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HISTOLOGY > MIDTERM LEC 1: MUSCLE TISSUE > Flashcards

MIDTERM LEC 1: MUSCLE TISSUE Flashcards

1
Q

Composed of cells that OPTIMIZE THE UNIVERSAL CELL PROPERTY OF CONTRACTILITY

A

MUSCLE TISSUE

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2
Q

Muscle cells are of __________ and
differentiate by a gradual process of cell
lengthening with abundant synthesis of the
myofibrillar proteins actin and myosin

A

MESODERMAL ORIGIN

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3
Q

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF MUSCLE TISSUE

A

GENERATE MOVEMENT/FORCE which in return
produces HEAT
(Shivering causes heat through contraction)

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4
Q

MUSCLE CELLS or MYOBLAST (a mesenchymal cell)
● Originates during embryonic development
from the ______________

A

MESODERM

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5
Q

LOCATION: Bone
STRIATIONS: Striated
CONTRACTION: Voluntary
NUCLEUS: Multinucleated (cylindrical)

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

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6
Q

LOCATION: Heart
STRIATIONS: Striated
CONTRACTION: Involuntary
NUCLEUS: Uninucleated (1-2 nuclei)
Intercalated discs (distinguishing form)

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

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7
Q

LOCATION: Hollow, visceral organs
STRIATIONS: Non - striated
CONTRACTION: Voluntary
NUCLEUS: Uninucleated (1-2 nuclei)

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE (visceral muscle)

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8
Q

MESODERM undergo lengthening due to production of proteins:
❖ Myosin filaments- thick
❖ Actin filaments- thin
- Myosin and actin slide passed each other creating __________________

A

MUSCLE CONTRACTION

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9
Q

Contraction is caused by _____________
of thick myosin filaments along a thin actin filaments

A

SLIDING MECHANISM

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10
Q

Cytoplasm of muscle cells
● SARKOS means flesh (muscle)
● PLASMA means thing formed

A

SARCOPLASM

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11
Q

Specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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12
Q

plasma/cell membrane and its external lamina
● Sarkos + Gr. Lemma means husk

A

SARCOLEMMA

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13
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
➢ No. of nucleus: bundles of very long, multinucleated cell
(10-100 μm)
➢ Cross-striation and has banding pattern
➢ Contraction:
❖ Quick
❖ Forceful
❖ Voluntary
➢ Cell shape: cylindrical

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

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14
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
➢ consists of collections of fusiform cells which lack striations and have slow, weak & steady contraction
➢ Stimulated by the autonomic NVS & other hormones.
➢ No. of nucleus: uninucleated
➢ Lacks striation
➢ Contraction:
❖ Slow
❖ Involuntary
➢ Cell shape: SPINDLE or FUSIFORM; narrow at ends

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

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15
Q

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
➢ Also has striations
➢ No. of nucleus: 1-2 nucleus: usually uninucleated
➢ Cross 2- striation and has banding pattern
➢ Contraction:
❖ Vigorous
❖ Rhythmic
❖ Involuntary
➢ Cell shape: cylindrical
➢ Composed of elongated, often irregular branched cells bound to one another called:
❖ INTERCALATED DISCS which are unique to cardiac muscle

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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16
Q

Smooth and Cardiac muscles movements are controlled by _________________ and _____________

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Hormones

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17
Q

increased cell volume

A

HYPERTROPHY

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18
Q

increased in the number of cells

A

HYPERPLASIA

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19
Q

● Consist of cylindrical multinucleated
cells with diameter of 10-100m
● Consist of MUSCLE FIBERS
● Contains progenitor cells called “muscle satellite” which undergoes
differentiation, replacing the damaged
nearby tissue

A

MUSCLE CELL

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20
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

➢ Mesenchymal myoblasts fuse forming?
(MYOBLAST + MYOBLAST = ?)

A

MYOTUBES

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21
Q

● Remains adjacent to most fibers of differentiated skeletal muscle
➢ Remains adjacent to most fibers of differentiated skeletal muscle
➢ Part of MYOBLAST POPULATION
➢ Located on the external surfaces of muscle fibers
➢ Proliferate and produce new muscle fibers
➢ Small population of reserve progenitor cells
➢ Undergo differentiation
➢ Are active if there is injury nearby
➢ It replaces nearby damaged cells

A

SATELLITE CELLS = RESERVE CELLS

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22
Q

ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
dense irregular connective tissue overlying epimysium; adjacent to a tendon

A

DEEP FASCIA

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23
Q

tough connective tissue of a tendon which joins the muscle to bone, skin, or
another muscle

A

MYOTENDINOUS JUNCTION

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24
Q

ORGANIZATION OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
● External sheath of dense irregular
connective tissue, SURROUNDS THE ENTIRE MUSCLE
● Nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics of
the muscle

