practice test 1 Flashcards
the exposure rate of an activity of 1 mCi measured at 1 cm is called
roentgen man equivalent (MAN)
the exposure rate constant (ERC)
total effective dose equivalent (TEDE)
kilobecquerel (kBq)
the exposure rate constant (ERC)
quantitative bias that refers to the underestimation of counts density which differs from what they should be called is
motion artifact
partial-volume effect
recovery coefficient
truncation artifact
partial-volume effect
truncation artifacts in PET/CT imaging are produced by
contrast medium
difference in size of FOV between PET and the CT
difference in scanning time between PET and the CT
beds overlapping
difference in size of FOV between PET and the CT
dental fillings, hip prosthetics, or chemotherapy port are examples of PET/CT imaging artifacts described as
truncation artifacts
motion artifacts
contrast medium artifacts
metallic implants artifacts
metallic implants artifacts
property of PET detectors that allows them faster timing signals for coincidence detection and to work at high count rates is called
the stopping power
energy resolution
the decay constant
the light output
the decay constant
the picturing, description, and measurement of biological processes at the particle and cellular level is known as
dynamic imaging
molecular imaging
static imaging
dual point imaging
molecular imaging
a PET system capacity to distinguish between two points after image reconstruction is called
contrast
resolution
attenuation
emissions
resolution
allergic reaction that begins with seconds/minutes of contrast medium administration and rapidly progresses to cause airway constriction, skin and intestinal irritation, and altered heart rhythms is called
urticaria
anaphylaxis
sepsis
infarction
anaphylaxis
the first PET radiopharmaceutical to receive FDA approval in 1989 was
Rb-82
F-18 fluoride
F-18 fdg
N-13 ammonia
Rb-82
the dose calibrator quality control procedure performed to assess the device’s ability to measure accurately a range of a low to high activities is called
geometry
accuracy
linearity
constancy
linearity
the following positron-emitting radionuclides are isotopes of natural elements present in most biochemical processes EXCEPT
O-15
F-18
C-11
N-13
F-18
two photons arising from the same annihilation event and detected by two detectors within the coincidence time-window are
true coincidences
random events
scatter coincidences
single events
true coincidences
which of the following serve as the building blocks for protein synthesis?
amino acids
phospholipids
enzymes
hormones
amino acids
positronium is an arrangement of
two positrons
two electrons
an electron and a positron
a positron and a neutrino
an electron and a positron
which of the following regions is the most common site of brown fat localization?
neck
mediastinum
paravertebral
perinephric
neck
which of the following scintillators commonly used in PET imaging has the highest stopping power?
LSO
BaF2
BGO
GSO
BGO
a malignant neoplasm of the skin linked with approximately 75% of skin cancer-related mortality is called
basal cell carcinoma
sarcoma
melanoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
PET tracers have demonstrated significant potential utility and application in the following clinical areas EXCEPT
oncology
cardiology
pulmonology
neurology
pulmonology
a dose of F18 FDG is calibrated to have 14 mCi at 1200pm. How many mCi will be remaining at 1240pm?
2.6 mCi
11 mCi
18 mCi
19.6 mCi
11 mCi
the sum of the weighted equivalent doses in all the tissues and organs of the body is called
whole body dose
effective dose
committed dose equivalent
shallow dose equivalent
effective dose
the combined whole body effective dose for a clinically diagnostic PET/CT is typically in the range
< 10 mSv
10-20 mSv
20-30 mSv
> 30 mSv
20-30 mSv
the positron has the same mass as an electron and an electric charge of
-2
-1
0
+1
+1
the initial diagnosis of melanoma is established by
PET examination
CT examination
histologic evaluation
dermatologist evaluation
histologic evaluation
in PET scanning process raw data acquired and identified as coincidence events along their LOR are stored in the raw data format called
histograms
sinograms
dextrograms
pictograms
sinograms
which of the following is a cyclotron produced positron-emitting radionuclide?
