other dosage forms part 1

Question 1

reasons for failure of contraceptive?

Answer 1

compliance
accessibility
efficacy and effectiveness

Question 2

types of polymers used?

Answer 2

homopolymer
alternating copolymer
block copolymer
graft copopolymer

Question 3

what is a vaginal ring?

Answer 3

reservoir device

Question 4

how does vagina ring work?

Answer 4

inserted in vagina on first day of period and stays for three weeks and removed for a week and withdrawal bleed experienced.
ovulating is inhibited and mucus of the cervix altered so sperm can’t impenetrate it
the endometrium is unfavourable for implantation

Question 5

what is contraceptive patch?

Answer 5

cervical mucus altered and ovulation is inhibited
endometrium is unfavourable to implantation

Question 6

how is contraceptive patch used?

Answer 6

takes the transdermal route of delivery
after three weeks no patch is used and withdrawal bleed experienced

Question 7

hodiagram of contraceptive patches?

Answer 7

slide 8

Question 7

what are the three layers of matrix patch?

Answer 7

polyethylene and polyester backing layer
a middle layer of adhesive
release liner that is removed before application

Question 8

what are the two types of patches

Answer 8

matrix and reservoir

Question 9

what are the design consideration for patches?

Answer 9

adhesive polymer
backing
reservoir
membrane

Question 10

what is adhesive polymer for?

Answer 10

making sure its:
non-irritating
medically approved
water resistant-showering
elastic- so you can move your arm
easily removed
no reaction with drug

Question 11

what is the backing for?

Answer 11

impermeable so reservoir doesn’t evaporate to alter drug release

Question 12

what does the reservoir contain?

Answer 12

contains solution of drug or suspension making reservoir self replenish

Question 13

what is the membrane on patches for?

Answer 13

permeable so drug released into the skin

Question 14

how do IUD’s work?

Answer 14

inserted through cervical canal
lifespan of 5 years
strings used to check if they’re in place in uterus

Question 15

what deos IUD’s do as a contraceptive?

Answer 15

stops sperm from surviving
causes release of endometrial prostaglandins and leukocytes, enzymes and copper ions
endometrium becomes uncapable for the implantation of an embryo

Question 16

advantages of IUDs

Answer 16

no interaction with drugs
high and immediate effect
reversible

Question 17

disadvantages of IUDs

Answer 17

menorrhagia risk
If IUD fails then increase risk of ectopic pregnancy
risk of pelvic infection

Question 18

what is the IUS

Answer 18

progestogen secreting device
hormone reservoir which consists of levonorgestrel

Question 19

what does levonorgestrel do?

Answer 19

supresses endometrium preventing implantation
thickening of cervical mucus so sperm can’t penatrate it

Question 20

what does PDMS do?

Answer 20

the core of the IUS and has an outer-membrane that controls release of levonorgestrel

Question 21

what is the advantages of IUS?

Answer 21

reduced menorrhagia
highly effective
reversible
relieved menstrual problems without hysterectomy

Question 22

disadvantages of IUS?

Answer 22

it it fails increases ectopic pregnancy
irregular bleeding
IUS wider that IUD so cervix needs to be dilated

Question 23

what is nexplanon?

Answer 23

implant rod that is inserted with sterile applicator
uses ethylene vinyl acetate membrane reservoir system
release rate of drug changes over time

Question 24

disadvantages of nexplanon?

Answer 24

professional needed to insert/remove
side effects like headache
can cause irregular bleeding

Question 25

advantages of Nexplanon?

Answer 25

no user action
no side effects
effective
easy to reverse

Question 26

in matrix systems how is the drug release?

Answer 26

drug is distributed evenly throughout polymer matrix and release follow Higuchi equation

Question 27

in reservoir system how is the drug release?

Answer 27

the core controls release of drug and has a more constant release rate
follows Fick’s Law of diffusion

Question 28

what are suppositories?

Answer 28

dosage delivered to the body via rectum

Question 29

what are pessaries?

Answer 29

dosage delivered to the body via vagina

Question 30

how are drugs released in suppositories and pessareis?

Answer 30

melt, disintegrate at body temperature releasing the drug and then drug enters the systemic circulation

Question 31

process of suppositories fatty base diffusing across membrane?

Answer 31

melts and spreads, the drug dissolves in mucus and diffuses through the membrane

Question 32

what has to be considered with fatty bases in supositories?

Answer 32

melting point should be slightly below body temperature
should be able to remove from the mold

Question 33

properties to consider with water soluble suppositories?

Answer 33

Include glycerinated gelatin and polyethylene glycol
preservatives are needed
PEG can have different melting points by differing the molecular weight

Question 34

types of vehicles for supposittories?

Answer 34

fatty and water soluble

Question 35

process of water soluble suppositories diffusing into membrane?

Answer 35

absorbs the water and dissolves in fluid
drug dissolves in mucus and diffuses through membrane