practice test 3 Flashcards
which of the following cardiac imaging studies deliver the lowest estimated effective radiation dose?
rb82 rest and stress
ct attenuation correction
n13 ammonia rest and stress
o15 water rest and stress
ct attenuation correction
recovery coefficient, geometric transfer matrix, and deconvolution technique are modification methods employed in
attenuation calculation
scatter correction
partial-volume effect correction
attenuation measurement
partial-volume effect correction
the number of electrons discharged from the cathode filament is controlled by the
tube voltage (kv)
temp of the anode
tube current (ma)
distance from the target
tube current (ma)
which of the following are the most common artifacts in pet/ct imaging?
truncation artifacts
motion artifacts
contrast medium artifacts
metallic implant artifacts
motion artifacts
the pet scanner qc procedure in which data are used to convert the reconstructed pixel values into activity concentration is called
normalization
calibration
blank scan
attenuation correction
calibration
post-processing technique performed on ct images that involves reformatting of cross-sectional images to produce images of the outside of anatomical structures is called
multiplanar recon
3d surface rendering
cone beam recon
back projection
3d surface rendering
all of the following statements describing the usefulness of pet fdg imaging in renal cell carcinoma are correct except
high physiologic background activity in urine limits scan interpretation accuracy
metastatic rcc has more intense fdg uptake compared with the primary
primary rcc has more intense fdg uptake compared with the metastatic
the administration of furosemide can be beneficial for reducing false negative scan results
primary rcc has more intense fdg uptake compared with the metastatic
the recon algorithm that reduces the unnecessary 3d data to a stack of independent 2d sonograms, which can then be recon using either 2d fbp or 2d iterative algorithms is called
fourier transform
convolution
filtering
fourier rebinning
fourier rebinning
the patented pet tracers that have been developed by an rpx developer or manufacturer are called
proprietary agents
research agents
nonproprietary agents
contrast agents
proprietary agents
the following are examples of molecular and functional alterations occurring in cancer tissue except
increased protein synthesis
increased angiogenesis
increased oxygen tension
increased glucose metabolism
increased oxygen tension
which of the following types of cardiac scanning processing requires performance of blood pool subtraction?
imaging using o15 water
imaging using rb82
imaging using c11
imaging using n13 ammonia
imaging using o15 water
which of the following halogens most closely resembles the size of the hydrogen atom?
Br2
Cl2
F2
I2
F2
two photons arising from the same annihilation event and detected along two different LORs are
true coincidences
random events
scatter coincidences
single events
scatter coincidences
pet/ct imaging artifact described as a liver lesions that can inaccurately become visible at the base of the lung and mimics a lung nodule is produced by
contrast medium
respiratory motion
patient motion
dose extravasation
respiratory motion
which of the following physical properties of different scintillators describe LSO?
attenuation coefficient 0.96, relative light output 15, decay time 300 ns
0.87, 75, 40 ns
0.35, 100, 230 ns
0.44, 5, 0.6 ns
0.87, 75, 40 ns
which of the following statements describing brown adipose tissue is true?
it is richly innervated by parasympathetic nerves
it is not present in newborns
its primary function is to generate body heat
it contains cells rich in ribosomes
its primary function is to generate body heat
which of the following rpxs has been developed as the pet tracer to measure a membrane lipid synthesis?
f18 fluoride
f18 fluorocholine
f18 fluoroestradiol
f18 fluorothymidine
f18 fluorocholine
the molecular imaging strategy that replicates the downstream physiological effects of one or more molecular or genetic processes is called
direct molecular imaging
surrogate molecular imaging
indirect molecular imaging
reporter gene imaging
surrogate molecular imaging
which of the following detectors that have been used in pet imaging is intrinsically radioactive?
lso
BaF2
bgo
gso
lso
in which of the following types of seizures consciousness is not impaired?
partial complex seizures
partial simple seizures
petit mal seizures
grand mal seizures
partial simple seizures
mean sensitivity and specificity of pet myocardial perfusion studies for the detection of coronary artery disease are accordingly
93% and 50%
93% and 92%
50% and 92%
50% and 50%
93% and 92%
hot-for-cold substitution is applied in the development process of all of the following pet tracers except
c11
o15
n13
f18
f18
the pattern of fdg uptake in multi-infarct dementia is characterized by
the parietotemporal hypometabolism
the visual cortices involvement
the frontotemporal regions involvement
scattered regions of hypometabolism
scattered regions of hypometabolism
any chest area that specially attenuates the xray beam and as a result appears more dense than the surrounding region is called
plaque
opacity
atelectasis
pneumonia
opacity
the area of maximal electrophysiological interictal activity is called
the brain infarct
the epileptic focus
the epileptogenic lesion
the brain ischemia
the epileptic focus
fluoromisonidazole (f18 miso) was developed as the pet tracer to assess
membrane synthesis
lipids metabolism
hypoxia extent
protein synthesis
hypoxia event
which of the following statements describing hypoxia in a growing tumor is false?