copper-62
nitrogen-13
gallium-68
rubidium-82
nitrogen-13
a piece of equipment that sorts out photon of different radionuclides with different photon energies and to separate scattered photons from the useful ones is called
photomultiplier tube
pulse height analyzer
ADC converter
optical window
pulse height analyzer
DNA synthesis is a measure of cellular
apoptosis
mutation
proliferation
metabolism
proliferation
the F-18 fluoride bone uptake mechanism is similar to that of
F-18 FDG
Ga-68
Tc99m MDP
In-111
Tc99m MDP
the process by which new blood vessels ae formed is called
angiogenesis
embryogenesis
morphogenesis
organogenesis
angiogenesis
which of the following qc procedures are required for proper functioning of the survey meter?
calibration and linearity
geometry and constancy
calibration and constancy
linearity and geometry
calibration and constancy
the circle of willis is a circle of arteries that supply blood to the
heart
lungs
brain
liver
brain
the CT xray tube
detects the xray
produces the xray
shields from the xray
measures the xray
produces the xray
the radiodensity of distilled water at standard pressure and temperature (STP) on the houndsfield unit (HU) scale is equal to
-1 HU
0 HU
1 HU
10 HU
0 HU
the dose calibrator qc procedure testing a long-lived standard at each of the frequently used radionuclide settings is called
geometry
accuracy
linearity
constancy
constancy
which of the following radionuclides commonly used in PET imaging has the highest energy?
C-11
N-13
O-15
F-18
O-15
the PET scanner qc procedure in which data are used with the transmission data in the computation of attenuation correction factors is called
normalization
calibration
blank scan
attenuation correction
blank scan
the property of the scintillation detector described as the number of scintillations produced by each incident photon is called
the stopping power
energy resolution
the decay constant
the light output
the light output
which of the following compounds serves as a precursor for the synthesis of phospholipids?
thymidine
acetate
choline
tyrosine
choline
what is the percent error of the dose calibrator reading if a 4 ml reference volume (expected) of geometry test reads 2.8 mCi, and the actual reading obtained in 10 ml volume is 2.5 mCi?
12%
10.7%
-10.7%
-12%
10.7%
which of the following is the correct order of scanning when a typical PET/CT protocol is applied?
transmission CT, emission PET, topogram
transmission CT, topogram, emission PET
topogram, transmission CT, emission PET
emission PET, transmission CT, topogram
topogram, transmission CT, emission PET
presence of the non-collinearity of the annihilation photons and the finite positron range are inherent properties of the positron emission tomography resulting in
attenuation artifacts
positional inaccuracy
scatter
truncation
positional inaccuracy
which of the following positron-emitting nuclides has the shortest half-life?
Rb-82
O-15
N-13
C-11
Rb-82
the cathode filament of the xray tube
emits electrons
emits xrays
attracts electrons
detects xrays
emits electrons
an oncology patient referred for a PET scan should fast prior to their appointment for at least
12 hrs
8 hrs
4 hrs
2 hrs
4 hrs
daily qc checks on the PET scanner should be performed
after the last procedure
during the uptake phase
at the end of the day
before the patient is injected
before the patient is injected
patients with malignant melanoma should be scanned with their arms
down
crossed over the chest
up
beneath the patient
down
the presence of asbestos-related plaques, benign inflammatory pleuritis, tuberculosis pleuritis, and pleural effusion can result in
false-positive uptake in FDG-PET images of patients with malignant mesothelioma
true-positive uptake in FDG-PET images of patients with malignant mesothelioma
FDG PET attenuation artifacts
FDG-PET motion artifacts
false-positive uptake in FDG-PET images of patients with malignant mesothelioma
a 13 mCi dose of F-18 FDG is calibrated for 1200pm. if the patient comes an hour early, how many mCi will there be in the dose?
3.6 mCi
9 mCi
19 mCi
46 mCi
19 mCi
the earliest disposal of the decay-in-storage waste material is permitted if it was held for a minimum of 10 half-lives and has decayed to less than
background level
two times background levels
0.05 mR/hr
.5 mR/hr
two times background levels
organizing, problem solving, attention, and planning are controlled by the
frontal lobe of the brain
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
frontal lobe
the recommended time interval for PET imaging after biopsy is
1 week
2-4 weeks
2-6 months
> 6 months
1 week
the example of the anatomic diagnostic modality employed in the work-up of the patient with seizures is
EEG
PET
MRI
SPECT
MRI
in the PET/CT acquisition the CT component is performed for
scatter correction
attenuation correction
motion correction
random correction
attenuation correction
a series of organized, involuntary, smooth waves of muscular contractions of the alimentary canal is called
diverticulosis
peristalsis
cramps
paralysis
peristalsis
SUV measurements are performed on
NAC images only
AC images only
NAC and AC images
AC images or NAC images
AC images only
which of the following PET nuclides has the longest half life?
