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PET Study Guide > practice test 3 > Flashcards

practice test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following cardiac imaging studies deliver the lowest estimated effective radiation dose?

rb82 rest and stress
ct attenuation correction
n13 ammonia rest and stress
o15 water rest and stress

A

ct attenuation correction

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2
Q

recovery coefficient, geometric transfer matrix, and deconvolution technique are modification methods employed in

attenuation calculation
scatter correction
partial-volume effect correction
attenuation measurement

A

partial-volume effect correction

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3
Q

the number of electrons discharged from the cathode filament is controlled by the

tube voltage (kv)
temp of the anode
tube current (ma)
distance from the target

A

tube current (ma)

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4
Q

which of the following are the most common artifacts in pet/ct imaging?

truncation artifacts
motion artifacts
contrast medium artifacts
metallic implant artifacts

A

motion artifacts

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5
Q

the pet scanner qc procedure in which data are used to convert the reconstructed pixel values into activity concentration is called

normalization
calibration
blank scan
attenuation correction

A

calibration

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6
Q

post-processing technique performed on ct images that involves reformatting of cross-sectional images to produce images of the outside of anatomical structures is called

multiplanar recon
3d surface rendering
cone beam recon
back projection

A

3d surface rendering

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7
Q

all of the following statements describing the usefulness of pet fdg imaging in renal cell carcinoma are correct except

high physiologic background activity in urine limits scan interpretation accuracy

metastatic rcc has more intense fdg uptake compared with the primary

primary rcc has more intense fdg uptake compared with the metastatic

the administration of furosemide can be beneficial for reducing false negative scan results

A

primary rcc has more intense fdg uptake compared with the metastatic

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8
Q

the recon algorithm that reduces the unnecessary 3d data to a stack of independent 2d sonograms, which can then be recon using either 2d fbp or 2d iterative algorithms is called

fourier transform
convolution
filtering
fourier rebinning

A

fourier rebinning

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9
Q

the patented pet tracers that have been developed by an rpx developer or manufacturer are called

proprietary agents
research agents
nonproprietary agents
contrast agents

A

proprietary agents

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10
Q

the following are examples of molecular and functional alterations occurring in cancer tissue except

increased protein synthesis
increased angiogenesis
increased oxygen tension
increased glucose metabolism

A

increased oxygen tension

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11
Q

which of the following types of cardiac scanning processing requires performance of blood pool subtraction?

imaging using o15 water
imaging using rb82
imaging using c11
imaging using n13 ammonia

A

imaging using o15 water

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12
Q

which of the following halogens most closely resembles the size of the hydrogen atom?

Br2
Cl2
F2
I2

A

F2

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13
Q

two photons arising from the same annihilation event and detected along two different LORs are

true coincidences
random events
scatter coincidences
single events

A

scatter coincidences

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14
Q

pet/ct imaging artifact described as a liver lesions that can inaccurately become visible at the base of the lung and mimics a lung nodule is produced by

contrast medium
respiratory motion
patient motion
dose extravasation

A

respiratory motion

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15
Q

which of the following physical properties of different scintillators describe LSO?

attenuation coefficient 0.96, relative light output 15, decay time 300 ns

0.87, 75, 40 ns

0.35, 100, 230 ns

0.44, 5, 0.6 ns

A

0.87, 75, 40 ns

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16
Q

which of the following statements describing brown adipose tissue is true?

it is richly innervated by parasympathetic nerves

it is not present in newborns

its primary function is to generate body heat

it contains cells rich in ribosomes

A

its primary function is to generate body heat

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17
Q

which of the following rpxs has been developed as the pet tracer to measure a membrane lipid synthesis?

f18 fluoride
f18 fluorocholine
f18 fluoroestradiol
f18 fluorothymidine

A

f18 fluorocholine

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18
Q

the molecular imaging strategy that replicates the downstream physiological effects of one or more molecular or genetic processes is called

direct molecular imaging
surrogate molecular imaging
indirect molecular imaging
reporter gene imaging

A

surrogate molecular imaging

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19
Q

which of the following detectors that have been used in pet imaging is intrinsically radioactive?

lso
BaF2
bgo
gso

A

lso

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20
Q

in which of the following types of seizures consciousness is not impaired?

partial complex seizures
partial simple seizures
petit mal seizures
grand mal seizures

A

partial simple seizures

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21
Q

mean sensitivity and specificity of pet myocardial perfusion studies for the detection of coronary artery disease are accordingly

93% and 50%
93% and 92%
50% and 92%
50% and 50%

A

93% and 92%

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22
Q

hot-for-cold substitution is applied in the development process of all of the following pet tracers except

c11
o15
n13
f18

A

f18

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23
Q

the pattern of fdg uptake in multi-infarct dementia is characterized by

the parietotemporal hypometabolism
the visual cortices involvement
the frontotemporal regions involvement
scattered regions of hypometabolism