hypoxia inhibits cell proliferation
hypoxia promotes cells adaptive responses
hypoxia “guards” cells from the cytotoxic effects of radiation
hypoxia is independent from the local vasculature
hypoxia is independent from the local vasculature
normal, focal ureteral activity can be seen in
the lower pelvis
lower abdomen
superior pelvis
superior abdomen
superior pelvis
ct acquisition performed by acquiring unenhanced ct images first, followed by a series of ct images after iv injection of contrast medium, is called
unenhanced ct with a low-dose technique
dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) ct
dual energy ct
multislice ct
dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) ct
dementia with lewy bodies has bilateral temporoparietal decreased fdg uptake similar to that present in patients with alzheimer’s disease, and also involves
the frontal lobe
the occipital lobe
the cerebellum
the basal ganglia
the cerebellum
the main objective of bayesian analysis is to combine both clinical and imaging-based characteristics to obtain an assessment of the
cost of treatment
time of recovery
probability of disease
longtime prognosis
probability of disease
radiation effects on bone marrow affecting fdg uptake can be described as
increased uptake in the area of the spine
increased area of uptake corresponding to the radiation field
decreased uptake in the area of the spine
decreased area of uptake corresponding to the radiation field
decreased area of uptake corresponding to the radiation field
hybrid pet/ct scanners, equipped with multislice ct, can be used to perform the following types of cardiac diagnostic imaging except
pet myocardial perfusion study
coronary angiography
echocardiography
calcium scoring
echocardiography
the sphincter muscle that protects the opening of the esophagus into the stomach is called the
pyloric sphincter
esophageal sphincter
sphincter of oddie
sphincter ani
esophageal sphincter
the consequences of the mesothelioma stage on treatment selection depend entirely on whether
chemotherapy will be a treatment possibility
surgical intervention will be a treatment possibility
radiotherapy will be a treatment possibility
radioimmunotherapy will be a treatment possibility
surgical intervention will be a treatment possibility
the most common site for distant mets of colorectal cancer is
lung
brain
liver
spleen
liver
according to the cotswold system, involvement of lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm describe
stage I lymphoma
stage II lymphoma
stage III lymphoma
stage IV lymphoma
stage III lymphoma
the main physiochemical property of a pet rpx that decides its ability to enter the brain and label the target receptor or enzyme is its
lipophilicity
hydrophilicity
molecular mass
electrical charge
lipophilicity
cardiac pet quantification of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve may be useful for detection and evaluation of all of the following except
left ventricle ejection fraction
balanced ischemia on qualitative images
evaluation of collateral flow
identification of endothelial dysfunction
left ventricle ejection fraction
diffusely increased marrow fdg uptake may be secondary to all of the following except
radiation therapy
anemia
inflammation
G-CSF therapy
radiation therapy
malignant attributes of pulmonary nodules on ct include
small size
decrease in size over time
round margins
mixed attenuation
mixed attenuation
pet has been shown to have reduced sensitivity in patients with colorectal
mucinous adenocarcinoma
carcinoma in situ
metastatic carcinoma
poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma
mucinous adenocarcinoma
according to the cotswold system, involvement of a single lymph node region or involvement of a single extra-lymphatic organ outlines
stage I lymphoma
stage II lymphoma
stage III lymphoma
stage IV lymphoma
stage I lymphoma
in rooms with a negative pressure, the direction of airflow at the boundaries of the room is
out of the room
into the room
around the room
below the room
into the room
clinical semiology of seizures, one of the main areas of study in patients with epilepsy, evaluates
signs and symptoms
electroencephalograms
magnetoencephalograms
autopsy findings
signs and symptoms
which of the following statements correctly explains the influence of fdg pet imaging on staging in patients with hodgkin’s lymphoma?
