neuroanatomy review pt 2 Flashcards
3 structures of forebrain
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system
cerebrum
carries out complex mental processes
- sensation, perception, thinking and planning
- most recently evolved brain structure
- organized in columns w/ different densities and cell types
corpus callosum
joins 2 hemispheres
6 layers of cortex
motor cortex: output takes up more layers
sensory: input takes up more layers
4 lobes of cortex
frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
occipital lobe functions
- primary visual cortex (broadmann 17)
2. visual cortex association: higher processing of visual information
dorsal/ventral stream of visual cortex
dorsal: how (motion)
- grasping target - goes to parietal
ventral: what (color, shape, size)
information about object- goes to temporal
parietal lobe
- somatosensory cortex: tactile and position information processing
- language comprehension
- spatial orientation and perception
motor/somatosensory maps
m1: 4, precentral sulcus (left)
s1: 1,2,3, postcentral gyrus (right)
temporal lobe
- primary auditory cortex
- wernickes area- language comprehension
- higher visual processing
- learning and memory- hippocampus
representations of language in the brain
brocas area- frontal lobe (producing speech)
wernickes area- temporal lobe (understanding speech)
frontal lobe
- primary motor cortex: voluntary movements
- premotor cortex: initiation of movement
- brocas area: written/ spoken language
- prefrontal cortex: personality, insight, foresight
motor cortex specifications
prefrontal cortex: plans movements (9,10,46)
premotor cortex: organizes movement sequences (6,8)
motor cortex: produces specific movements (4)
prefrontal cortex divisions
dorsolateral prefrontal: mediates internal cues for initiating actions, working memory
inferior prefrontal: influences autonomic functioning
ventromedial/orbitolateral: reward-based learning and emotional responses (apathy)
association cortex
cognition- everything except primary sensory or motor
- highly processed information: detailed external and internal knowledge
- imputs from thamalic regions that receive input from other cortical regions
3 divisions of association cortex
- parietal association cortex: paying attention to external and internal environment
- temporal association cortex: identificaiton of stimuli
- frontal association: planning responses
limbic system
both cortical and subcortical components
- involved in memory, motivation and emotion
hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, septum, cingulate cortex, fornix
hippocampus
temporal lobe
- involved with learning and memory
0 important for consolidation of memories (not retreival/storage)
amygdala
in front of temporal lobes
- controls reaction to biologically significant stimuli (emotional system)
- removal shows decreased aggression
basal ganglia
3 nucleui: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
- movement control
- parkinsons and huntingtons
components of brainstem
diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain
components of diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
components of thalamus
medial geniculate nucleus: auditory cortex
lateral geniculate nucleus: visual cortex
- gateway to the cortex
- sensory, motor processing, integrative function, motivation, memory
hypothalamus
4Fs: feeding, fight, flight, fornication
- controls pituitary gland which secretes hormones
midbrain components
- functions as a relay station
tectum: superior/inferior colliculus - orienting movements
stegmentum: eye and limb movements, pain perception
substantia nigra: voluntary movement
hindbrain
cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongota, reticular formation
- function is life support, breathing, heart rate
medulla
attaches to spinal cord
- unconscious functions: breathing, muscle tone, circulation
pons
connects brainstem and cerebellum
- some sleep functions
cerebellum
smoothing and coordination of movements
- - learning complex movements so they become automatic
reticular formation
- netlike gray and white matter
- stimulates forebrain to regulate sleep-wake behavior and behavioral arousal
cerebellum
3 lobes:
- leg movement and coordination
- eye and postural adjustments
- various cortical regulation for voluntary movements and learning
vestibulocerebellum
flocculonodular lobe receives substantial amount of input from vestibular system
- regulates vestibular system, balance and eye movements
spinocerebellum
regulates body and limb movements
- important in regulating muscle tone and adapting the body to changing circumstances
neocerebellum
- receives most of its input from pontine nuclei
- involved in planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action