A

scattered regions of hypometabolism

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24
Q

any chest area that specially attenuates the xray beam and as a result appears more dense than the surrounding region is called

plaque
opacity
atelectasis
pneumonia

A

opacity

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25
Q

the area of maximal electrophysiological interictal activity is called

the brain infarct
the epileptic focus
the epileptogenic lesion
the brain ischemia

A

the epileptic focus

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26
Q

fluoromisonidazole (f18 miso) was developed as the pet tracer to assess

membrane synthesis
lipids metabolism
hypoxia extent
protein synthesis

A

hypoxia event

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27
Q

which of the following statements describing hypoxia in a growing tumor is false?

hypoxia inhibits cell proliferation

hypoxia promotes cells adaptive responses

hypoxia “guards” cells from the cytotoxic effects of radiation

hypoxia is independent from the local vasculature

A

hypoxia is independent from the local vasculature

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28
Q

normal, focal ureteral activity can be seen in

the lower pelvis
lower abdomen
superior pelvis
superior abdomen

A

superior pelvis

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29
Q

ct acquisition performed by acquiring unenhanced ct images first, followed by a series of ct images after iv injection of contrast medium, is called

unenhanced ct with a low-dose technique
dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) ct
dual energy ct
multislice ct

A

dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) ct

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30
Q

dementia with lewy bodies has bilateral temporoparietal decreased fdg uptake similar to that present in patients with alzheimer’s disease, and also involves

the frontal lobe
the occipital lobe
the cerebellum
the basal ganglia

A

the cerebellum

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31
Q

the main objective of bayesian analysis is to combine both clinical and imaging-based characteristics to obtain an assessment of the

cost of treatment
time of recovery
probability of disease
longtime prognosis

A

probability of disease

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32
Q

radiation effects on bone marrow affecting fdg uptake can be described as

increased uptake in the area of the spine
increased area of uptake corresponding to the radiation field
decreased uptake in the area of the spine
decreased area of uptake corresponding to the radiation field

A

decreased area of uptake corresponding to the radiation field

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33
Q

hybrid pet/ct scanners, equipped with multislice ct, can be used to perform the following types of cardiac diagnostic imaging except

pet myocardial perfusion study
coronary angiography
echocardiography
calcium scoring

A

echocardiography

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34
Q

the sphincter muscle that protects the opening of the esophagus into the stomach is called the

pyloric sphincter
esophageal sphincter
sphincter of oddie
sphincter ani

A

esophageal sphincter

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35
Q

the consequences of the mesothelioma stage on treatment selection depend entirely on whether

chemotherapy will be a treatment possibility

surgical intervention will be a treatment possibility

radiotherapy will be a treatment possibility

radioimmunotherapy will be a treatment possibility

A

surgical intervention will be a treatment possibility

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36
Q

the most common site for distant mets of colorectal cancer is

lung
brain
liver
spleen

A

liver

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37
Q

according to the cotswold system, involvement of lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm describe

stage I lymphoma
stage II lymphoma
stage III lymphoma
stage IV lymphoma

A

stage III lymphoma

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38
Q

the main physiochemical property of a pet rpx that decides its ability to enter the brain and label the target receptor or enzyme is its

lipophilicity
hydrophilicity
molecular mass
electrical charge

A

lipophilicity

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39
Q

cardiac pet quantification of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve may be useful for detection and evaluation of all of the following except

left ventricle ejection fraction

balanced ischemia on qualitative images

evaluation of collateral flow

identification of endothelial dysfunction

A

left ventricle ejection fraction

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40
Q

diffusely increased marrow fdg uptake may be secondary to all of the following except

radiation therapy
anemia
inflammation
G-CSF therapy

A

radiation therapy

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41
Q

malignant attributes of pulmonary nodules on ct include

small size
decrease in size over time
round margins
mixed attenuation

A

mixed attenuation

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42
Q

pet has been shown to have reduced sensitivity in patients with colorectal

mucinous adenocarcinoma
carcinoma in situ
metastatic carcinoma
poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma

A

mucinous adenocarcinoma

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43
Q

according to the cotswold system, involvement of a single lymph node region or involvement of a single extra-lymphatic organ outlines

stage I lymphoma
stage II lymphoma
stage III lymphoma
stage IV lymphoma

A

stage I lymphoma

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44
Q

in rooms with a negative pressure, the direction of airflow at the boundaries of the room is

out of the room
into the room
around the room
below the room

A

into the room

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45
Q

clinical semiology of seizures, one of the main areas of study in patients with epilepsy, evaluates

signs and symptoms
electroencephalograms
magnetoencephalograms
autopsy findings

A

signs and symptoms

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46
Q

which of the following statements correctly explains the influence of fdg pet imaging on staging in patients with hodgkin’s lymphoma?