F-18
O-15
N-13
C-11
F-18
false-negative PET scans in lung cancer imaging occur predominantly because of
lesions that are too big to be evaluated by PET
lesions that are too superficial to be evaluated by PET
lesions that are too small to be evaluated by PET
lesions that are too deep to be evaluated by PET
lesions that are too small to be evaluated by PET
the principal measure of reducing radiation exposure to patients during PET/CT examination is reduce the
peak kilovoltage
product of beam current and exposure time
beam current
product of beam current and peak kilovoltage
product of beam current and exposure time
a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to detect the presence or absence of occult regional nodal mets in patients without clinically noticeable nodal disease is called
lymphoscintigraphy
sentinel node scintigraphy
sentinel node biopsy
lymph node mapping
sentinel node biopsy
according to minimal performance standards, the FDG uptake period that is required to minimize variability in SUV quantification should be at least
30 min
45 min
60 min
75 min
60 min
lung activity observed on FDG PET/CT imaging
is more prominent on AC images
increases from the posterior to the anterior segments
increases from the inferior to the superior segments
is more prominent on non-AC images
is more prominent on non-AC images
which of the following methods, in clinical practice, is the most commonly applied to determine SUVs?
isocontour ROIs
manual ROIs
SUV max
SUV peak
SUV max
CT and PET scans demonstrate different aspects of disease indicating regions with
altered metabolism (PET) and areas of structural change (CT)
altered metabolism (CT) and areas of structural change (PET)
altered metabolism (PET) and areas of structural change (PET)
altered metabolism (CT) and areas of structural change (CT)
altered metabolism (PET) and areas of structural change (CT)
if the pretest probability of disease is high and the PET is negative, this is more likely to be
false negative
false positive
true negative
true positive
false negative
multiple focal cortical and subcortical defects on FDG study indicate diagnosis of
vascular dementia
alzheimer’s disease
parkinson’s disease
radiation necrosis
vascular dementia
the process of aligning images so that corresponding features can easily be related is called
image smoothing
image filtering
image registration
image processing
image registration
the NRC requires that all wipe tests be recorded in dpm. if 230 cpm were acquired with 86% well counter efficiency, what is the result of the wipe test in dpm?
37 dpm
198 dpm
267 dpm
344 dpm
267 dpm
the concept of clinical SPECT/CT systems can be described as
a single-headed scintillation camera positioned in front of a CT scanner
a dual-headed scintillation camera positioned in front of a CT scanner
a CT scanner positioned in front of a dual-headed scintillation camera
a CT scanner positioned in front of a single-headed scintillation camera
a dual-headed scintillation camera positioned in front of a CT scanner
a normal, physiologic uptake of F-18 FDG in the stomach can be described as
distal stomach uptake is higher than proximal stomach uptake
anterior stomach uptake is higher than posterior stomach uptake
proximal stomach uptake is higher than distal stomach uptake
posterior stomach uptake is higher than anterior stomach uptake
proximal stomach uptake is higher than distal stomach uptake
the recommended time interval for PET FDG imaging after chemotherapy is
1 week
> 10 days
2-6 months
> 6 months
> 10 days
an area of focal FDG uptake in the lungs, without corresponding finding on CT scan, most likely represents
pulmonary nodule
radiation necrosis
an injected blood clot
rib fracture
injected blood clot
a hyperinsulinemic state affects the diagnostic quality of FDG PET imaging and it is typically associated with
diffuse liver and spleen uptake
diffuse muscular and myocardial uptake
diffuse stomach and pancreatic uptake
diffuse brown fat and brain uptake
diffuse muscular and myocardial uptake
a group of lung diseases characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible is called
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
COPD
hospital acquired pneumonias
COPD
which of the following scintillators has the highest light output?