upstaging of approximately 15-25% of patients
downstaging in a small minority of patients
upstaging in a small minority of patients
downstaging of approximately 15-25% of patients
upstaging of approximately 15-25% of patients
a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule and by binding to a site on a target protein serves as a signal triggering molecule is called
enzyme
ligand
tracer
isotope
ligand
within the broad group of malignant lymphomas, the hodgkin’s disease is set apart from other lymphomas by the presence of
splenomegaly
the reed-sternberg cells
the schwann cells
lymphadenopathy
the reed-sternberg cells
the brain structure described as a “sensory relay” is called
the limbic system
the thalamus
the hypothalamus
the cerebellum
the thalamus
a pencil shape, a fan shape, and a cone shape are commonly used terms in radiography to describe
ct detector
pet crystal
xray beam
pet/ct fusion
xray beam
the tumors that arose from cells that stem from the neural crest cells, and share a characteristic feature to produce peptide hormones, as well as synthesize amines from certain precursors are called
sarcomas
fibroid tumors
adenocarcinomas
neuroendocrine tumors
neuroendocrine tumors
all of the following statements appropriately describe the usefulness of fdg pet imaging in malignant pleural mesothelioma except
fdg pet reduces the number of futile surgical procedures
fdg pet is useful for guiding needle biopsy
fdg pet/ct increases the accuracy of overall MPM staging
high levels of fdg uptake are associated with a favorable prognosis
high levels of fdg uptake are associated with a favorable prognosis
the annual allowable limit for radiation exposure for the total effective dose equivalent to the whole body is less than or equal to
10 msv (1 rem)
20 msv (2 rem)
50 msv (5 rem)
500 msv (50 rem)
50 msv (5 rem)
the amount of fdg uptake in atherosclerotic lesions correlates with
the density of eosinophils in the lesions
the density of erythrocytes in the lesions
the density of macrophages in the lesions
the density of basophils in the lesions
the density of macrophages in the lesions
the ac pet images, when compared to the nac images
have less noise
require additional time
are prone to artifacts
don’t allow suv measurement
are prone to artifacts
selected tumors with low/variable fdg uptake include all of the following except
bronchoalveolar carcinoma
iodine-avid differentiated thyroid cancer
metastatic liver carcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
metastatic liver carcinoma
increased synthesis of monoclonal immunoglobulins in multiple myeloma functions as a straightforward approach for functional imaging with
f18 fdg
c11 methionine
c11raclopride
f18 fluoride
c11 methionine
when compared with ga68 dota peptides, f18 dopa may offer advantages for the detection of neuroendocrine tumors with
a high expression of SSR
a low or absent expression of SSR
a decreased glucose metabolism
an increased glucose metabolism
a low or absent expression of SSR
cancer that starts in antibody producing white blood cells is called
lymphocytic leukemia
multiple myeloma
hodgkin’s lymphoma
monocytic leukemia
multiple myeloma
hypometabolic area seen after radiation therapy in patients with treated cns brain tumor, adjacent to or distant from the tumor is secondary to
inflammation
edema
stroke
metastases
edema
the ecg records normal electrical currents as specific waves in the following order
p wave, qrs complex, st segment, t wave, and u wave
qrs complex, p wave, st segment, t wave, and u wave
qrs complex, u wave, p wave, st segment, and t wave
p wave, qrs complex, st segment, u wave, and t wave
p wave, qrs complex, st segment, t wave, and u wave
the difference among the daily blank sinogram, and a reference blank sinogram acquired at some point in the last setup of the scanner, is called
average variance
streak artifact
scatter correction
calibration factor
average variance
radiation dose equivalency is measured in
rad
rem
curie
roentgen
rem
pet f18 fdg findings commonly observed in patients with copd include
diffusely increased f18 fdg activity in the lungs
decreased lung volume
prominent right ventricle fdg uptake
decreased anteroposterior thoracic diameter
prominent right ventricle fdg uptake
the main advantage of the straton xray tube over the traditional xray tube results mainly from
more effective shielding
more effective cooling and heat dissipation
lower price and energy use
user-friendly interface
more effective cooling and heat dissipation
all of the following statements correctly describe the postsurgical f18 fdg uptake at the intervention site except
postsurgical fdg uptake is mainly diffuse
postsurgical fdg uptake corresponds to the site of surgery
postsurgical fdg uptake increases in intensity over time
postsurgical fdg uptake decreases in size over time
postsurgical fdg uptake increases in intensity over time
the manifestation of hypermetabolic lesions in architecturally unchanged trabecular bone in patients with multiple myeloma suggests the presence of
scar tissue
bone metastases
active lesions
avascular necrosis
active lesions
all of the following types of medications are affecting fdg uptake in patients with brain tumors except
