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Systems: MSK AB > Pre-practical Lower Limb > Flashcards

Pre-practical Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the hip joint?

A
  • Acetabulum
  • Acetabular labrum
  • Ligament of head of femur (intracapsular)
  • Femoral head
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2
Q

What does the ligament of the head of the demur enclose?

A

It encloses a branch of the oburator artery, which comprises a small proportion of the hip joint blood.

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3
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?

A
  • Iliofemoral
  • Pubofemoral
  • Ischiofemoral
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4
Q

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

A

Prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

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5
Q

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?

A

Prevents excessive abduction and extension

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6
Q

What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament?

A

Prevents excessive extension

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7
Q

How are the extrcapsular ligaments of the hip joint orientated?

A

These ligaments have a uniquespiral orientation; this causes them to become tighter when the joint is extended, which adds stability to the joint.

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8
Q

What are the circumflex arteries branches of?

A

The profunda femoris artery

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9
Q

What is responsible for the majority of the blood supply to the hip joint?

A

Medial circumflex artery

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10
Q

What can damage to the medial circumflex artery result in?

A

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head

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11
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

Any major nerve supplying muscles that act on a joint will send a branches to also supply the joint

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12
Q

What nerves innervate the hip joint?

A
  • Femoral nerve
  • Obturator nerve
  • Superior gluteal nerve
  • Nerve to quadratus femoris
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13
Q

What ligaments are found in the gluteal region?

A
  • Sacroiliac
  • Sacrotuberous
  • Sacrospinous
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14
Q

What are the actions of gluteus maximus?

A
  • Extension of thigh at hip
  • Abduction of thigh at jip
  • External rotation of thigh at hip
  • Stabilise the knee in extension of the thigh via the iliotibial band
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15
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve L5-S2

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16
Q

What is the blood supply to gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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17
Q

What are the actions of gluteus medius and minimus?

A
  • Abduction of the hip
  • Internal rotation of the thigh
  • Support the body on one limb in conjunction with tenor fascia lata
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18
Q

What is the innervation of gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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19
Q

What is the blood supply to gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?

A

Superior gluteal region

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20
Q

What are the actions of tensor fasciae lata?

A

Assiste with flexion and abduction of the thigh

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21
Q

What is the innervation of tensor fasciae lata?

A

Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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22
Q

What is the blood supply to tensor fasciae lata?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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23
Q

Where can the sciatic nerve be located?

A

Sciatic nerve halfway between:

  • Sacrum & greater trochanter
  • Ischial tuberosity & lesser trochanter
  • Natal cleft & lateral edge of thigh
  • Inferior border of piriformis
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24
Q

What is Trendelenburg sign?

A
  • Dipping gait of contralateral side when standing on one leg
  • Compromised gluteus medius/ superior gluteus nerve
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25
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A
  • Biceps femoris
  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus
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26
Q

Where do the hamstrings originate?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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27
Q

What nerve innervates the adductor compartment?

A

Obturator nerve

28
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Lymphatics
  • Femoral vein
  • Femoral artery
  • Femoral nerve
29
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Roof= inguinal ligament
  • Medial= adductor longus
  • Lateral= sartorius
30
Q

What are the boundaries of the adductor canal?

A
  • Anterior= sartorius
  • Lateral= vastus medialis
  • Posterior= adductor longus and adductor magnus
31
Q

What are the contents of the adductor canal?

A
  • Femoral artery
  • Femoral vein
  • Saphenous nerve
32
Q

Where is the femoral pulse felt?

A

Midway between the pubis symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine (midinguinal point)

33
Q

How do femoral hernias occur?

A

Part of the bowel pushes into the femoral canal

34
Q

How do femoral hernias present?

A

Manifests as a lump or bulge in the area of the femoral triangle posterior and inferior to inguinal ligament

35
Q

Who do femoral hernias occur in commonly?

A

Females

36
Q

What bones are present at the knee joint?

A
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Patella
37
Q

What ligaments are present at the knee?

A
  • Anterior cruciate ligament
  • Posterior cruciate ligament
  • Medial collateral ligament
  • Lateral collateral ligament
38
Q

What is Drawer test?

