chapter 10 Flashcards
mucinous, carcinoid, and bronchial alveolar carcinoma are examples of what kind of tumor?
metabolically active
metabolically weak
aggressive
rare
metabolically weak
what is a technique that can be used to detect metabolically weak tumors?
reviewing the NAC images
breast cancer tumor marker
CA 15-3 or CA 27.29, CEA, ER/PR, HER2/neu antigen
colorectal cancer tumor marker
CEA
heptocellular cancer tumor marker
AFP
melanoma tumor marker
LDH, S-100
multiple myeloma tumor marker
beta2-microglobulin
ovarian cancer tumor marker
CA-125
pancreatic cancer tumor marker
CA19-9
prostate cancer tumor marker
PSA
testicular cancer tumor marker
AFP, hCG, LDH
describe the nature of Hodgkin’s lymphoma
high chance of recovery, systemic spread mostly above the diaphragm, mets to bone marrow, liver, lungs, affects adolescents and young adults
describe the nature of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
more common, manifests as B-cell disease, spreads in a less systemic fashion, more extranodal involvement, higher incidence in adults
describe the nature of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
is a class of NHL, common in young adults, can be classified further as mycosis fungoides, sezary syndrome, others
what special scan parameters should be utilized when scanning patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas?
perform WB PET scan with arms above the head
describe the nature of myeloma
more common in men, people > 60 y/o, patients experience bone pain, anemia, fatigue
soft tissue lymphomas or high-grade NHL can be restaged as early as __________ after chemotherapy
2 days
1 week
1-3 weeks
4-6 weeks
1-3 weeks
the three stages of myeloma are based on what three things?
levels of M protein, RBCs, and calcium number of bony lesions
what special scan parameters should be utilized when scanning patients with myeloma?
arms down
leukemias are grouped into two different types of WBCs, which are called…
myeloid or lymphoid
chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia primarily affect
people > 60 y/o
pediatrics
adolescents
adults
adults
acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia occur in both
people > 60 y/o and adults
adults and adolescents
adults and children
children and infants
adults and children
what is the type of cancer in which patients have a higher risk of developing a second primary?
head and neck cancer
leukemia
lymphoma
myeloma
head and neck cancer
most head and neck cancers are _______ carcinomas
squamous cell
name two risk factors associated with head and neck cancer
tobacco and alcohol use
T/F: metastatic cancer of unknown primary is not covered by cms for initial treatment strategy
false
describe the nature of cancer of unknown primary
slightly more common in men than women, presents in later stages of life, divided into 5 histologic categories after FNA
define the five histologic classifications of cancer of unknown primary
adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, poorly differentiated neoplasm, squamous cell carcinoma
describe the nature of thyroid cancer
more common in women, forms include papillary, follicular cell, hurthle cell, medullary, anaplastic
what type of thyroid cancer develops from C cells?
anaplastic
papillary
follicular
medullary
medullary
what is the most aggressive form of thyroid cancer?
medullary
papillary
anaplastic
hurthle cell
anaplastic
describe the nature of thymomas
extremely rare, occurs in adults between 40-60 y/o
epithelial cells, lymphocytes, neuroendocrine cells, and kulchitsky cells are the main types of cells in the…
thymus
T/F: NCCN details that PET imaging for thymomas is covered under insurance when patients have a mediastinal mass or are being evaluated for distant mets
false, PET imaging is considered optional
describe the nature of esophageal cancer
affects men more than women, people > 65 y/o, involves squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas
define the TNM staging system
T - primary tumor, levels 1-4
N - nodal disease. N0 = no nodal disease, N1 = regional nodal disease
M - metastases. M0 = no mets, M1 = demarcating mets
what type of cancer has one of the highest mortality rates?
gastric cancer
brain cancer
skin cancer
lung cancer
lung cancer
define the nature of NSCLC
more common than SCLC, spreads more slowly, can be squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, BAC
name four organs NSCLC can metastasize to
liver, brain, bone, adrenal glands
define the KRAS mutation analysis and its implications
identifies mutations in the KRAS gene to detect eligibility for therapies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
define the nature of SCLC
grows faster than NSCLC, divided into limited or extensive disease stage; extensive involves mets and malignant pleural effusions
a patient presents with a type of fast-growing cancer involving pleural effusions and mets to the liver and bone. what type of cancer do they have?
SCLC
name four organs SCLC can metastasize to
liver, bone, brain, adrenal glands
besides skin cancer, what is another from of cancer most common in women?
endometrial cancer
uterine cancer
breast cancer
cervical cancer
breast cancer
name 4 organs breast cancer can metastasize to
brain, bone, lungs, liver
T/F: the use of PET for diagnosing breast masses or for axillary nodal staging is not covered by insurance
true
where do carcinoid tumors typically present?
appendix, small intestine, stomach, lung
