that affects postsynaptic cell
A

NERVE IMPULSE/ ACTION POTENTIAL

37
Q

sites where nerve impulse are transmitted from one neuron another or to effector cells

A

SYNAPSES

38
Q

action of nerve impulse

A

release NEUROTRANSMITTERS

39
Q

used at neuromuscular junctions

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

40
Q

CAUSES Na CHANNELS TO OPEN = Na influx initiates depolarization wave

A

Excitatory synapses

41
Q

CAUSES Cl OR OTHER ANION CHANNELS TO OPEN= anions influx and hyperpolarization ofthe postsynaptic cell

A

Inhibitory synapses

42
Q

Clinical Significance
* GRADUAL LOSS BY APOPTOSIS of DOPAMINE producing neurons whose cell bodies lie within the nuclei of the CNS (substantia nigra)
* Slowly progressing disorder AFFECTING MUSCULAR ACTIVITY
* TREMORS, , reduced activity of the facial
muscles, loss of balance, postural stiffness
* Treatment: ʟ-dopa (L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine): precursor of
dopamine augmenting the declining production of this neurotransmitter

A

Parkinson’s disease

43
Q
  • Neuronal pathway by which a REFLEX OCCURS
A

REFLEX ARC

44
Q

stimulate the SKELETAL
muscles

A

Somatic reflex

45
Q

regulate the activity
of SMOOTH muscles, heart, and glands

A

Autonomic reflex:

46
Q

CNS
- found in DEEPER REGIONS with myelinated axons (tracts) and oligodendrocytes

A

White matter:

47
Q

CNS
- makes up the CORTEX or the SURFACE LAYER OF THE BRAIN with
unmyelinated axons, abundant cell
bodies, dendrites, astrocytes, and
microglial cells

A

Gray matter

48
Q

DARKER AREA OF THE BRAIN containing large numbers of cell bodies

A

CEREBRAL NUCLEI

49
Q

REGIONS OF THE BRAIN:
o “cerebrum”, “seat of intelligence”
o Largest part of the brain
o Cortex: superficial, gray matter
o White matter: internal area
o Basal nuclei: islands of gray matter deep within the white matter

A

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

50
Q

REGIONS OF THE BRAIN:
o Deep within the brain
o Responsible for relaying sensory
information between brain regions

A

Diencephalon “interbrain”

51
Q

Diencephalon “interbrain”:
- RELAY STATION for sensory impulses passing upward to the
sensory cortex

A

THALAMUS

52
Q

Diencephalon “interbrain”:
- REGULATES BODY
TEMPERATURE, WATER BALANCE , and
METABOLISM
- center for many drives
and emotions
- REGULATES PITUITARY GLAND and produce two hormones of its own

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

53
Q

Diencephalon “interbrain”:
- : forms the ROOF of the 3rd ventricle
▪ Important parts: pineal gland and choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle

A

EPITHALAMUS

54
Q

REGIONS OF THE BRAIN:
o Attached to the spinal cord
o Responsible for controlling many VITAL FUNCTIONS needed for SURVIVAL: heart
rate, breathing, and blood pressure
o Important parts: midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata

A

BRAIN STEM

55
Q

BRAIN STEM IMPORTANT PARTS:
- contains VISUAL and AUDITORY reflex centers
- contains subcortical motor centers

A

MIDBRAIN

56
Q

BRAIN STEM IMPORTANT PARTS:
- relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
- cooperates with the medullary centers to control respiratory rate and depth

A

PONS

57
Q

BRAIN STEM IMPORTANT PARTS:
- relays ASCENDING SENSORY PATHWAY impulses from skin and proprioceptors
- contains nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, etc
- relays sensory information to the cerebellum

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

58
Q

REGIONS OF THE BRAIN:
o Has two hemispheres and a convoluted surface
o Provides INVOLUNTARY COORDINATION of body movements, controlling BALANCE & EQUILIBRIUM

A

CEREBELLUM

59
Q

Clinical Significance
* Inflammation of the meninges
* May be caused by viruses, bacteria, or
other microorganisms