upstaging of approximately 15-25% of patients

downstaging in a small minority of patients

upstaging in a small minority of patients

downstaging of approximately 15-25% of patients

A

upstaging of approximately 15-25% of patients

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47
Q

a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule and by binding to a site on a target protein serves as a signal triggering molecule is called

enzyme
ligand
tracer
isotope

A

ligand

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48
Q

within the broad group of malignant lymphomas, the hodgkin’s disease is set apart from other lymphomas by the presence of

splenomegaly
the reed-sternberg cells
the schwann cells
lymphadenopathy

A

the reed-sternberg cells

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49
Q

the brain structure described as a “sensory relay” is called

the limbic system
the thalamus
the hypothalamus
the cerebellum

A

the thalamus

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50
Q

a pencil shape, a fan shape, and a cone shape are commonly used terms in radiography to describe

ct detector
pet crystal
xray beam
pet/ct fusion

A

xray beam

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51
Q

the tumors that arose from cells that stem from the neural crest cells, and share a characteristic feature to produce peptide hormones, as well as synthesize amines from certain precursors are called

sarcomas
fibroid tumors
adenocarcinomas
neuroendocrine tumors

A

neuroendocrine tumors

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52
Q

all of the following statements appropriately describe the usefulness of fdg pet imaging in malignant pleural mesothelioma except

fdg pet reduces the number of futile surgical procedures

fdg pet is useful for guiding needle biopsy

fdg pet/ct increases the accuracy of overall MPM staging

high levels of fdg uptake are associated with a favorable prognosis

A

high levels of fdg uptake are associated with a favorable prognosis

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53
Q

the annual allowable limit for radiation exposure for the total effective dose equivalent to the whole body is less than or equal to

10 msv (1 rem)
20 msv (2 rem)
50 msv (5 rem)
500 msv (50 rem)

A

50 msv (5 rem)

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54
Q

the amount of fdg uptake in atherosclerotic lesions correlates with

the density of eosinophils in the lesions

the density of erythrocytes in the lesions

the density of macrophages in the lesions

the density of basophils in the lesions

A

the density of macrophages in the lesions

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55
Q

the ac pet images, when compared to the nac images

have less noise
require additional time
are prone to artifacts
don’t allow suv measurement

A

are prone to artifacts

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56
Q

selected tumors with low/variable fdg uptake include all of the following except

bronchoalveolar carcinoma

iodine-avid differentiated thyroid cancer

metastatic liver carcinoma

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

metastatic liver carcinoma

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57
Q

increased synthesis of monoclonal immunoglobulins in multiple myeloma functions as a straightforward approach for functional imaging with

f18 fdg
c11 methionine
c11raclopride
f18 fluoride

A

c11 methionine

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58
Q

when compared with ga68 dota peptides, f18 dopa may offer advantages for the detection of neuroendocrine tumors with

a high expression of SSR
a low or absent expression of SSR
a decreased glucose metabolism
an increased glucose metabolism

A

a low or absent expression of SSR

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59
Q

cancer that starts in antibody producing white blood cells is called

lymphocytic leukemia
multiple myeloma
hodgkin’s lymphoma
monocytic leukemia

A

multiple myeloma

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60
Q

hypometabolic area seen after radiation therapy in patients with treated cns brain tumor, adjacent to or distant from the tumor is secondary to

inflammation
edema
stroke
metastases

A

edema

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61
Q

the ecg records normal electrical currents as specific waves in the following order

p wave, qrs complex, st segment, t wave, and u wave

qrs complex, p wave, st segment, t wave, and u wave

qrs complex, u wave, p wave, st segment, and t wave

p wave, qrs complex, st segment, u wave, and t wave

A

p wave, qrs complex, st segment, t wave, and u wave

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62
Q

the difference among the daily blank sinogram, and a reference blank sinogram acquired at some point in the last setup of the scanner, is called

average variance
streak artifact
scatter correction
calibration factor

A

average variance

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63
Q

radiation dose equivalency is measured in

rad
rem
curie
roentgen

A

rem

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64
Q

pet f18 fdg findings commonly observed in patients with copd include

diffusely increased f18 fdg activity in the lungs

decreased lung volume

prominent right ventricle fdg uptake

decreased anteroposterior thoracic diameter

A

prominent right ventricle fdg uptake

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65
Q

the main advantage of the straton xray tube over the traditional xray tube results mainly from

more effective shielding
more effective cooling and heat dissipation
lower price and energy use
user-friendly interface

A

more effective cooling and heat dissipation

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66
Q

all of the following statements correctly describe the postsurgical f18 fdg uptake at the intervention site except

postsurgical fdg uptake is mainly diffuse
postsurgical fdg uptake corresponds to the site of surgery
postsurgical fdg uptake increases in intensity over time
postsurgical fdg uptake decreases in size over time

A

postsurgical fdg uptake increases in intensity over time

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67
Q

the manifestation of hypermetabolic lesions in architecturally unchanged trabecular bone in patients with multiple myeloma suggests the presence of

scar tissue
bone metastases
active lesions
avascular necrosis

A

active lesions

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68
Q

all of the following types of medications are affecting fdg uptake in patients with brain tumors except

corticosteroids
mineralocorticoids
sedatives
anticonvulsants

A

mineralocorticoids

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69
Q

the incremental prognostic value of pet myocardial perfusion imaging

predicts recovery time after cardiac events
predicts time to hospital discharge
predicts adverse cardiac events
predicts cost of treatment