A

EPIMYSIUM

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25
Q

● Surrounds each BUNDLE OF MUSCLE FIBER
termed fascicle
● Nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic
penetrate the perimysium to supply
each fascicle

A

PERIMYSIUM

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26
Q

makes up a functional
unit in which the fibers work
together

A

FASCICLE

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27
Q

● Surround the EXTERNAL LAMINA OF INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBER
● carry oxygen to muscle fibers

A

ENDOMYSIUM

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28
Q

● JOIN THE MUSCLE TO THE BONE, skin or another muscle
● continuous with the tough connective tissue of a tendon

A

MYOTENDINOUS JUNCTION

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29
Q

ORGANIZATION WITHIN MUSCLE FIBER
● run parallel to the long axis fiber
● contain long cylindrical filament bundles
● Do not have a connective tissue covering
● COMPONENTS OF EACH MUSCLE FIBER
● Gives distinct bands resulting to striated appearance
● Consist of an end-to end repetitive
arrangement of sarcomeres

A

MYOFIBRILS

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30
Q

● REPETITIVE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF CONTRACTILE APPARATUS
● Extends from Z disc to Z disc
● 2.5 μm long in resting muscle
- BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

SARCOMERE

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31
Q

DURING RELAXATION SARCOMERE?

SHORTEN OR LENGTHEN?

A

LENGTHEN

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32
Q

DURING CONTRACTION SARCOMERE?

SHORTEN OR LENGTHEN?

A

SHORTEN

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33
Q

2 PATTERNS OF SARCOMERES
- DARK BANDS on the myofibril
- ANISOTROPIC or birefringent in polarized microscopy
➢ Creates contrasting image
➢ Contains myosin, reason why it is dark
➢ Bisected by: H zone (narrow, lens dense region)

A

A BAND

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34
Q

LENS DENSE REGION

A

H ZONE

35
Q

2 PATTERNS OF SARCOMERES
● light bands
● isotropic, do not alter polarized light
➢ No refractive indices
➢ Bisected by: Z DISC (under TEM) - a dark transverse line between I band; zwischen = between
➢ Mitochondria, glycogen granules,
and small cisternae of SER occur
around the Z disc
➢ Arranged SYMMETRICALLY

A

I BAND

36
Q

● zwischen = between
● DARK TRANSVERSE line
● repetitive functional subunits of the contractile apparatus
● 2.5 m in resting muscle

A

Z DISC

37
Q

Thick and thin is composed of myosin
and F-actin

A

MYOFILAMENTS

38
Q

● 1.6-μm long and 15-nm wide;
● They occupy the A band at the middle
region of the sarcomere

A

THICK MYOSIN FILAMENT

39
Q

Synthesize proteins to make up microfilaments

A

MYOTUBES

40
Q

it forms a TRANSIENT CROSS BRIDGES between the thick and thin filaments

A

Myosin head + actin

41
Q

results to catalyzing energy release (actomyosin ATP activity)

A

Myosin head + ATP

42
Q

2 tightly associated regulatory proteins

A

TROPOMYOSIN & TROPONIN

43
Q

● 40 nm long coil of two polypeptide chains located in the groove between the two twisted actin strands

A

TROPOMYOSIN

44
Q

TROPONIN 3 SUBUNITS

A

TnT
TnC
TnI

45
Q

■ Attaches to tropomyosin
■ SERVE AS CARDIAC MARKER that
help detect acute myocardial infarction and to detect if there
is something wrong with the
heart
■ 3-4 hours in blood
■ After 3-4 hours may lead to erroneous result

A

TnT

46
Q

Binds Ca 2+

A

TnC

47
Q

Regulates the actin-myosin interaction

A

TnI

48
Q

● Involve in the release of calcium
○ T tubule - trigger release of calcium
● NERVE - a stimulus for contraction
Motor neurons (specialized) + muscle it
stimulates = MOTOR UNIT

A

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM & TRANSVERSE TUBULE SYSTEM

49
Q

● Cisternae of smooth ER and mitochondria
● specialized for Ca2+ sequestration and release

A

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

50
Q

● each sarcomere, two terminal cisternae of SR contact a deep invagination of the sarcolemma
● FORMING A TRIAD that triggers that triggers Ca2+ release (which is depolarized)
● INITIATE CALCIUM RELEASE and contraction of sarcomeres
● INVAGINATION: deep hollow part of sarcolemma

A

TRANSVERSE OR T-TUBULES

51
Q

DEEP HOLLOW PART OF SARCOLEMMA

A

INVAGINATION

52
Q

MECHANISM OF CONTRACTION
● Site where muscle and neuron meet
● Action potential/ nerve impulse

A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (NMJ)

