history of neuropsych Flashcards
what is the cardiac vs brain hypothesis
empedocles: the heart is the seat of our mind
alcmaeon: the brain is the seat of our mind
what is aristotles theory of behavior
we are born with a clean slate (tabula rasa) and we acquire knoweldge through experience
- theory of the psyche or mentalism
- believed mind and body were two independant entities
Herophilus
firt human dissector
associated ventricles as the place where the soul lives
eristratus
thought that air might be getting transofmred when we take it in the vital spirit
air –> vital spirit–> animal spirit–> action
galen
mind and brain associatoin vs aristotles view
- theory of personality
descartes theory
dualism: mind and body are seperate but interact
- thought animals and children were machinelike
- gaseous animal spirits (de homine)
- the soul resides in the pineal gland because it didnt have bilateral symmetry and close to ventricles
Isaac newtown
realized animals had electrical spirits
stephen gray
shocked the feet of children to see if they conducted electricity
luigi galvani
thought that electricity was intrinsic to our bodies
alessandro volta
believed electricity to be extrinsic to body (came form outside) and we could process it and store
alexander von humboldt
thought there may be both intrinsic and extrinsic electricity
luigi ronaldo
thought we could store energy in the brain
- concluded that cerebellum was voltaic pile due to its realtionship with brainstem in keeping us awake
materialism
Charles darwin and Alfred Russel wallace
- common descent of NS
- the body produces the mind, and we have a lot in common with animals
phrenology
franz joseph Gall and Suprzheim
- idea that bumps and impressions of skull represent areas of brain
what did phrenology contribute
localization of function:
- dissected cortico-spinal tract and discovered contralaterallity and corpus callosum
- werent accurate but in pursuit they made other discoveries
antilocalization
pierre fluorens thought brain worked as a singel unit and not individual molecules
Jean baptiste bouillaud
had patients with damage to left hemisphere that had trouble with communication of language
Paul Broca contribution to localization of language
overheard Auburtin and Gratiolet in antropological society and heard about damage to left hemisphere –> language communication deficits
- collected cases and proved theory of Brocas are
Carl Wernicke
discovered network involved in processing of reading and visual language
alexia: word blindness
apraxia: unable to produce motor actions
John HUghligns jackson
discovered functional hierarchy: spinal cord, brainstem, forebrain
what is the binding problem
if the brain is specialized how is it able to communicate so quickly
- continuous binding interaction between conscious and unconscious perception in production of outcome actions
what happened when bogen and vogel performed callosotomys (Roger & sperry studies)
cut corpus collosum- the patients were unable to use language to tell researcher what they are smelling but when they asked to chose they could successfully pick out rose
- could process but couldnt label
- split brain studies
LURIA unit 1
Brainstem: reticulator activating system, tone and arousal
- keeps us awake
LURIA UNIT 2
sensory unit: occipital, parietal and temporal lobes
- reception, analysis and storage of information
LURIA UNIT 3
motor unit: frontal lobes, programming, regulating and verifying conscious activity
unit 2 and 3 LURIA processing
unit 2: primary: perceive color –> secondary: integrate shape –> teriary: decide its apple and decide to eat
unit 3: teritry: plan how do i get there –> secondary: program where actions are already set–> primary: execute, cell bodies activate CS tract to move legs
contributions to neuropsych from other disciplines
educational psychology, cognitive/experimental psychology, neuroimaging, social psych
bio-psycho-social