A

predicts adverse cardiac events

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70
Q

the most common sites of net onset are

the bronchus/lungs and gastroenteropancreatic tract
the brain and the skin
the thyroid and the urinary tract
adrenal glands and genital tract

A

the bronchus/lungs and gastroenteropancreatic tract

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70
Q

all of the following findings have been observed on fdg pet scans of patients with cystic fibrosis except

the higher focal activity was seen during disease exacerbation

the higher focal activity disappeared on the pet scan after antibiotic therapy

the pet foci showed corresponding ct scan findings

the higher focal activity disappeared on the ct scan after antibiotic therapy

A

the higher focal activity disappeared on the ct scan after antibiotic therapy

71
Q

ring dosimeters should be issued to individuals who are likely to exceed a minimum extremity dose of

1,000 mr/year (10 msv)
2,000 mr/year (20 msv)
5,000 mr/year (50 msv)
10,000 mr/year (100 msv)

A

5,000 mr/year (50 msv)

72
Q

pattern of fdg uptake in the normal tonsils, soft palate, mylohyoid muscle, and sublingual glands observed on sagittal images is described as

c shape
t shape
inverted c shape
inverted t shape

A

inverted c shape

73
Q

the snmmi recommends that f18 fdg pet should be routinely performed on patients previously treated for differentiated thyroid cancer when the findings of radioactive iodine whole-body imaging are negative and

the thyroglobulin (tg) levels are more than 10 ng/ml
the tg levels are less than 10 ng/ml
tsh levels are more than 30 mIU/L
tsh levels are less than 30 mIU/L

A

the tg levels are more than 10 ng/ml

74
Q

the following are amino acids except

leucine
methionine
choline
tyrosine

A

choline

75
Q

a profile of the counts across the point source image is called

system resolution
system sensitivity
point spread function
line spread function

A

point spread function

76
Q

the most important single prognostic factor for survival and prognosis in patients diagnosed with nets is the presence of

brain mets
lung mets
liver mets
lymph node mets

A

liver mets

77
Q

the interaction between penetrating radiation and matter when the incident xray photon deflected from its original path loses energy but continues to travel through the material along an altered path is called

the photoelectric effect
compton scattering
the pair production
bremsstrahlung radiation

A

the photoelectric effect

78
Q

frontotemporal dementia is a clinical syndrome known as

pick’s disease
vascular dementia
alzheimer’s disease
dementia with lewy bodies

A

pick’s disease

79
Q

all of the following pet myocardial perfusion tracers are used for noninvasive myocardial blood flow quantitation except

o15 water
rb82
c11 acetate
n13 ammonia

A

c11 acetate

80
Q

in the resting myocardium, and under normal conditions, 15 to 20% of the energy is delivered by

vitamin c
glucose
choline
fatty acids

A

glucose

81
Q

pet/ct findings in anaplastic thyroid cancer imaging can be described by all of the following except

pet and pet/ct define the local extent of disease and the presence of mets

a positive pet/ct scan after therapy is linked with longer survival

pet and pet/ct have an impact on patients’ management

intense fdg uptake and volume are prognostic for a bad outcome

A

a positive pet/ct scan after therapy is linked with longer survival

82
Q

interictal pet scans are most valuable in the management of the patient with

partial complex seizures
partial simple seizures
petit mal seizures
grand mal seizures

A

partial complex seizures

83
Q

the fdg pet sensitivity and specificity in restaging and follow-up of melanoma are accordingly

56 and 45%
70 and 74%
92 and 94%
100 and 100%

A

92 and 94%

84
Q

all of the following rpxs can be used for the evaluation of recurrent or residual medullary thyroid carcinoma except

in111 octreoscan
c11 acetate
f18 dopa
ga68 dotatoc

A

c11 acetate

85
Q

possible explanations of relative insensitivity of fdg pet for the detection of regional nodal mets in patients with esophageal carcinoma include

the mediastinal proximity
the primary tumor mass proximity
esophagitis
barrett esophagus

A

the primary tumor mass proximity

86
Q

the signal to noise ratio is the ratio obtained when the signal in an image is

divided by the background in the image
multiplied by the background in the image
divided by the noise in the image
multiplied by the background in the image

A

divided by the noise in the image

87
Q

the following statements describing pet and pet/ct for the management of patients with breast cancer are true except

pet has limited sensitivity in detecting lesions less than 10 mm

pet/ct cannot detect a lesion beyond the resolution of the ct

in situ carcinoma shows higher fdg uptake than invasive ductal cancer

dense breast may mask small and low-grade tumors

A

in situ carcinoma shows higher fdg uptake than invasive ductal cancer

88
Q

f18 l-dopa was developed as the pet tracer to visualize

neurons in the basal ganglia
amyloid in the brain cortex
viable myocardium
sentinel node

