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HISTOLOGY > MIDTERM: BLOOD > Flashcards

MIDTERM: BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

● specialized connective tissue consisting
of:
○ cells
○ fluid extracellular material
called PLASMA
● Propelled mainly by rhythmic contractions
of the heart

A

BLOOD

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2
Q

AVERAGE BLOOD VOLUME IN ADULT

A

5 L of blood

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3
Q

FORMED ELEMENTS circulating in the plasma

A

● ERYTHROCYTES (RBC- red blood cells)
● LEUKOCYTES (WBC- white blood cells)
● THROMBOCYTES (platelets)

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4
Q

● PALE YELLOW LIQUID
● contains growth factors and other
proteins released from platelets during
clot formation, which confer biological
properties very different from those of
plasma.

A

SERUM

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5
Q

● erythrocytes in the bottom half of the tube
● Erythrocytes comprise the sedimented material and their volume
● normally about 44% of the total blood volume in healthy adults
● Low: causes ANEMIA

A

HEMATOCRIT

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6
Q

● thin gray-white layer
● between the plasma and the hematocrit
● about 1% of the volume
● consists of:
○ leukocytes
○ platelets
both less dense than erythrocyte
● Includes the concentration ranges of erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes in normal blood
● represents the differential count or percent range for each type of leukocyte

A

BUFFY COAT

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7
Q

● an aqueous solution
● pH 7.4
● containing substances of low or high molecular weight that make up 7% of its volume.
● is usually an indicator of the mean composition of the extracellular fluids in tissues.

A

PLASMA

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8
Q

MAJOR PLASMA PROTEIN
➢ most abundant plasma protein
➢ is made in the liver
➢ serves primarily to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.

A

ALBUMIN

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9
Q

➢ made by the liver and other cells
➢ Include:
■ transferrin and other transport factors
■ fibronectin
■ prothrombin and other coagulation factors
■ lipoproteins and other proteins entering blood
from tissues.

A

GLOBULINS (α- and β-globulins)

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10
Q

➢ secreted by plasma cells in many locations.

A

IMMUNOGLOBULINS (antibodies or γ-globulins)

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11
Q

➢ the largest plasma protein (340 kD)
➢ made in the liver
➢ during clotting, polymerizes as insoluble, cross-linked fibers of fibrin that block blood loss from
small vessels.

A

FIBRINOGEN

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12
Q

➢ comprise a defensive system important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

A

COMPLEMENT PROTEINS

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13
Q

● Used to study appearance of blood
● routinely stained with mixtures of dyes:
○ eosin (acidic dye)
○ methylene (basic dye)
○ azures dye - more useful in staining cytoplasmic granules containing charged proteins and proteoglycans

A

BLOOD SMEAR

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14
Q

○ produce METACHROMASIA in stained leukocytes
○ Special stains named hematologists who introduced their own modifications into the
original mixture:
■ Giemsa stain
■ Wright stain

A

AZUROPHILIC GRANULES

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15
Q

✓ terminally differentiated structures lacking nuclei
and completely filled with the O2-carrying
protein hemoglobin
✓ unnucleated→ NO NUCLEUS
● only blood cells whose function does not require them to leave the vasculature
● suspended in an isotonic medium
● shape:
○ FLEXIBLE BICONCAVE DISC
○ provides a large surface-to-volume ratio and
facilitates gas exchange
● Size:
○ approximately 7.5 µm in diameter
○ 2.6-µm thick at the rim
○ only 0.75-µm thick in the center
● uniform dimensions
● present in most tissue sections
● used by histologists as an internal standard to estimate the size of other nearby cells or structures

A

ERYTHROCYTES (red blood cells or RBCs)

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16
Q

RBC NORMAL CONCENTRATION IN WOMEN

A

approximately 3.9-5.5 million/µL
or mm3

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17
Q

RBC NORMAL CONCENTRATION IN MEN

A

4.1-6.0 million/µL

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18
Q

● loosely in stacks of RBCs

A

ROULEAUX

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19
Q

● best-known membrane of any cell because of its ready availability
● consists of about:
○ 40% LIPID
○ 10% CARBOHYDRATE
○ 50% PROTEIN
● integral membrane proteins:
○ band 3 protein - ion channels
○ glycophorin A - anion transporter