corticosteroids
mineralocorticoids
sedatives
anticonvulsants
mineralocorticoids
the incremental prognostic value of pet myocardial perfusion imaging
predicts recovery time after cardiac events
predicts time to hospital discharge
predicts adverse cardiac events
predicts cost of treatment
predicts adverse cardiac events
the most common sites of net onset are
the bronchus/lungs and gastroenteropancreatic tract
the brain and the skin
the thyroid and the urinary tract
adrenal glands and genital tract
the bronchus/lungs and gastroenteropancreatic tract
all of the following findings have been observed on fdg pet scans of patients with cystic fibrosis except
the higher focal activity was seen during disease exacerbation
the higher focal activity disappeared on the pet scan after antibiotic therapy
the pet foci showed corresponding ct scan findings
the higher focal activity disappeared on the ct scan after antibiotic therapy
the higher focal activity disappeared on the ct scan after antibiotic therapy
ring dosimeters should be issued to individuals who are likely to exceed a minimum extremity dose of
1,000 mr/year (10 msv)
2,000 mr/year (20 msv)
5,000 mr/year (50 msv)
10,000 mr/year (100 msv)
5,000 mr/year (50 msv)
pattern of fdg uptake in the normal tonsils, soft palate, mylohyoid muscle, and sublingual glands observed on sagittal images is described as
c shape
t shape
inverted c shape
inverted t shape
inverted c shape
the snmmi recommends that f18 fdg pet should be routinely performed on patients previously treated for differentiated thyroid cancer when the findings of radioactive iodine whole-body imaging are negative and
the thyroglobulin (tg) levels are more than 10 ng/ml
the tg levels are less than 10 ng/ml
tsh levels are more than 30 mIU/L
tsh levels are less than 30 mIU/L
the tg levels are more than 10 ng/ml
the following are amino acids except
leucine
methionine
choline
tyrosine
choline
a profile of the counts across the point source image is called
system resolution
system sensitivity
point spread function
line spread function
point spread function
the most important single prognostic factor for survival and prognosis in patients diagnosed with nets is the presence of
brain mets
lung mets
liver mets
lymph node mets
liver mets
the interaction between penetrating radiation and matter when the incident xray photon deflected from its original path loses energy but continues to travel through the material along an altered path is called
the photoelectric effect
compton scattering
the pair production
bremsstrahlung radiation
the photoelectric effect
frontotemporal dementia is a clinical syndrome known as
pick’s disease
vascular dementia
alzheimer’s disease
dementia with lewy bodies
pick’s disease
all of the following pet myocardial perfusion tracers are used for noninvasive myocardial blood flow quantitation except
o15 water
rb82
c11 acetate
n13 ammonia
c11 acetate
in the resting myocardium, and under normal conditions, 15 to 20% of the energy is delivered by
vitamin c
glucose
choline
fatty acids
glucose
pet/ct findings in anaplastic thyroid cancer imaging can be described by all of the following except
pet and pet/ct define the local extent of disease and the presence of mets
a positive pet/ct scan after therapy is linked with longer survival
pet and pet/ct have an impact on patients’ management
intense fdg uptake and volume are prognostic for a bad outcome
a positive pet/ct scan after therapy is linked with longer survival
interictal pet scans are most valuable in the management of the patient with
partial complex seizures
partial simple seizures
petit mal seizures
grand mal seizures
partial complex seizures
the fdg pet sensitivity and specificity in restaging and follow-up of melanoma are accordingly
56 and 45%
70 and 74%
92 and 94%
100 and 100%
92 and 94%
all of the following rpxs can be used for the evaluation of recurrent or residual medullary thyroid carcinoma except
in111 octreoscan
c11 acetate
f18 dopa
ga68 dotatoc
c11 acetate
possible explanations of relative insensitivity of fdg pet for the detection of regional nodal mets in patients with esophageal carcinoma include
the mediastinal proximity
the primary tumor mass proximity
esophagitis
barrett esophagus
the primary tumor mass proximity
the signal to noise ratio is the ratio obtained when the signal in an image is
divided by the background in the image
multiplied by the background in the image
divided by the noise in the image
multiplied by the background in the image
divided by the noise in the image
the following statements describing pet and pet/ct for the management of patients with breast cancer are true except
pet has limited sensitivity in detecting lesions less than 10 mm
pet/ct cannot detect a lesion beyond the resolution of the ct
in situ carcinoma shows higher fdg uptake than invasive ductal cancer
dense breast may mask small and low-grade tumors
in situ carcinoma shows higher fdg uptake than invasive ductal cancer
f18 l-dopa was developed as the pet tracer to visualize
neurons in the basal ganglia
amyloid in the brain cortex
viable myocardium
sentinel node
neurons in the basal ganglia
which of the following structures function as the normal pacemaker of the heart?