A
  • Excessive anterior displacement of the tibia suggests that the ACL is injured.
  • Excessive posterior displacement of tibia the suggests that the PCL is injured.
39
Q

What bursa are present around the knee?

A
  • Semimembranosus bursa
  • Subsartorial bursa
  • Deep infrapatellar bursa
  • Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
  • Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
  • Suprapatellar bursa
40
Q

What is a fabella?

A
  • A sesamoid bone located inside the gastrocnemius lateral head tendon on the posterior side of the knee, in about 25% of people.
  • It is a variant of normal anatomy
41
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Superiolateral= biceps femoris
  • Superomeadial= semimembranosus
  • Inferolateral= Lateral head of gastrocnemius
  • Inferomedial= Medial head of gastrocnemius
42
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa from superficial to deep?

A
  • Tibial nerve
  • Politeal vein
  • Popliteal artery
43
Q

Where does the common peroneal nerve cross the fibula?

A

Surgical neck

44
Q

What muscle can entrap the common peroneal nerve?

A

Fibularis longus

45
Q

What muscles make up the superficial posterior leg?

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Plantaris
46
Q

What muscles make up the deep posterior leg?

A

-Popliteus
-Tibialis posterior
-Flexor digitorum longus
-Flexor hallucis longus
-

47
Q

Where does the calf neurovascular plane lie?

A

Between the superficial and deep muscle groups

48
Q

What does the post tibial artery give off?

A

Fibular artery

49
Q

What muscles are in the anterior leg compartment?

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Extensor hallucis longus
50
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior leg compartment?

A

Deep fibular nerve

51
Q

What muscles are in the lateral leg compartment?

A
  • Fibularis longus
  • Fibularies brevis
  • Fibularis tertius
52
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

53
Q

What structures pass posterior the medial malleolus?

A
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor digitroum longus
  • Posterior tibial artery
  • Posterior tibial vein
  • Tibial nerve
  • Flexor hallucis longus
54
Q

Describe the medial ligament of the malleolus?

A
  • The medial ligament (or deltoid ligament)is attached to the medial malleolus.
  • Itconsists of four separate ligaments, which fan out from the malleolus, attaching to the talus, calcaneus and navicular bones. -The primary action of the medial ligament is to resist over-eversion of the foot
55
Q

What ligaments make up the deltoid ligament?

A
  • Anterior tbiotalar
  • Posterior tibiotalar
  • Tibionavicular
  • Tibiocalcaneal
56
Q

Describe the lateral ligament of the malleolus.

A
  • The lateral ligament originates from the lateral malleolus.
  • It resists over-inversion of thefoot.It is comprised of three distinct ligaments.
57
Q

What ligaments make up the lateral ligament?

A
  • Posterior talodibular
  • Anterior talofibular
  • Calcaneofibular
58
Q

What ligaments are present in the foot?

A
  • Plantarcalcaneonavicular ligament
  • Long plantar ligament
  • Short plantar ligament
  • Plantar fascia
59
Q

What type of joint is the superior tibial fibular joint?

A

Synovial plane

60
Q

What type of joint is the inferior tibial fibula joint?

A

Syndesmosis

61
Q

How many layers of muscles are there in the foot?

A

4

62
Q

How many neurovascular planes are there in the foot/

A

2

63
Q

What arches are there in the foot?

A
  • Lateral longitudinal arch
  • Transverse arch
  • Medial longitudinal arch
64
Q

What structures maintain the arches of the foot?

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Peroneus longus
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • Ligaments
65
Q

What is the lympathic drainage of the lower limb?

A

Inguinal nodes

66
Q

Major dermatomal landmarks?

A
  • L1-2= groin
  • L4= knee
  • L5= sole of foot
  • S1= baby toe
  • S1-2= back of leg and thigh
67
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation of the sole of the foot?

A
  • First 3.5 toes= medial plantar nerve
  • Last 1.5 toes= lateral plantar nerve
  • Heel= medial calcaneal branches
  • Lateral aspect= sural nerve
  • Medial aspect= saphenous nerve

Systems: MSK AB (43 decks)

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