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Systems: MSK AB > Joints, Synovial Fluid and Cartilage > Flashcards

Joints, Synovial Fluid and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

How can joints be classified?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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2
Q

Give examples of fibrous joints.

A
  • Periodontal ligament
  • Cranial sutures
  • Interosseous membranes
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3
Q

What cartilage is present in primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis) joints?

A

Hyaline only

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4
Q

What cartilage is present in secondary cartilaginous (symphysis) joints?

A

Hyaline and fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.

A

Growth plates in long bones

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6
Q

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joints.

A

Intervertebral disc

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7
Q

What are the common features of synovial joints?

A
  • Synovial cavity which is fluid filled
  • Articular cartilage
  • Fibrous capsule
  • Synovial membrane

May also contain:

  • Articular discs
  • Ligaments
  • Bursa
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8
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A
  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condylar (ellipsoid)
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket
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9
Q

Give an example of a plane synovial joint.

A

Between tarsal bones

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10
Q

Give an example of a synovial hinge joint.

A

Elbow

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11
Q

Give an example of a synovial pivot joint.

A

Radius on ulna

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12
Q

Give an example of a condylar synovial joint

A

Wrist

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13
Q

Give an example of a saddle synovial joint.

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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14
Q

Give an example of a ball and socket synovial joint.

A

Shoulder

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15
Q

What contributes to joint stability?

A
  • Shape of articulating surfaces
  • Capsule and ligaments
  • Muscles
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16
Q

What is the main component of articular (hyaline) cartilage?

A

> 75% water (incompressible)

17
Q

Describe the layers of articular cartilage in synovial joints.

A

Superficial/tangential layer:
-flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoproteins (e.g. lubricin)

Transitional layer:
-Round chondrocytes that produce proteoglycans such as aggrecan

Change in collagen orientation from superficial to deep layers

18
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins to which oligosaccharide chains are attached (more protein than carbohydrate)

19
Q

Give an example of a glycoprotein.

A

Lubricin

20
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Proteins that are heavily glycosylated (more carb than protein (a protein core to which one or more GAGs attach)

21
Q

Give an example of a proteoglycan

A

Aggrecan

22
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

Long unbranched polysaccharides which are highly polar and thus attract water

23
Q

Give an examples of a GAG

A

Hyaluronic acid

24
Q

What is the thickness of articular cartilages in the body?

A
  • Average = 2mm
  • Interphalangeal joints= 1mm
  • Patella= 5-6mm
25
Q

What are the 3 As of cartilage?

A
  • Avascular
  • Aneural
  • Alymphatic
26
Q

How are nutrients and waste transferred to and from cartilage?

A

Synovial fluid produced by the synovium (synovial membrane)

27
Q

What produced synovial fluid?

A

Synoviocytes in the synovium

28
Q

What are the features of the synovium?

A
  • Contains synoviocytes
  • Rich capillary network
  • No epithelial lining

Allows direct exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolites between blood and synovial fluid

29
Q

What are the features of type A synoviocytes?

A
  • Look like macrophages
  • Remove debris
  • Contribute to synovial fluid production
30
Q

What are the features of type B synoviocytes?

A
  • Fibroblast like

- Main producer of synovial fluid

31
Q

What are the features of synovial fluid?

A
  • Viscous fluid
  • Contains hyaluronic acid & lubricin
  • Fluid component (from blood plasma)
  • Small volumes (knee joint: ̴0.5 ml )
  • Rapid turnover ( ̴2 hours)
32
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A
  • Nutrition of cartilage
  • Removal of waste products
  • Lubrication leading to less friction and wear
33
Q

How does synovial fluid lubricate the joints?

A

Boundary
-Glycoproteins such as lubricin bind to receptors on articular surfaces to form a thin film

Hydrodynamic (like aquaplaning)

  • Surfaces kept apart by liquid pressure
  • Viscosity changes with load and velocity of movement

Weeping
-Fluid that is present in the cartilage is squeezed out into the synovial cavity to increase fluid volume

34
Q

What are bursa?

A
  • Synovial membrane sacs which are fluid-filled
  • They reduce friction
  • Can become inflamed= bursitis
35
Q

How does ageing affect our joints?

A

Viscosity of synovial fluid increases

  • Slower joint movements
  • Reduced lubrication

Water content of cartilage decreases
-Reduced shock absorption

Less protection of articular surfaces & increased risk of damage

36
Q

What pathological changes occur in osteoarthritis?

A
  • Bone spur formation

- Narrowed discs

Systems: MSK AB (43 decks)

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