atrioventricular node
sinoatrial node
right bundle branches
ventricular myocardium
sinoatrial node
the single most important factor in determining initial prognosis and the need for adjuvant chemotherapy for patients diagnosed with breast cancer is/are
axillary lymph node mets
histologic tumor type
tumor size
mediastinal lymph node mets
axillary lymph node mets
the primary difference between nema performance measurements, defined as nu 2-2007 and nu 2-2001 is
nu 2-2007 addresses spatial resolution measurement using a point source
nu 2-2007 addresses the intrinsic radioactivity in lso and lyso crystals
nu 2-2001 addresses intrinsic scatter fraction measurement
nu 2-2001 addresses the intrinsic radioactivity in lso and lyso crystals
nu 2-2007 addresses the intrinsic radioactivity in lso and lyso crystals
the physiological breast uptake in postmenopausal women, who are not on hormone replacement therapy, should be
absent
less than the liver
more than the liver
more than the heart
less than the liver
all of the following factors contribute to degradation of resolution in the reconstructed images in pet imaging except
positron range
inter-crystal scattering
the width of scintillation crystals
photon collinearity
photon collinearity
in the evaluation of malignancy, misinterpreting normal uptake of f18 fdg within the thymus results in a potential pitfall in the evaluation of the
posterior mediastinum
anterior mediastinum
pericardium
pleura
anterior mediastinum
scatter events comprise ____ in 3d pet
10-20% of all events
20-30% of all events
30-40% of all events
40-60% of all events
40-60% of all events
f18 fdg use in patients with suspected primary and residual/recurrent gliomas is limited by
the low fdg uptake in normal brain tissue
the high fdg uptake in normal brain tissue
the low fdg uptake in tumor tissue
the high fdg uptake in tumor tissue
the high fdg uptake in normal brain tissue
the most important problem with pet/mr scanner is
correcting for attenuation of gamma rays
correcting for scatter of gamma rays
correcting for patient motion
correcting for breathing artifacts
correcting for attenuation of gamma rays
the path distance required for a positron to find an electron for annihilation depends on
the number of positrons and number of electrons in the immediate area of decay
the energy of positron and number of electrons in the immediate area of decay
the energy of positron and energy of electron in the immediate area of decay
the number of positrons and charge of electrons in the immediate area of decay
the energy of positron and number of electrons in the immediate area of decay
abnormal bone fdg uptake by tumor cells is proportional to
blood flow
osteoblastic activity
glucose metabolism
cell wall synthesis
glucose metabolism
which of the following thyroid carcinomas is the most aggressive form of thyroid malignancy?
papillary
follicular
medullary
anaplastic
anaplastic
which of the following tissues has the lowest ct number?
fat
blood
muscle
bone
fat
coronary vasodilator reserve is defined as the ratio between
peak hyperemic and rest myocardial blood flow
rest myocardial and peak hyperemic blood flow
peak hyperemic and post-stress myocardial blood flow
rest myocardial and post-stress myocardial blood flow
peak hyperemic and rest myocardial blood flow
the spatial resolution in normal breast tissue in the wb pet scanner is negatively impacted by lying down because of
cardiac motion
respiratory motion
table motion
gantry motion
respiratory motion
all of the following interventions enhance myocardial fdg uptake except
oral glucose loading
oral fatty acid loading
infusion of insulin and glucose
nicotinic acid derivatives administration
oral fatty acids loading
registration of images affected by respiratory or cardiac motion, tumor growth or shrinkage, and weight gain or loss can only be performed using
deformable registration technique
rigid registration technique
segmented coregistration
intensity-based coregistration
deformable registration technique
what percentage of the injected dose of f18 sodium fluoride is taken up by bone?