A

neurons in the basal ganglia

89
Q

which of the following structures function as the normal pacemaker of the heart?

atrioventricular node
sinoatrial node
right bundle branches
ventricular myocardium

A

sinoatrial node

90
Q

the single most important factor in determining initial prognosis and the need for adjuvant chemotherapy for patients diagnosed with breast cancer is/are

axillary lymph node mets
histologic tumor type
tumor size
mediastinal lymph node mets

A

axillary lymph node mets

91
Q

the primary difference between nema performance measurements, defined as nu 2-2007 and nu 2-2001 is

nu 2-2007 addresses spatial resolution measurement using a point source

nu 2-2007 addresses the intrinsic radioactivity in lso and lyso crystals

nu 2-2001 addresses intrinsic scatter fraction measurement

nu 2-2001 addresses the intrinsic radioactivity in lso and lyso crystals

A

nu 2-2007 addresses the intrinsic radioactivity in lso and lyso crystals

92
Q

the physiological breast uptake in postmenopausal women, who are not on hormone replacement therapy, should be

absent
less than the liver
more than the liver
more than the heart

A

less than the liver

93
Q

all of the following factors contribute to degradation of resolution in the reconstructed images in pet imaging except

positron range
inter-crystal scattering
the width of scintillation crystals
photon collinearity

A

photon collinearity

94
Q

in the evaluation of malignancy, misinterpreting normal uptake of f18 fdg within the thymus results in a potential pitfall in the evaluation of the

posterior mediastinum
anterior mediastinum
pericardium
pleura

A

anterior mediastinum

95
Q

scatter events comprise ____ in 3d pet

10-20% of all events
20-30% of all events
30-40% of all events
40-60% of all events

A

40-60% of all events

96
Q

f18 fdg use in patients with suspected primary and residual/recurrent gliomas is limited by

the low fdg uptake in normal brain tissue
the high fdg uptake in normal brain tissue
the low fdg uptake in tumor tissue
the high fdg uptake in tumor tissue

A

the high fdg uptake in normal brain tissue

97
Q

the most important problem with pet/mr scanner is

correcting for attenuation of gamma rays
correcting for scatter of gamma rays
correcting for patient motion
correcting for breathing artifacts

A

correcting for attenuation of gamma rays

98
Q

the path distance required for a positron to find an electron for annihilation depends on

the number of positrons and number of electrons in the immediate area of decay

the energy of positron and number of electrons in the immediate area of decay

the energy of positron and energy of electron in the immediate area of decay

the number of positrons and charge of electrons in the immediate area of decay

A

the energy of positron and number of electrons in the immediate area of decay

99
Q

abnormal bone fdg uptake by tumor cells is proportional to

blood flow
osteoblastic activity
glucose metabolism
cell wall synthesis

A

glucose metabolism

100
Q

which of the following thyroid carcinomas is the most aggressive form of thyroid malignancy?

papillary
follicular
medullary
anaplastic

A

anaplastic

101
Q

which of the following tissues has the lowest ct number?

fat
blood
muscle
bone

A

fat

102
Q

coronary vasodilator reserve is defined as the ratio between

peak hyperemic and rest myocardial blood flow
rest myocardial and peak hyperemic blood flow
peak hyperemic and post-stress myocardial blood flow
rest myocardial and post-stress myocardial blood flow

A

peak hyperemic and rest myocardial blood flow

103
Q

the spatial resolution in normal breast tissue in the wb pet scanner is negatively impacted by lying down because of

cardiac motion
respiratory motion
table motion
gantry motion

A

respiratory motion

104
Q

all of the following interventions enhance myocardial fdg uptake except

oral glucose loading
oral fatty acid loading
infusion of insulin and glucose
nicotinic acid derivatives administration

A

oral fatty acids loading

105
Q

registration of images affected by respiratory or cardiac motion, tumor growth or shrinkage, and weight gain or loss can only be performed using

deformable registration technique
rigid registration technique
segmented coregistration
intensity-based coregistration

A

deformable registration technique

106
Q

what percentage of the injected dose of f18 sodium fluoride is taken up by bone?