A

PLASMALEMMA

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20
Q

Human erythrocytes normally survive in the
circulation for about

A

120 DAYS

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21
Q

● erythrocytes below the normal range
● tissues are unable to receive adequate oxygen
● Symptoms:
○ lethargy, shortness of breath, fatigue, skin pallor (skin discoloration), and heart palpitations
● Cause:
○ iron deficiency, or
○ blood loss with a stomach ulcer or
○ excessive menses

A

ANEMIA

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22
Q

LOW hgb

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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23
Q

HIGH hgb (Iron overload)

→Due to high concentration of RBC mapuno ug
iron→then mag cell lysis which results to low
concentration of RBC

A

Sideroblastic anemia

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24
Q

● result capillary blockage
● shape:
○ stiff and sticky sickle cell (CRESCENT SHAPED)
● cause:
○ Mutation in the 7th amino acid of the beta-globin chain
○ Substitution of valine instead of glutamic acid
○ Plasmodium falciparum

A

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

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25
Q

● over production of RBCs
● may be a physiologic adaptation
○ ex. individuals who live at high
altitudes, where O2 tension is
low
● Elevated hematocrit
○ increases blood viscosity
○ putting strain on the heart
○ If severe, can impair circulation
through the capillaries

A

ERYTHROCYTOSIS/ POLYCYTHEMIA

26
Q

● leave the blood and migrate to the tissues
for immunity
● Number of leukocytes:
○ varies according to age, sex, and
physiologic conditions
○ Healthy adults: 4500-11,000
leukocytes per microliter of blood

A

LEUKOCYTES (white blood cells or WBCs)

27
Q

Granulocytes consist of two major abundant
cytoplasmic granules:
(often called azurophilic granules in blood cells)

A

LYSOSOMES

28
Q

Granulocytes consist of two major abundant
cytoplasmic granules:

bind neutral, basic, or acidic stains and have specific functions
● have polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct (almost separated) lobes
● include:
○ NEUTROPHILS
○ EOSINOPHILS
○ BASOPHILS

A

SPECIFIC GRANULES

29
Q

lack of specific granules, but do contain some azurophilic granules (lysosomes)

A

AGRANULOCYTES
“Leukocyte, Monocytes”

30
Q

signal cell if there is injury or trauma

A

CYTOKINES

31
Q

○ a process which involves chemical mediators attraction of neutrophils to bacteria
○ causes leukocytes to rapidly accumulate where their defensive actions are specifically needed
- migration of cell sa site of injury → taxi syndrome of RBC, WBC, and Thrombocytes

A

CHEMOTAXIS

32
Q

attract other leukocytes

A

CHEMOKINES

33
Q
  • adhesive protein involved in platelet/leukocyte/endothelial interactions
  • adheres cell from the site of injury
A

P-selectin

34
Q
  • leak out of cell outside the blood vessel
  • a process when e leukocytes send extensions through the openings between the endothelial
    cells, migrate out of the venules into the surrounding tissue space, and head directly for the site of injury or invasion
A

DIAPEDESIS

35
Q

Allergic reaction; mostly kay <1%

A

Basophil

36
Q

Helminthic-Parasitic infection; and allergic reaction

A

Eosinophil

37
Q

Elevated in adults->mostly bacterial infection

A

Neutrophil

38
Q

Elevated in kids→more on viral infection

A

Lymphocytes

39
Q

Chronic/High inflammation and infection

A

Monocytes

40
Q

➢ Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
➢ inactive and spherical while circulating
but become amoeboid and highly active
during diapedesis and upon adhering to
ECM substrates such as collagen
➢ the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of
infection where they actively pursue
bacterial cells using chemotaxis and
remove the invaders or their debris by
phagocytosis→ FRUSTRATED PHAGOCYTE→
mag result to cell death→ suicidal cell
(bida bida man)
Life span:
➢ half-life of 6-8 hours in blood
➢ 1-4 days in connective tissues before
dying by apoptosis