25%
50%
75%
100%
50%
which of the following pet radiotracers is the preferred method of measuring myocardial oxygen consumption noninvasively?
c11 palmitate
c11 glucose
c11 acetate
c11 lactate
c11 acetate
normal thymic activity on an f18 fdg scan will appear
v shaped
o shaped
t shaped
h shaped
v shaped
lower sensitivity of f18 l-thymidine pet for tumor detection when compared to that of fdg pet is explained by the flt uptake
lower in tumors and higher background activity in the liver and bone marrow
lower in tumors and lower background activity in the liver and bone marrow
higher in tumors and higher background activity in the liver and bone marrow
higher in tumors and lower background activity in the liver and bone marrow
lower in tumors and higher background activity in the liver and bone marrow
a highly aggressive tumor that develops from transformed cells originating in the protective lining that covers many of the internal organs of the body is called
sarcoma
glioblastoma
mesothelioma
adenocarcinoma
mesothelioma
the enormous decrease in photons detection efficiency by spect, when compared to that of pet, is caused by
shorter imaging time
lower injected dose
use of collimator
use of shielding
use of collimator
a group of brain structures responsible for behavior and emotions is called
the basal ganglia
the corpus callosum
the limbic system
the reticular formation
the limbic system
all of the following tracers have been developed and validated for the assessment of cardiac metabolism except
f18 fdg
c11 palmitate
c11 epinepephrine
c11 acetate
c11 epinepephrine
techniques known as convolution-subtraction, monte carlo modeling, direct measurement, gaussian fit techniques, methods described as multiple energy window, and model-based correction algorithms have been proposed for
random correction
scatter correction
dead-time correction
detector normalization
scatter correction
the molecular imaging strategy that involved uninterrupted interaction between the imaging probe and the molecular target (ex, a specific enzyme or receptor), is called
direct molecular imaging
surrogate molecular imaging
indirect molecular imaging
reporter gene imaging
direct molecular imaging
detecting the depth of interaction within a longer scintillation pet crystal improves the scanner
sensitivity
resolution
non-collinearity
reproducibility
resolution
the normal distribution of a blood perfusion rpx in the brain
is asymmetrical uptake in both hemispheres
flow ratio the gray matter - to - white matter is approximately 1:4
pattern of rpx distribution can be affected by auditory stimuli
flow ratio the gray matter - to - white matter is approximately 1:1
pattern of rpx distribution can be affected by auditory stimuli
breast-specific gamma imaging physiologic approach to breast imaging is employing
a high resolution gamma camera and tc99m sestamibi
a low resolution gamma camera and tc99m sestamibi
a high resolution gamma camera and tc99m sulfur colloid
a low resolution gamma camera and tc99m sulfur colloid
a high resolution gamma camera and tc99m sestamibi
the overall glucose metabolism in early-onset versus late-onset alzheimers’ disease is characterized as
greater in magnitude and lesser in extent
greater in magnitude and greater in extent
lesser in magnitude and greater in extent
lesser in magnitude and lesser in extent
greater in magnitude and greater in extent
in time of flight imaging, the measurements of the time delay between detection of the coincident annihilation photons allow
more accurate suv measurements
more precise localization of the source
to avoid motion artifacts
to reduce scanning time
more precise localization of the source
the molecular imaging strategy involving reporter gene methods is called
direct molecular imaging
surrogate molecular imaging
indirect molecular imaging
delay molecular imaging
indirect molecular imaging
the n13 isotope returns with a beta positive decay scheme to
oxygen 18
boron 11
carbon 13
nitrogen 15
carbon 13
avalanche photodiodes, semiconductor devices, are
light detectors
xray detectors
magnetic field detectors
ultrasound detectors
light detectors
lidocaine, procainamide, or iv amiodarone is used in cpr to
induce vasoconstriction
increase aortic diastolic blood pressure
produce hypotension
prevent tachyarrhythmias
prevent tachyarrhythmias
in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the true positive fraction of a diagnostic test is plotted against
true negative fraction
true positive plus true negative fraction
false-positive fraction
true positive plus false-positive fraction
false-positive fraction
each sinogram of the raw data acquired in pet represents
the data acquired at the projection angles across all slices
the data acquired from the center of the gantry
the data for the slice across all projection angles
the data acquired from the center of the fov
the data for the slice across all projection angles
which of the following statements describing positron emission mammography imaging is false
scan is performed in sitting up position
scan mimics mammographic views
scan provides tomographic views
scan provides resolution of about 5 mm
scan provides resolution of about 5 mm
pet myocardial perfusion imaging is the most beneficial for the group of patients described as
young and hypotensive
obese and women
hypertensive and men
smokers and diabetics
obese and women
which of the following pet rpx is directly produced out of the target without further chemistry?
f18 fdg
n13 ammonia
f18 fluorine gas
c11 choline
n13 ammonia
the theory of using metabolic tracers for viability evaluation is based on the concept that
viable myocytes are metabolically inactive, whereas scarred or fibrotic tissue is metabolically active
viable myocytes are metabolically active, whereas scarred or fibrotic tissue are metabolically inactive
viable myocytes and scarred or fibrotic tissue are metabolically inactive
viable myocytes and scarred or fibrotic tissue are metabolically active
viable myocytes are metabolically active, whereas scarred or fibrotic tissue are metabolically inactive
which of the following statements describing f18 fdg pet imaging in thyroid carcinoma is false?