A

Meningitis

60
Q

inflammation due to
spread of meningitis to the nervous tissue of CNS

A

Encephalitis

61
Q
  • Neurological disorder characterized by
    CLUMSY or DISORGANIZED MOVEMENTS
  • May be a result of DAMAGED CEREBELLUM
  • Individuals cannot keep their balance
    and may appear to be drunk because of
    the loss of muscle coordination
A

Ataxia

62
Q
  • Genetic disease leading to MASSIVE DEGENERATION OF THE BASAL NUCLEI and later
    of the CEREBRAL CORTEX
  • Initial symptoms: wild, jerky movements,
    and chorea
  • Later symptoms: marked mental
    deterioration occurs
  • Terrible three: along with Alzheimer’s
    disease and Parkinson’s disease
A

Huntington’s disease

63
Q

Protection of the CNS:
- Connective tissue between the bone and
nervous tissue

A

Meninges

64
Q

Thick EXTERNAL LAYER made of dense
irregular connective tissue

A

Dura mater

65
Q

o WEBLIKE MIDDLE LAYER with avascular
connective tissue
o Has two components:
▪ Sheet of connective tissue in
contact with the dura mater
▪ System of loosely arranged
trabeculae that is continuous with
the pia mater layer
o Subarachnoid space: large, spongelike cavity filled with CSF surrounding
the trabeculae

A

Arachnoid

66
Q

o INNERMOST LAYER
o Does not directly contact nerve cells
or fibers, clings to the brain surface

A

Pia mater

67
Q
  • Functional barrier designed to PROTECT THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD from potentially
    harmful substances and microorganisms
  • Useless against fats, respiratory gases,
    and fat-soluble molecules: alcohol,
    nicotine, anesthesia
A

Blood-Brain Barrier

68
Q

Main structural component of Blood-Brain Barrier

A

capillary endothelium

69
Q
  • REMOVES WATER FROM BLOOD and release it as CSF
  • Consists of highly vascular tissue,
    elaborately folded and projecting into the large ventricles of the brain
  • Found in the roofs of the 3rd and 4th ventricle and in parts of the two lateral ventricular walls
A

Choroid Plexus

70
Q

similar to blood plasma in composition and forms a WATERY CUSHION to protect the brain

A

CSF

71
Q

contains a THIN LAYER of WELL VASCULARIZED PIA MATER covered by cuboidal ependymal cells

A

Villus

72
Q

Clinical Significance
- DECREASE IN THE ABSORPTION OF CSF or
excess accumulation of CSF in the ventricles during fetal or postnatal
development
* Promotes progressive enlargement of the head followed by mental impairment
* Treatment: surgery by INSERTING SHUNT to drain excess fluid

A

Hydrocephalus

73
Q

Consists of nerves, ganglia, and nerve
endings

A

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

74
Q
  • BUNDLE OF NEURON FIBERS
  • Contains axons enclosed with sheaths of glial cells specialized to facilitate axonal
    function
A

NERVES

75
Q

Connective tissue sheath:
- surrounds each FIBER

A

Endoneurium

76
Q

Connective tissue sheath:
- surrounds EACH
fascicle

A

Perineurium

77
Q

Connective tissue sheath:
- surrounds ALL
fascicle

A

Epineurium

78
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES:
- carry impulses
TOWARDS CNS

A

Afferent (sensory) nerve:

79
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES:
- carry impulses AWAY
from the CNS

A

Efferent (motor) nerve

80
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES:
- both sensory and motor fibers

A

Mixed nerve

81
Q

Autonomic Nervous System:
o “fight-or-flight” response:
▪ Response to unusual stimulus
▪ Takes over to increase activities
o “E” division: exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

A

Sympathetic division

82
Q

Autonomic Nervous System:
o Allows us to UNWIND and CONSERVE ENERGY
o “resting-and-digesting” system:
▪ Response to usual stimulus
▪ Maintains daily necessary body
functions
o “D” division: digestion, defecation,
and diuresis (urination)

A

Parasympathetic division

HISTOLOGY (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions