pre/frontal and executive functioning

Question 1

what is a construct

Answer 1

ideal object that depends upon subjects mind

not directly observable

Question 2

executive function definition

Answer 2

function: relation b/w set of inputs and set of permissible outputs

Question 3

executive dysfunctions

Answer 3

FASD, parkinsons, bipolar, traumatic brain injury, OCD, ADHD, MS, depression, autism, aging

Question 4

supervisory attentional system

Answer 4

tasks that require deliberate attentional resources:

• planning/decision making
• trouble shooting
• ill learned or new sequence
• dangerous or difficult
  assumptions: actions under conscious control involves mechamism in addition to those in automatic action

Question 5

alan D baddeley

Answer 5

phonological loop: articulatory rehersal system
visuospatial sketchpad: maintain/manipulate visuospatial information
central executive: attentional controller repsonsible for focus attentional resources, dividing and switching attention

Question 6

alan baddeley construct of executive function

Answer 6

central executive is a homonculus little man who sits in head and makes important decisions

Question 7

paper executive function definition

Answer 7

elusive nature of executive function: in constantly changing environment, executive abilities allow us to shift mind set to quickly adapt while inhibiting inapropriate behaviors

Question 8

4 ways to approach executive functioning

Answer 8

brain behavior: cognitive tasks, neuroimaging
complex states: latent variable analysis, within subject designs
a/typicaleveryday life: rating scales
clinical samples: between group designs (ADHD)

Question 9

observable complex executive behaviors

Answer 9

decision making, problem solving, self-regulation

Question 10

components of EF

Answer 10

planning, problem solving, decision making, inhibition, bheavioral self regulation, flexibility, judgement, performance monitoring ect.

Question 11

multiperspective approach to ceonceptualization

Answer 11

1. planning
2. working memory
3. inhibition
4. set shifting
5. fluency
   easiest to operationalize and measure

Question 12

neuroanatomy of frontal lobes

Answer 12

lateral: 9.8.10.46.44. 45. 11, 47
orbital: 10,47 ,11 ,13
medial/cingulate: 8, 24, 32, 12, 11, 0, 9

Question 13

frontal latreral cortico-subcortical connections

Answer 13

unidirectional: caudate and putamen
bidirectional: nucleus medial dorsal (pars magno/parvo)
direct: hypothalamus, mesencephalon
indirect: hippocampus, amygdala

Question 14

FL cortico-cortical connections

Answer 14

direct: temporal, parietal, visual, auditory, somatosensory, olfactory bulb
indirect: piriform cortex
limbic systems

Question 15

4 functional divisions of PFC

Answer 15

1. orbitofrontal: 10,11,13 inhibitory control over behavior, suppress or defer immediate gratifications
2. dorsolateral: 46,9 working memory, planning, problem solving and monitoring behavior
3. ventromedial: 12,32,47 gives meaning to emotions, maitenence of goals, motivation, attentional control
4. frontolimbic: 24,25 and ACC, interprets emotions, emotion-behavior and emotional control

Question 16

prefrontal cortex tenets

Answer 16

rich intra and inter connectivity
access to many different kinds of information and can syntehsis
direct connections to 2 and 3 but not 1
connections mediated by thalamus, feedback loops
high levels of plasticity, adaptability and robustness
TOP DOWN novel processing
sustain activity in interference and maintain information actively