pet can be negative in well-differentiated types
pet negative lesions are more likely to be resistant to i131 treatment
fdg uptake is proportional to iodine uptake
pet may not be accurate in patients with tg levels below 2 ng/dL
fdg uptake is proportional to iodine uptake
the pet imaging agents f18 flt are markers of
tumor hypoxia
cell proliferation
angiogenesis
glucose metabolism
cell proliferation
breast cancer imaging with pet tracers can include all of the following approaches except
perfusion imaging
proliferation imaging
vasculature imaging
neurotransmitters imaging
neurotransmitters imaging
what fraction of energy generated in the xray tube system is converted to xray?
1%
5%
10%
15%
1%
which of the following medications should be withheld in patients undergoing pharmacological stress with dipyridamole?
albuterol
aspirin
aggrenox
advair
aggrenox
according to the pet response criteria in solid tumors - criteria for treatment response evaluation, the changes in suvs should be assessed as
percentage change in the same lesion
percentage change in the hottest lesion
value change in the same lesion
value change in the hottest lesion
percentage change in the hottest lesion
a group of nuclei associated with voluntary motor control is called
basal ganglia
corpus callosum
limbic system
reticular formation
basal ganglia
the spread of electrical stimuli through the atria and ventricles is called
repolarization
depolarization
agitation
initiation
depolarization
clinical categories of non-hodgkins lymphomas include all of the following except
acute
indolent
aggressive
highly aggressive
acute
the pet qc procedure that corrects for nonuniformities in images due to variation in the gain of pm tubes, location of the detector in the block, and the physical variation of the detector is called
blank scan
calibration
normalization
resolution
normalization
the rate of brain metabolism is measured by the consumption of
oxygen and free fatty acids
insulin
oxygen and glucose
phosphocreatine
oxygen and glucose
according to the percist for treatment response evaluation, the following requirements of pet scans performance have to be met except
suv should be corrected for lean body mass
suv should be corrected for serum glucose levels
evaluation for proper pet and ct registration should be performed
the right hepatic lobe background should be determined
suv should be corrected for serum glucose levels
left ventricular ejection fraction measurements during gated pet perfusion imaging are assessed
at rest only
at rest and during peak stress
at rest and post-stress
post-stress only
at rest and during peak stress
the tumor’s total glycolytic volume is defined as
suv x injected activity
suv x tumor volume
tumor volume x glucose level
injected activity x glucose level
suv x tumor volume
the intensity of fdg uptake in the majority of mesotheliomas
ranges from absent to low
ranges from low to moderate
ranges from moderate to high
is always high
ranges from moderate to high
the pattern of myocardial blood flow, combined with myocardial glucose metabolism called a reverse mismatch pattern, is defined as
decreased myocardial blood flow and decreased myocardial glucose metabolism
decreased myocardial blood flow and retained myocardial glucose metabolism
normal myocardial blood flow and decreased myocardial glucose metabolism
normal myocardial flow and retained myocardial glucose metabolism
normal myocardial blood flow and decreased myocardial glucose metabolism
melanomas that develop from cells that do not contain pigment are called
metastatic melanomas
amelanotic melanomas
melanomas in situ
primary melanomas
amelanotic melanomas
under conditions of mild to moderate myocardial ischemia
anaerobic metabolism stops and fatty acid oxidation turns up
fatty acid oxidation stops and anaerobic metabolism turns up
fatty acid oxidation and anaerobic metabolism stops
anaerobic metabolism and fatty acid oxidation turn up
fatty acid oxidation stops and anaerobic metabolism turns up
the relative amount of damage caused by a particular type of radiation is called
distribution factor
quality factor
damage factor
dose rate factor
quality factor
when pet/ct is used instead of either alone, overall accuracy of diagnosis
is decreased by 20 to 25%
is the same
is increased by 20 to 25%
is increased by 90 to 95%
is increased by 20 to 25%
pet fdg studies in patients diagnosed with huntington’s disease demonstrate
decreased uptake in the caudate nucleus and putamen
decreased uptake in the hypothalamus and cerebellum
increased uptake in the caudate nucleus and putamen
increased uptake in the hypothalamus and cerebellum
decreased uptake in the caudate nucleus and putamen
the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors defines all of the following categories of tumor response to therapy except
complete response
partial response
stable disease
recurrent disease
recurrent disease
clinical characteristics of a lesion that raise concern for the possibility of melanoma include all of the following except
asymmetry of a lesion
the lesion borders irregularity
the lesion color homogeneity