LSO
NaI (Tl)
BGO
GSO
NaI (Tl)
the main organs of the digestive system include
teeth
liver
pancreas
pharynx
pharynx
F18 FDG PET is considered a superior modality, compared with CT, for evaluating posttreatment response in lymphoma patients because of
the ability to provide anatomic information
the ability to differentiate viable tumor from fibrosis
higher resolution
shorter imaging
the ability to differentiate viable tumor from fibrosis
which of the following types of non-hodgkin lymphomas is most common?
burkitt’s lymphoma
lymphoblastic lymphoma
diffuse large B cell lymphoma
anaplastic large T cell/null cell lymphoma
diffuse large B cell lymphoma
the major limitation of PET in the head and neck imaging is
poor sensitivity
poor spatial resolution
prolonged scanning time
radiation exposure
poor spatial resolution
the most common cell type found in lymphoid tissue is
lymphocyte
stem cell
erythrocyte
monocyte
lymphocyte
in order to receive precise attenuation correction data for transmission scan, they should be obtained using
low-dose CT
high-dose CT
germanium-68
cobalt-56
germanium-68
hiatal hernias can cause large foci of increased F18 FDG uptake in/at
the hilar region
the gastroesophageal junction
the pyloric sphincter
the stomach fundus
the gastroesophageal junction
the lymphoma that has come back after it has been treated is called
aggressive
intermittent
indolent
recurrent
recurrent
the use of a low-dose CT scan in place of a conventional PET transmission scan
increases the scan duration
reduces confidence of the scan interpretation
decreases throughput
improves accuracy of the scan interpretation
improves accuracy of the scan interpretation
one of the disadvantages of a nuclear medicine study over a PET FDG study in infection and inflammation imaging lies in its
low resolution
faster time to results
quantitation abilities
high sensitivity
low resolution
dual time point FDG PET imaging is reflecting
the dynamics of lesion glucose metabolism
the dynamics of lesion growth
the dynamics of blood pool glucose clearance
the dynamics of blood pool activity
the dynamics of lesion glucose metabolism
clinical stress perfusion studies with Rb82 are usually limited to pharmacologic stress because of Rb82’s
high kinetic energy
short half-life
positron range
high cost
short half-life
image-guided transthoracic needle aspiration or biopsy can be achieved with all of the following except
CT
PET
fluoroscopy
ultrasound
PET
stomach reflux disease can result in increased FDG uptake in/at
the hilar region
the gastroesophageal junction
the pyloric sphincter
the stomach fundus
the gastroesophageal junction
the use of PET gating for specific applications in PET/CT scanning
reduces motion artifacts
increases scanning time
increases spatial resolution
decreases sensitivity
reduces motion artifacts
the lymphatic system is not a separate system of the body, but it is considered a part of the
digestive system
hematopoietic system
circulatory system
respiratory system
circulatory system
all of the following PET myocardial tracers are cyclotron produced except
O15 water
Rb82
C11 acetate
N13 ammonia
Rb82
all of the following are examples of conventional diagnostic imaging procedures that evaluate normal anatomy via radiologic images except
xray
ultrasound
MRI
PET
PET
the cerebellum is locates posteriorly just below the cerebrum and is responsible for the proper control of
body temperature
skeletal muscles
emotions
vision
skeletal muscles
a topographic image of the body used to confirm proper patient positioning is called
blank scan
scout scan
delayed scan
rescan
scout scan
the TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) staging system that is generally used for solid tumors is not applicable to lymphoma since
lymphoma spreads in a predictable pattern
lymphoma is a rapidly progressing disease
lymphoma begins in multiple sites simultaneously
lymphoma spreads in an unpredictable pattern
lymphoma spreads in a predictable pattern
Rb82 is a monovalent cationic analog of potassium and has a biologic activity similar to
Ga67
Tl201
Tc99m
F18
Tl201
a pulmonary nodule is defined as a separate opacity that is entirely surrounded by lung parenchyma and has a diameter of
4 cm or less
3 cm or less
2 cm or less
1 cm or less
3 cm or less
which of the following PET myocardial perfusion tracers is described as a model tracer for flow quantitation?