A

NEUTROPHIL

41
Q

✓ 1%-4% of leukocytes
✓ same size as a neutrophil or slightly larger, but with a characteristic bilobed nucleus
✓ main identifying characteristic: → acidophilic specific granules typically staining pink or red
✓ specific granules are seen to be oval in shape, with flattened crystalloid
MAJOR BASIC PROTEINS (MBP+EOSINOPHIL PEROXIDASE)
Life span: 1-2 wk

A

EOSINOPHIL

42
Q

✓ 1% of circulating leukocytes (If
>1% magka acute interstitial nephritis)
✓ difficult to find in normal blood smears

A

BASOPHILS

43
Q

✓ most numerous type of agranulocyte in
normal blood smears
✓ “cluster of differentiation” or CD
markers→ distinguished using antibodies
with immunocytochemistry or flow
cytometry

A

LYMPHOCYTES

44
Q

✓ precursor cells of macrophages
✓ The chromatin is less condensed than in lymphocytes and typically stains lighter than that of large lymphocytes
✓ All monocyte-derived cells are antigen- presenting cells with important roles in immune defense as well as tissue repair
APPEARANCE: C-shaped or Horseshoe shaped

A

MONOCYTES

45
Q

✓ Fragment of megakaryotes
✓ promote blood clotting and help repair
minor tears or leaks in the walls of small
blood vessels
✓ preventing loss of blood from the
microvasculature
LIFE SPAN: 10 days

A

THROMBOCYTES → PLATELET →
BLOOD CLOTTING

46
Q

Normal platelet counts range:

A

150,000 to 400,000/μL (mm3) of blood

47
Q

Low platelet→____________________→dengue

A

thrombocytopenia

48
Q

Elevated Platelet→___________->liver disease
and splenomegaly

A

thrombocytosis

49
Q

➢ the production of blood cells by the bone marrow
is adjusted to the body’s needs, increasing its
activity several-fold in a very short time.

A

Bone Marrow

50
Q

TYPE OF BONE MARROW
abundance of blood and hematopoietic cells

A

RED BONE MARROW

51
Q

TYPE OF BONE MARROW
filled with adipocytes that exclude most hematopoietic cells.

A

YELLOW BONE MARROW

52
Q

graveyard of RBC

A

SPLEEN

53
Q

INTRINSIC blood coagulation factors

A

12, 11, 9, 8

54
Q

COMMON blood coagulation factors

A

10, 5, 2, 1

55
Q

EXTRINSIC blood coagulation factors

A

3 & 7

56
Q

● called “cluster of differentiation” or CD markers
● can be distinguished using antibodies with
immunocytochemistry or flow cytometry

A

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

57
Q

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS MAJOR CLASSES:
■ helper
■ CD4 +
■ produce in BONE
MARROW mature in BONE MARROW

A

B LYMPHOCYTES

58
Q

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS MAJOR CLASSES:
■ cytotoxic
■ CD8+
■ mature in THYMUS, produce in BONE MARROW

A

T LYMPHOCYTES

59
Q

● genetic in origin
● ex. decreasing adhesion to the wall of
venules, by causing the absence of
specific granules, or with deficits in certain
factors of the azurophilic granules
● Individuals experience BACTERIAL
INFECTIONS

A

NEUTROPHIL DEFECTS

60
Q

● associated with allergic reactions and
helminthic infections
● found in the connective tissues underlying
epithelia of the:
○ bronchi
○ gastrointestinal tract
○ uterus
○ vagina

A

EOSINOPHILIA

61
Q

● group of disorders involving neoplastic
proliferation of lymphocytes
● failure of these cells to undergo apoptosis
● are considered MALIGNANT because they can very
easily become widely spread throughout the body

A

LYMPHOMA

62
Q

● rare autosomal recessive
● platelet surface needed to bind
subendothelial collagen and begin the
cascade of events leading to clot
formation

A

GLYCOPROTEIN IB DEFICIENCY

HISTOLOGY (12 decks)

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