other solid dosage forms part 2

Question 1

what are the two types of capsules?

Answer 1

soft and hard

Question 2

properties of hard capsules?

Answer 2

shell is made of gelatin
two halves
filled with powder for immediate, delayed or extended release

Question 3

properties of soft capsules?

Answer 3

soft polymer shell
filled with liquid
shell made of gelatin

Question 4

how is gelatin made?

Answer 4

hydrolysis of collagen

Question 5

why is gelatin used extensively?

Answer 5

strong, thin films are made
flexible
tough
easily dissolves in stomach
easily mouldable

Question 6

what are the challenges with using gelatin?

Answer 6

not accepted by some patients because of ethical or religious beliefs
gelatin is a hydrophilic groups which attract water leading to growth of microbials and shells becoming softer
in hot temperature the shell cracks
can crosslink the polymer chains
after storage the shell dissolves slowly so drug release is slower in the body

Question 7

what is am alternative used instead of gelatin?

Answer 7

Hypromellose, HPMC

Question 8

what fillings can capsules be filled with?

Answer 8

granules
powder
small tablets
coated pellets
combinations
solid wax dispersion

Question 9

what can soft capsules be filled with?

Answer 9

oils
solution of drugs
suspension of drug
light sensitive drug

Question 10

types of pellets?

Answer 10

Coated non-pareil pellets
Extruded spheronised pellets

Question 10

what is a Coated non-pareil pellets?

Answer 10

‘drug layering’ around a ‘non-pareil’ seed’

Question 11

what is a Extruded spheronised pellets?

Answer 11

‘spheres made from a particle dough’

Question 12

what are the advantages of pellets over ER and DR tablets?

Answer 12

very reliable
they’re emptied by stomach as a liquid
spread through GI tract-no concentrated irritation
provides mixed drug released rates
two incompatible drugs can be given together

Question 13

label and draw a diagram of coated non-pareils?

Answer 13

slide 10

Question 14

how are coated non-pareils manufactured?

Answer 14

Non-pareil cores
Add polymer binder solution-Repeat
several times
Add drug powder-Repeat
several times
Dry the layer-Repeat
several times
Layering stops when correct weight of coating has been added.
Coating if required
Capsule filling
Packing

Question 15

advantages of non-pareils?

Answer 15

no new equipment required
complicated release profiles can be made

Question 16

disadvantages of non-pareils?

Answer 16

time-if multiple layers
each layer has to be validated

Question 17

manufacturing Extruded Spheronised Pellets?

Answer 17

Mix the drug and excipients
Wet massing
Extrusion
Spheronisation
Drying
Coating
Capsule filling
Packing

Question 18

label and draw the diagram of Extruded Spheronised Pellets?

Answer 18

slide 16

Question 19

how is an extrudate formaed?

Answer 19

extrusion makes rods from wet mass dough
then extruded through die holes in cylinder
extrudate formed

Question 20

advantages of Spheronisation?

Answer 20

quick process
complicated release profiles are possible

Question 21

disadvantages of Spheronisation?

Answer 21

cost of new capital equipment
time for development

Question 22

how are spheres made form rods?

Answer 22

by contact with rapidly spinning toothed plate

Question 23

what makes a good extrudate?

Answer 23

smooth cylinders of similar length
similar diameter spheres

Question 24

what makes a bad extrudate?

Answer 24

too wet
too sticky
rough surface
unequal length
too dry
too crumbly

Question 25

what is fluid bed dryer used for?

Answer 25

dry pellets after spheronisation and before coating