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The Science Of Medicines (PHAR 1021) year 1 > Predicting Pharmaceutical stability > Flashcards

Predicting Pharmaceutical stability Flashcards

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1
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

energy and its transfer
allows for prediction of physical instabilities
allows to predict if chemical reactions will happen

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2
Q

what are the four law of thermodynamics?

A

the zeroth law: concept of temperature
first law:conservation of energy
second law:entropy principle
third law:absolute zero temperature

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3
Q

energy unit?

A

joules

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4
Q

what is potential energy

A

due to position

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5
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

due to motion

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6
Q

what is bulk theory?

A

doesn’t consider molecular nature of matter

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7
Q

what is a system?

A

part of universe chosen to consider

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8
Q

what are surroundings?

A

everything else around the system

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9
Q

open system?

A

matter and energy can cross the boundary between system and surrounding
heat and matter can escape

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10
Q

closed system?

A

no matter can transfer through boundary
only heat can escape

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11
Q

isolated system?

A

no matter or energy transfer or heat
no heat and no matter can escape

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12
Q

what is work?

A

‘transfer of energy from one system to another moving its point of application in its own direction’
ordered movement of atoms

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13
Q

what is heat?

A

transfer of energy due to difference in temperature
disordered or chaotic movement of atoms

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14
Q

what are heat and work?

A

energy that’s in the process of being transferred
heat and work not stored they’re done on or done by matter

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15
Q

what is the zeroth law?

A

if A and B are in thermal equilibrium and B and C are in thermal equilibrium then A and C are equal to each other.

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16
Q

what are the movement of particles when heated like?

A

inter and intra molecular vibrations
trans and rotational motions

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17
Q

what is equation of work?

A
  • opposing force * distance
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18
Q

what is Patm?

A

expansion of gas under constant external pressure

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19
Q

what is the quantity of q if energy is absorbed by the system?

A

positive +

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20
Q

what is the quantity of q if energy is evolved by the system?

A

negative -

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21
Q

what is the quantity of w when work is done on the system (compression)?

A

positive +

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22
Q

what is the quantity of w when work is done by the system (expansion)?

A

negative -

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23
Q

what is internal energy?

A

energy in a system

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24
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

q + w = change in internal energy

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25
Q

what is the change in internal energy when no work is being done and only heat is involved in a closed system?

A

= C * change in temperature

26
Q

what is the equation of the heat content of an open system?

A

= change in internal energy + pressure * change in volume

27
Q

how can the internal energy of a system be reduced?

A

by the system transferring energy as heat

28
Q

what is thermochemistry?

A

studying heat changes by chemical reactions

29
Q

what are the standard conditions in thermochemistry?

A

pure, unmixed substances at 25°C at 1atm

30
Q

what does the total enthalpy change depend on?

A

only on nature and state of products and reactants

31
Q

why is the enthalpy of reactions hard to determine?

A

because its hard to isolate

32
Q

what is Hess’ law?

A

when enthalpy of a reaction can’t be determined other enthalpies can be combined to calculate it

33
Q

what is entropy?

A

how disordered a system is

34
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

in an isolated system entropy increases in a spontaneous process
only applies to isolated sytems

35
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics in open system?

A

entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process

36
Q

what are spontaneous processes?

A

irreversible
entropy increases

37
Q

what are reversible reactions?

A

finely balanced and always at equilibium
entropy doesn’t increase

38
Q

what is the equation for entropy change?

A

q/T

39
Q

what is the reason for change in entropy equation?

A

greater dispersion of energy with more heat and heat effects a cold reservoir more than a hot one

40
Q

what is the third law of themodynamics?

A

‘the entropy of a perfectly crystalline material is 0 at T= 0K’

41
Q

what happens to heat energy at T=0K?

A

thermal motion is elimintated

42
Q

what is absolute temperature?

A

when no entropy and thermal motion is eliminated

43
Q

what are the two driving forces for spontaneous change?

A

energy and entropy difference between initial and final states

44
Q

what is the equilibrium constant?

A

[products]/[reactants]

45
Q

what does it mean when K >1 at equilibrium?

A

products dominate reaction mixture

46
Q

what does it mean when K < 1 at equilibrium?

A

reactants dominate reaction mixture

47
Q

what does it mean when K =1 at equilibrium?

A

products and reactants are at equal abundance

48
Q

what is the equation for delta G?

A

-RT ln K

49
Q

what is the total entropy equal to in an open or close system?

A

entropy of surrounding + entropy of system

50
Q

what is the equation of free energy at constant temperature and pressure?

A

enthalpy of reaction - T * change in entropy

51
Q

what happens to the free energy in an open system in a spontaneous process?

A

decreases so gibbs energy always less than 0

52
Q

what does delta G mean?

A

maximum work done that doesn’t include expansion and is done at a constant pressure and temperature

53
Q

what does delta G less than 0 mean?

A

spontaneous process

54
Q

what does delta G greater than 0 mean?

A

change won’t occur spontaneously

55
Q

what does delta G equal to 0 mean?

A

system is at equilibrium

56
Q

when will a system come to equilibrium?

A

when its reached its minimum free energy

57
Q

what is the Van’t Hoff’s equation?

A

predicting pharmaceutical stabilities
part 5
slide 2

58
Q

what is the gradient of 1/K and 1/T graph?

A

– deltaH / R

59
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenine triphosphate

60
Q

what does ADP stand for?

A

adenine diphosphate

The Science Of Medicines (PHAR 1021) year 1 (20 decks)

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