neuroanatomy review pt 2

Question 1

3 structures of forebrain

Answer 1

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system

Question 2

cerebrum

Answer 2

carries out complex mental processes

• sensation, perception, thinking and planning
• most recently evolved brain structure
• organized in columns w/ different densities and cell types

Question 3

corpus callosum

Answer 3

joins 2 hemispheres

Question 4

6 layers of cortex

Answer 4

motor cortex: output takes up more layers

sensory: input takes up more layers

Question 5

4 lobes of cortex

Answer 5

frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

Question 6

occipital lobe functions

Answer 6

1. primary visual cortex (broadmann 17)

2. visual cortex association: higher processing of visual information

Question 7

dorsal/ventral stream of visual cortex

Answer 7

dorsal: how (motion)
- grasping target - goes to parietal
ventral: what (color, shape, size)
information about object- goes to temporal

Question 8

parietal lobe

Answer 8

1. somatosensory cortex: tactile and position information processing
2. language comprehension
3. spatial orientation and perception

Question 9

motor/somatosensory maps

Answer 9

m1: 4, precentral sulcus (left)
s1: 1,2,3, postcentral gyrus (right)

Question 10

temporal lobe

Answer 10

1. primary auditory cortex
2. wernickes area- language comprehension
3. higher visual processing
4. learning and memory- hippocampus

Question 11

representations of language in the brain

Answer 11

brocas area- frontal lobe (producing speech)

wernickes area- temporal lobe (understanding speech)

Question 12

frontal lobe

Answer 12

1. primary motor cortex: voluntary movements
2. premotor cortex: initiation of movement
3. brocas area: written/ spoken language
4. prefrontal cortex: personality, insight, foresight

Question 13

motor cortex specifications

Answer 13

prefrontal cortex: plans movements (9,10,46)
premotor cortex: organizes movement sequences (6,8)
motor cortex: produces specific movements (4)

Question 14

prefrontal cortex divisions

Answer 14

dorsolateral prefrontal: mediates internal cues for initiating actions, working memory
inferior prefrontal: influences autonomic functioning
ventromedial/orbitolateral: reward-based learning and emotional responses (apathy)

Question 15

association cortex

Answer 15

cognition- everything except primary sensory or motor

• highly processed information: detailed external and internal knowledge
• imputs from thamalic regions that receive input from other cortical regions

Question 16

3 divisions of association cortex

Answer 16

1. parietal association cortex: paying attention to external and internal environment
2. temporal association cortex: identificaiton of stimuli
3. frontal association: planning responses

Question 17

limbic system

Answer 17

both cortical and subcortical components
- involved in memory, motivation and emotion
hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, septum, cingulate cortex, fornix

Question 18

hippocampus

Answer 18

temporal lobe
- involved with learning and memory
0 important for consolidation of memories (not retreival/storage)

Question 19

amygdala

Answer 19

in front of temporal lobes

• controls reaction to biologically significant stimuli (emotional system)
• removal shows decreased aggression

Question 20

basal ganglia

Answer 20

3 nucleui: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

• movement control
• parkinsons and huntingtons

Question 21

components of brainstem

Answer 21

diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 22

components of diencephalon

Answer 22

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 23

components of thalamus

Answer 23

medial geniculate nucleus: auditory cortex
lateral geniculate nucleus: visual cortex
- gateway to the cortex
- sensory, motor processing, integrative function, motivation, memory

Question 24

hypothalamus

Answer 24

4Fs: feeding, fight, flight, fornication

- controls pituitary gland which secretes hormones

Question 25

midbrain components

Answer 25

• functions as a relay station
  tectum: superior/inferior colliculus
• orienting movements
  stegmentum: eye and limb movements, pain perception
  substantia nigra: voluntary movement

Question 26

hindbrain

Answer 26

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongota, reticular formation

- function is life support, breathing, heart rate

Question 27

medulla

Answer 27

attaches to spinal cord

- unconscious functions: breathing, muscle tone, circulation

Question 28

pons

Answer 28

connects brainstem and cerebellum

- some sleep functions

Question 29

cerebellum

Answer 29

smoothing and coordination of movements

- - learning complex movements so they become automatic

Question 30

reticular formation

Answer 30

• netlike gray and white matter

- stimulates forebrain to regulate sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal

Question 31

cerebellum

Answer 31

3 lobes:

1. leg movement and coordination
2. eye and postural adjustments
3. various cortical regulation for voluntary movements and learning

Question 32

vestibulocerebellum

Answer 32

flocculonodular lobe receives substantial amount of input from vestibular system
- regulates vestibular system, balance and eye movements

Question 33

spinocerebellum

Answer 33

regulates body and limb movements

- important in regulating muscle tone and adapting the body to changing circumstances

Question 34

neocerebellum

Answer 34

• receives most of its input from pontine nuclei

- involved in planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action