25%
50%
75%
100%

A

50%

107
Q

which of the following pet radiotracers is the preferred method of measuring myocardial oxygen consumption noninvasively?

c11 palmitate
c11 glucose
c11 acetate
c11 lactate

A

c11 acetate

108
Q

normal thymic activity on an f18 fdg scan will appear

v shaped
o shaped
t shaped
h shaped

A

v shaped

109
Q

lower sensitivity of f18 l-thymidine pet for tumor detection when compared to that of fdg pet is explained by the flt uptake

lower in tumors and higher background activity in the liver and bone marrow

lower in tumors and lower background activity in the liver and bone marrow

higher in tumors and higher background activity in the liver and bone marrow

higher in tumors and lower background activity in the liver and bone marrow

A

lower in tumors and higher background activity in the liver and bone marrow

110
Q

a highly aggressive tumor that develops from transformed cells originating in the protective lining that covers many of the internal organs of the body is called

sarcoma
glioblastoma
mesothelioma
adenocarcinoma

A

mesothelioma

111
Q

the enormous decrease in photons detection efficiency by spect, when compared to that of pet, is caused by

shorter imaging time
lower injected dose
use of collimator
use of shielding

A

use of collimator

112
Q

a group of brain structures responsible for behavior and emotions is called

the basal ganglia
the corpus callosum
the limbic system
the reticular formation

A

the limbic system

113
Q

all of the following tracers have been developed and validated for the assessment of cardiac metabolism except

f18 fdg
c11 palmitate
c11 epinepephrine
c11 acetate

A

c11 epinepephrine

114
Q

techniques known as convolution-subtraction, monte carlo modeling, direct measurement, gaussian fit techniques, methods described as multiple energy window, and model-based correction algorithms have been proposed for

random correction
scatter correction
dead-time correction
detector normalization

A

scatter correction

115
Q

the molecular imaging strategy that involved uninterrupted interaction between the imaging probe and the molecular target (ex, a specific enzyme or receptor), is called

direct molecular imaging
surrogate molecular imaging
indirect molecular imaging
reporter gene imaging

A

direct molecular imaging

116
Q

detecting the depth of interaction within a longer scintillation pet crystal improves the scanner

sensitivity
resolution
non-collinearity
reproducibility

A

resolution

117
Q

the normal distribution of a blood perfusion rpx in the brain

is asymmetrical uptake in both hemispheres

flow ratio the gray matter - to - white matter is approximately 1:4

pattern of rpx distribution can be affected by auditory stimuli

flow ratio the gray matter - to - white matter is approximately 1:1

A

pattern of rpx distribution can be affected by auditory stimuli

118
Q

breast-specific gamma imaging physiologic approach to breast imaging is employing

a high resolution gamma camera and tc99m sestamibi
a low resolution gamma camera and tc99m sestamibi
a high resolution gamma camera and tc99m sulfur colloid
a low resolution gamma camera and tc99m sulfur colloid

A

a high resolution gamma camera and tc99m sestamibi

119
Q

the overall glucose metabolism in early-onset versus late-onset alzheimers’ disease is characterized as

greater in magnitude and lesser in extent
greater in magnitude and greater in extent
lesser in magnitude and greater in extent
lesser in magnitude and lesser in extent

A

greater in magnitude and greater in extent

120
Q

in time of flight imaging, the measurements of the time delay between detection of the coincident annihilation photons allow

more accurate suv measurements
more precise localization of the source
to avoid motion artifacts
to reduce scanning time

A

more precise localization of the source

121
Q

the molecular imaging strategy involving reporter gene methods is called

direct molecular imaging
surrogate molecular imaging
indirect molecular imaging
delay molecular imaging

A

indirect molecular imaging

122
Q

the n13 isotope returns with a beta positive decay scheme to

oxygen 18
boron 11
carbon 13
nitrogen 15

A

carbon 13

123
Q

avalanche photodiodes, semiconductor devices, are

light detectors
xray detectors
magnetic field detectors
ultrasound detectors

A

light detectors

124
Q

lidocaine, procainamide, or iv amiodarone is used in cpr to

induce vasoconstriction
increase aortic diastolic blood pressure
produce hypotension
prevent tachyarrhythmias

A

prevent tachyarrhythmias

125
Q

in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the true positive fraction of a diagnostic test is plotted against

true negative fraction
true positive plus true negative fraction
false-positive fraction
true positive plus false-positive fraction

A

false-positive fraction

126
Q

each sinogram of the raw data acquired in pet represents

the data acquired at the projection angles across all slices

the data acquired from the center of the gantry

the data for the slice across all projection angles

the data acquired from the center of the fov

A

the data for the slice across all projection angles

127
Q

which of the following statements describing positron emission mammography imaging is false

scan is performed in sitting up position

scan mimics mammographic views

scan provides tomographic views

scan provides resolution of about 5 mm

A

scan provides resolution of about 5 mm

128
Q

pet myocardial perfusion imaging is the most beneficial for the group of patients described as

young and hypotensive
obese and women
hypertensive and men
smokers and diabetics

A

obese and women

129
Q

which of the following pet rpx is directly produced out of the target without further chemistry?

f18 fdg
n13 ammonia
f18 fluorine gas
c11 choline

A

n13 ammonia

130
Q

the theory of using metabolic tracers for viability evaluation is based on the concept that

viable myocytes are metabolically inactive, whereas scarred or fibrotic tissue is metabolically active

viable myocytes are metabolically active, whereas scarred or fibrotic tissue are metabolically inactive

viable myocytes and scarred or fibrotic tissue are metabolically inactive

viable myocytes and scarred or fibrotic tissue are metabolically active

A

viable myocytes are metabolically active, whereas scarred or fibrotic tissue are metabolically inactive