the lesion thicker than 6 mm
the lesion color homogeneity
the following statements describing different techniques of image registration are true except
warping is an example of deformable image registration technique
rigid registration methods are less complex than deformable ones
deformable registration techniques should be performed before rigid registration
rigid registration methods allow transformations such as translation, rotation
deformable registration techniques should be performed before rigid registration
the chronic complications of diabetes include all of the following except
retinopathy
nephropathy
dyslipidemia
ketoacidosis
ketoacidosis
the delayed coincidence channel technique is a commonly implemented method for
random correction
scatter correction
dead-time correction
detector normalization
random correction
the paroxysmal, synchronous, rhythmic firing of a population of pathologically interconnected neurons is called
ictal events
rapid eye movement
interictal events
non-rapid eye movement
ictal events
the f18 sodium fluoride uptake mechanism in bone is dependent on
cell proliferation
osteoblastic activity
glucose metabolism
cell wall synthesis
osteoblastic activity
according to the recist, progressive disease is defined as an increase in the sum of all tumor diameters from the lowest tumor size for at least
10%
20%
30%
40%
20%
according to the cms, an inconclusive test is a test whose results can be designated by all of the following except
equivocal
unpredictable
technically uninterpretable
discordant with a patient’s clinical data
unpredictable
the pet/ct qc procedure performed daily to ensure proper 511 kev attenuation coefficient measurements is called
registration
calibration
normalization
singles
calibration
increased expression of the insulin-independent glucose transporter, glut1, and absence of the insulin dependent transporter, glut4, in the lactating breast is responsible for
physiologic high uptake of fdg
pathologic low uptake of fdg
pathologic high uptake of fdg
physiologic low uptake of fdg
physiologic high uptake of fdg
a registration technique that employs two images as inputs, and creates the displacement field which specifies the transformations that should be applied to pixels of one of the images so that it can be aligned with the other, is called
deformable registration technique
rigid registration technique
segmented coregistration
intensity-based coregistration
deformable registration technique
which of the following patient/lesion characteristics supports benign nature of lung disease?
pet suv > 2.5
patient age 20-29 years
upper/middle lobe location
hx of malignancy
patient age 20-29 years
the arrangement of detectors in positron emission mammography results in a spatial resolution of
1.5-2 mm fwhm
2-4 mm fwhm
4-6 mm fwhm
6-8 mm fwhm
1.5-2 mm fwhm
which of the following pet cardiac tracers has been used to assess regional myocardial consumption of oxygen?
f18 fdg
c11 palmitate
c11 epinephrine
c11 acetate
c11 acetate
which of the following statements describing properties of contrast agents is false?
ionic agents cause fewer adverse reactions than nonionic medias
water-equivalent contrast agents are negative medias
allergic reactions to iv contrast agents may occur up to 48 hours post administration
contrast agent can cause thyrotoxic effects
ionic agents cause fewer adverse reactions than nonionic medias
the most common indication for use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is for the treatment of
anemia after cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy
thrombocytopenia after cancer chemo or radiotherapy
neutropenia after cancer chemo or radiotherapy
alopecia after cancer chemo or radiotherapy
neutropenia after cancer chemo or radiotherapy
the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus are the main components of
the basal ganglia
the corpus callosum
the limbic system
the reticular formation
the basal ganglia
a procedure that causes the membranes around the lung to stick together and prevents buildup of fluid in the space between the membranes is called
thoracocentesis
pleurodesis
aspiration
biopsy
pleurodesis
a glycoprotein that regulates production, differentiation, survival, and activation of neutrophils and neutrophilic precursors, is called
erythropoietin
thrombopoietin
macrophage colony stimulating factor
granulocyte colony stimulating factor
granulocyte colony stimulating factor
the who and recist provide standardized methodologies for assessing treatment response based on
morphological evaluation
metabolic evaluation
functional assessment
quantitative assessment
morphological evaluation
which of the following is an example of molecular and functional alterations occurring in cancer tissue?
decreased amino acid transport
decreased dna synthesis
increased oxygen tension
increased membrane synthesis
increased membrane synthesis
a major advantage of n13 ammonia pet mpi, as compared with rb82 pet mpi, is the ability to perform a/an
shorter study
exercise-induced stress mpi study
pharmaceutical stress mpi studies
low-cost studies
exercise-induced stress mpi study
