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The Science Of Medicines (PHAR 1021) year 1 > introduction to medicinal products part 2 > Flashcards

introduction to medicinal products part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

examples of powdered dosage forms?

A

effervescent powders (contain the drug, acid carbonate)
dusting powders (applied topically)
powders for syrup (for those difficulty swallowing)

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2
Q

why does segregation or de-mixing happen

A

size and density differences

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3
Q

how to prevent segregation?

A

granulation

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4
Q

results of granulation

A

granules with correct ratios and narrow particle size distribution

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5
Q

why is preventing segregation important?

A

ensure patient receives same dose of API every time

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6
Q

pros of using powders/granules?

A

more stable than liquid preparations therefore increased shelf life
more convenient for drugs with high dosage
faster dissolution rate compared to tablets

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7
Q

cons of powders/granules

A

less convenient for patient to carry
not convenient for low dosage drugs
not suitable for drugs that are inactive in the stomach
can cause stability problems

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8
Q

why are tablets sometimes used over powders

A

convenient to handle
more stable

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9
Q

how is a tablet formed

A

hopper fills die with powder
upper punch lowered compressing the powder into a tablet
tablet ejected

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10
Q

What do powders, tablets, and capsules have in common?

A

they need dissolution to happen to be effective i.e need to be in a solution to be absorbed- molecularly dispersed form

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11
Q

what is the rate of dissolution?

A

the rate at which drug particles becomes drug molecules diffused into solvent

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12
Q

one way of the dissolution of a saturated solubility of solid increased?

A

addition of excipients

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13
Q

what is the role of a disintegrant?

A

makes sure the tablet breaks into fragments when in contact with liquid by facilitating water uptake or rupturing tablet by swelling

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14
Q

examples of disintegrant?

A

cellulose, starch

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15
Q

what is the role of dissolution enhancer?

A

required if drug has low aqueous solubility (dissolution is the rate limiting step) so temporarily increases solubility

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16
Q

examples of dissolution enhancer?

A

magnesium oxide

17
Q

what is the rate of dissolution effected by?

A

excipients present

18
Q

what are the kinds of release?

A

immediate release- drug released rapidly after being taken
modified release- prolonged, pulsatile, delayed

19
Q

difference between prolonged, immediate and delayed release

A

refer to introduction of medicinal products part 2 slide 16

20
Q

what is pulsatile release?

A

tablets released in two or more pulses

21
Q

what coating is used for tablets with delayed release?

A

enteric coating

22
Q

what is enteric coating

A

polymers that are insoluble in acid but dissolve in neutral/ slightly alkaline conditions in the gut

23
Q

characteristics of hard capsules?

A

have a cap and a body (shell)
colour aided for identification

24
Q

what is the shell of a capsule for

A

to hide hide mask the taste of the filling

25
Q

what can hard capsules be filled with?

A

non aqueous liquids or dry solids

26
Q

relationship between shell and the contents?

A

they shouldn’t interfere with each other

27
Q

what must a good hard capsule be able to do?

A

the shell should dissolve rapidly in gastrointestinal fluids
contents in shell should disperse rapidly

28
Q

how is dissolution rate increased in a capsule?

A

by adding excipients

29
Q

why is dissolution rate faster with excipients

A

if the contents of the capsule have a more porous mass there’s an increase in surface area so dissolution rate is faster

30
Q

what do soft capsules contain?

A

liquid or semi-solid

31
Q

difference between hard capsule and soft?

A

shell in one piece for soft

32
Q

where is the drug contained in a soft capsule?

A

in solution or suspension in the matix

33
Q

Hydrophobic matrix example

A

triglyceride vegetable oils

34
Q

hydrophilic matrix example

A

polyethylene glycol

35
Q

what is the shell of soft capsule made of?

A

gelatine, plasticizer, water

The Science Of Medicines (PHAR 1021) year 1 (20 decks)

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