131
Q

which of the following statements describing f18 fdg pet imaging in thyroid carcinoma is false?

pet can be negative in well-differentiated types

pet negative lesions are more likely to be resistant to i131 treatment

fdg uptake is proportional to iodine uptake

pet may not be accurate in patients with tg levels below 2 ng/dL

A

fdg uptake is proportional to iodine uptake

132
Q

the pet imaging agents f18 flt are markers of

tumor hypoxia
cell proliferation
angiogenesis
glucose metabolism

A

cell proliferation

133
Q

breast cancer imaging with pet tracers can include all of the following approaches except

perfusion imaging
proliferation imaging
vasculature imaging
neurotransmitters imaging

A

neurotransmitters imaging

134
Q

what fraction of energy generated in the xray tube system is converted to xray?

1%
5%
10%
15%

A

1%

135
Q

which of the following medications should be withheld in patients undergoing pharmacological stress with dipyridamole?

albuterol
aspirin
aggrenox
advair

A

aggrenox

136
Q

according to the pet response criteria in solid tumors - criteria for treatment response evaluation, the changes in suvs should be assessed as

percentage change in the same lesion
percentage change in the hottest lesion
value change in the same lesion
value change in the hottest lesion

A

percentage change in the hottest lesion

137
Q

a group of nuclei associated with voluntary motor control is called

basal ganglia
corpus callosum
limbic system
reticular formation

A

basal ganglia

138
Q

the spread of electrical stimuli through the atria and ventricles is called

repolarization
depolarization
agitation
initiation

A

depolarization

139
Q

clinical categories of non-hodgkins lymphomas include all of the following except

acute
indolent
aggressive
highly aggressive

A

acute

140
Q

the pet qc procedure that corrects for nonuniformities in images due to variation in the gain of pm tubes, location of the detector in the block, and the physical variation of the detector is called

blank scan
calibration
normalization
resolution

A

normalization

141
Q

the rate of brain metabolism is measured by the consumption of

oxygen and free fatty acids
insulin
oxygen and glucose
phosphocreatine

A

oxygen and glucose

142
Q

according to the percist for treatment response evaluation, the following requirements of pet scans performance have to be met except

suv should be corrected for lean body mass

suv should be corrected for serum glucose levels

evaluation for proper pet and ct registration should be performed

the right hepatic lobe background should be determined

A

suv should be corrected for serum glucose levels

143
Q

left ventricular ejection fraction measurements during gated pet perfusion imaging are assessed

at rest only
at rest and during peak stress
at rest and post-stress
post-stress only

A

at rest and during peak stress

144
Q

the tumor’s total glycolytic volume is defined as

suv x injected activity
suv x tumor volume
tumor volume x glucose level
injected activity x glucose level

A

suv x tumor volume

145
Q

the intensity of fdg uptake in the majority of mesotheliomas

ranges from absent to low
ranges from low to moderate
ranges from moderate to high
is always high

A

ranges from moderate to high

146
Q

the pattern of myocardial blood flow, combined with myocardial glucose metabolism called a reverse mismatch pattern, is defined as

decreased myocardial blood flow and decreased myocardial glucose metabolism

decreased myocardial blood flow and retained myocardial glucose metabolism

normal myocardial blood flow and decreased myocardial glucose metabolism

normal myocardial flow and retained myocardial glucose metabolism

A

normal myocardial blood flow and decreased myocardial glucose metabolism

147
Q

melanomas that develop from cells that do not contain pigment are called

metastatic melanomas
amelanotic melanomas
melanomas in situ
primary melanomas

A

amelanotic melanomas

148
Q

under conditions of mild to moderate myocardial ischemia

anaerobic metabolism stops and fatty acid oxidation turns up

fatty acid oxidation stops and anaerobic metabolism turns up

fatty acid oxidation and anaerobic metabolism stops

anaerobic metabolism and fatty acid oxidation turn up

A

fatty acid oxidation stops and anaerobic metabolism turns up

149
Q

the relative amount of damage caused by a particular type of radiation is called

distribution factor
quality factor
damage factor
dose rate factor

A

quality factor

150
Q

when pet/ct is used instead of either alone, overall accuracy of diagnosis

is decreased by 20 to 25%
is the same
is increased by 20 to 25%
is increased by 90 to 95%

A

is increased by 20 to 25%

151
Q

pet fdg studies in patients diagnosed with huntington’s disease demonstrate

decreased uptake in the caudate nucleus and putamen

decreased uptake in the hypothalamus and cerebellum

increased uptake in the caudate nucleus and putamen

increased uptake in the hypothalamus and cerebellum

A

decreased uptake in the caudate nucleus and putamen

152
Q

the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors defines all of the following categories of tumor response to therapy except

complete response
partial response
stable disease
recurrent disease

A

recurrent disease

153
Q

clinical characteristics of a lesion that raise concern for the possibility of melanoma include all of the following except

asymmetry of a lesion
the lesion borders irregularity
the lesion color homogeneity
the lesion thicker than 6 mm