53
Q

GAP between neuron and synaptic tissue

A

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

54
Q

○ Resides inside neuron
○ Contain acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)

A

SYNAPTIC VESICLE

55
Q

Different types of fibers can be identified on the basis of:

A
  1. Their maximal rate of contraction (fast or slow fibers)
  2. Their major pathway of ATP synthesis
    (oxidative phosphorylation or
    glycolysis)
56
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER TYPES
their maximal rate of contraction

A

FAST OR SLOW FIBERS

57
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER TYPES
their major pathway of ATP synthesis

A

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION OR GLYCOLYSIS

58
Q

globular sarcoplasmic protein similar to
hemoglobin which contains iron atoms and allows oxygen storage

A

MYOGLOBIN

59
Q

3 MAJOR TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
FIBERS
● Adapted for SLOW CONTRACTIONS OVER A LONG PERIOD W/OUT FATIGUE
● Have many mitochondria, capillaries
and myoglobin
● Fibers DARK OR RED in color

A

SLOW OXIDATIVE FIBERS

60
Q

3 MAJOR TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
FIBERS
● Specialized for RAPID, SHORT - TERM CONTRACTION
● Have a few mitochondria or capillaries and depends on anaerobic metabolism
● RAPID CONTRACTIONS LEAD TO RAPID FATIGUE as lactic acid is produced by glycolysis accumulates

A

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

61
Q

LACTIC ACID causes?

A

MUSCLE PAIN

62
Q

● Fibers have physiological and
histological features intermediate
between those of the other two types

A

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic fibers

63
Q

● An autoimmune disorder
● Instead of Ach, the ANTIBODY BINDS TO THE ANTIGENIC SITES
● Causing intermittent periods of skeletal muscle weakness, and drooping of upper eyelids
● FATALITY: affects muscle of lungs leading to respiratory failure

A

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

64
Q
  • large actin-binding protein
  • Located inside the sarcolemma
  • Involved in the functional
    organization of myofibrils
A

DYSTROPHIN

65
Q

● Mutation of dystrophin gene
● Defective link ages between cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

66
Q

Disruption of weak linkages cause
______of muscle fibers

A

ATROPHY

67
Q

● INTERCALATED DISCS represent the interfaces between adjacent cells and consist of many junctional complexes
● It is INTRINSIC and SPONTANEOUS
● It is linked by GAP JUNCTIONS
● Consists of 1-2 nuclei
● Striated and involuntary contraction
● 2 regions to produce “electrical synapses”
○ Transverse regions - desmosomes (provide mechanical function) and fascia adherens (anchor cardiac cells together)
○ LONGITUDINALLY ORIENTED REGIONS of each intercalated discs

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

68
Q

○ FORMING PROFILE JUNCTIONS between its terminal cisterns and T-tubules typically involve only one structure of each type
● Function is similar to skeletal muscle
● Rate of contraction results to autonomic nerves
● Contraction is PACEMAKER muscle fibers

A

DYADS

69
Q

● Most common injury
● Tissue damage due to lack of oxygen

A

ISCHEMIA

70
Q

causes myocardial infarction

A

Infarct

71
Q

Aka visceral muscles
○ It lines and protects hollow, visceral
organs
● Specialized for slow, steady contraction under the influence of autonomic nerves and various hormones
○ Hormones such as OXYTOCIN
● Involuntary contraction

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

72
Q

Smooth muscle tissue fibers

A

Elongated, tapering and nonstriated

73
Q

Smooth muscle tissue is non striated because???

A

It lacks neuromuscular junctions

74
Q

Smooth muscle tissue supplements?

A

Collagen, elastin and proteoglycans

75
Q

SMT is the major component of?

A

Blood vessels
Digestive tract
Respiratory tract
Urinary tract
Reproductive tract

76
Q
  • 2 Contraction protein of Smooth Muscle Tissue:
A
  1. Calmodulin
  2. Myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK)
77
Q

Contraction is mostly stimulated by

A

AUTONOMIC NERVES

78
Q

● Benign tumor (localized)
● Common but seldom problematic
● Occurs in the wall of the uterus
○ Commonly called FIBROIDS

A

LEIOMYOMAS

79
Q

● Hyper = above
● Trophe = nourishment
● Increase in cell size or volume

A

HYPERTROPHY

80
Q

● Hyper = above; plasis = molding
● Increase in number of cells
● Takes place in smooth muscle where cells have
not lost the capacity to divide by mitosis

A

HYPERPLASIA

81
Q

Decrease of volume or size

A

ATROPHY

82
Q

Actin binding proteins which helps to connect the z disc

A

a - actinin

83
Q

Accessory proteins in I band
- largest protein in the body

A

TITIN

HISTOLOGY (12 decks)

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