A

the lesion color homogeneity

154
Q

the following statements describing different techniques of image registration are true except

warping is an example of deformable image registration technique

rigid registration methods are less complex than deformable ones

deformable registration techniques should be performed before rigid registration

rigid registration methods allow transformations such as translation, rotation

A

deformable registration techniques should be performed before rigid registration

155
Q

the chronic complications of diabetes include all of the following except

retinopathy
nephropathy
dyslipidemia
ketoacidosis

A

ketoacidosis

156
Q

the delayed coincidence channel technique is a commonly implemented method for

random correction
scatter correction
dead-time correction
detector normalization

A

random correction

157
Q

the paroxysmal, synchronous, rhythmic firing of a population of pathologically interconnected neurons is called

ictal events
rapid eye movement
interictal events
non-rapid eye movement

A

ictal events

158
Q

the f18 sodium fluoride uptake mechanism in bone is dependent on

cell proliferation
osteoblastic activity
glucose metabolism
cell wall synthesis

A

osteoblastic activity

159
Q

according to the recist, progressive disease is defined as an increase in the sum of all tumor diameters from the lowest tumor size for at least

10%
20%
30%
40%

A

20%

160
Q

according to the cms, an inconclusive test is a test whose results can be designated by all of the following except

equivocal
unpredictable
technically uninterpretable
discordant with a patient’s clinical data

A

unpredictable

161
Q

the pet/ct qc procedure performed daily to ensure proper 511 kev attenuation coefficient measurements is called

registration
calibration
normalization
singles

A

calibration

162
Q

increased expression of the insulin-independent glucose transporter, glut1, and absence of the insulin dependent transporter, glut4, in the lactating breast is responsible for

physiologic high uptake of fdg
pathologic low uptake of fdg
pathologic high uptake of fdg
physiologic low uptake of fdg

A

physiologic high uptake of fdg

163
Q

a registration technique that employs two images as inputs, and creates the displacement field which specifies the transformations that should be applied to pixels of one of the images so that it can be aligned with the other, is called

deformable registration technique
rigid registration technique
segmented coregistration
intensity-based coregistration

A

deformable registration technique

164
Q

which of the following patient/lesion characteristics supports benign nature of lung disease?

pet suv > 2.5
patient age 20-29 years
upper/middle lobe location
hx of malignancy

A

patient age 20-29 years

165
Q

the arrangement of detectors in positron emission mammography results in a spatial resolution of

1.5-2 mm fwhm
2-4 mm fwhm
4-6 mm fwhm
6-8 mm fwhm

A

1.5-2 mm fwhm

166
Q

which of the following pet cardiac tracers has been used to assess regional myocardial consumption of oxygen?

f18 fdg
c11 palmitate
c11 epinephrine
c11 acetate

A

c11 acetate

167
Q

which of the following statements describing properties of contrast agents is false?

ionic agents cause fewer adverse reactions than nonionic medias

water-equivalent contrast agents are negative medias

allergic reactions to iv contrast agents may occur up to 48 hours post administration

contrast agent can cause thyrotoxic effects

A

ionic agents cause fewer adverse reactions than nonionic medias

168
Q

the most common indication for use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is for the treatment of

anemia after cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy

thrombocytopenia after cancer chemo or radiotherapy

neutropenia after cancer chemo or radiotherapy

alopecia after cancer chemo or radiotherapy

A

neutropenia after cancer chemo or radiotherapy

169
Q

the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus are the main components of

the basal ganglia
the corpus callosum
the limbic system
the reticular formation

A

the basal ganglia

170
Q

a procedure that causes the membranes around the lung to stick together and prevents buildup of fluid in the space between the membranes is called

thoracocentesis
pleurodesis
aspiration
biopsy

A

pleurodesis

171
Q

a glycoprotein that regulates production, differentiation, survival, and activation of neutrophils and neutrophilic precursors, is called

erythropoietin
thrombopoietin
macrophage colony stimulating factor
granulocyte colony stimulating factor

A

granulocyte colony stimulating factor

172
Q

the who and recist provide standardized methodologies for assessing treatment response based on

morphological evaluation
metabolic evaluation
functional assessment
quantitative assessment

A

morphological evaluation

173
Q

which of the following is an example of molecular and functional alterations occurring in cancer tissue?

decreased amino acid transport
decreased dna synthesis
increased oxygen tension
increased membrane synthesis

A

increased membrane synthesis

174
Q

a major advantage of n13 ammonia pet mpi, as compared with rb82 pet mpi, is the ability to perform a/an

shorter study
exercise-induced stress mpi study
pharmaceutical stress mpi studies
low-cost studies

A

exercise-induced stress mpi study

PET Study Guide (19 decks)

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