O15 water
Rb82
C11 acetate
N13 ammonia
O15 water
all of the following diagnostic procedures can be utilized to evaluate patients with lymphoma except
Ga67 scintigraphy
bone marrow biopsy
lymphangiogram
sentinel node localization
sentinel node localization
all of the following quantitative methods have been used to explore the prognostic value of FDG uptake in malignant tumors except
SUV max
tumor’s glycolytic volume
metabolic tumor volume
SUV min
SUV min
which of the following components of the PET/CT protocol delivers the highest radiation dose to the patient?
topogram
low-dose CT
diagnostic CT
dose of 370 MBq of F18 FDG
diagnostic CT
CT assessment of pulmonary nodules includes all of the following except
lobar and segmental localization
growth rate evaluation
metabolic lesion characteristics
size and/or volume measurements
metabolic lesion characteristics
which of the following substrates, under normal conditions, are the major sources of myocardial energy?
ketone bodies and amino acids
lactate and pyruvate
free fatty acids and glucose
insulin and proteins
free fatty acids and glucose
all of the following organs belong to the lymphatic system except
thymus
thyroid
tonsils
spleen
thyroid
colorectal cancer imaging, when PET utilizes FDG as a tracer, is covered by medicare in all of the following settings except
screening
diagnosis
staging
restaging
screening
the principal divisions of the lungs is called
segment
lobe
acinus
lobule
lobe
which of the following PET cardiac tracers is an FDA approved indicator of myocardial viability?
O15 water
Rb82
N13 ammonia
F18 FDG
F18 FDG
the pattern of FDG uptake in the bowel is most likely associated with a neoplastic process can be described as
segmental
diffuse
focal
absent
focal
the fundamental limit of restricted spatial resolution of PET scanners is due to
the distance positrons travel before they annihilate with an electron
the non-collinearity of the pair of annihilation photons
the scanner geometry
the crystals light output
the non-collinearity of the pair of annihilation photons
a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies arising from lymphocytes is called
anemia
leukemia
lymphoma
thrombocytopenia
lymphoma
a breast-feeding patient referred for PET imaging should
discontinue breast-feeding for 12 hr before injection of radiotracer
discontinue breast-feeding for 6 hr before injection of radiotracer
discontinue breast-feeding for at least 6 hr after injection of radiotracer
discontinue breast-feeding for at least 12 hr after injection of radiotracer
discontinue breast-feeding for at least 12 hr after injection of radiotracer
differentiated thyroid cancer is divided into
papillary and follicular
medullary and insular
anaplastic and papillary
medullary and follicular
papillary and follicular
dose extravasation at the antecubital injection site can cause
ipsilateral inguinal node uptake
contralateral axillary node uptake
ipsilateral axillary node uptake
contralateral inguinal node uptake
ipsilateral axillary node uptake
the portion of the large intestine that runs across the abdomen from the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure is called the
sigmoid colon
transverse colon
ascending colon
descending colon
transverse colon
a much higher sensitivity of PET imaging over SPECT results in all of the following except
improved noise-to-signal ratios
improved temporal resolution
shorter scanning time
improved image quality
improved noise-to-signal ratios
the most common primary symptom of dementia is/are
personality changes
diminished thinking ability
changes in memory
depression
changes in memory
noninvasive, accepted methods for improving the diagnostic accuracy of FDG PET include all of the following except
furosemide administration in kidney tumor
stomach distension in gastric carcinoma
beta blockers in suspected brown adipose tissue uptake
valium administration in dementia imaging
valium administration in dementia imaging
according to the CMS, an inconclusive test is a test whose results are NOT
equivocal
reproducible
technically uninterpretable
discordant with a patient’s other clinical data
reproducible
stunned or hibernating myocardium is
nonviable
dysfunctional but viable
dysfunctional and nonviable
functional
dysfunctional but viable
after completion of the FDG study, the patient’s fluid intake
should be stopped
should be continued
is not relevant
is contraindicated
should be continued
the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum make up
the small intestine
the stomach
the large intestine
the rectum
the small intestine
a PET quantifier, calculated as the tracer activity concentration within a volume of interest, divided by the injected dose per unit body weight is called
fractional uptake value
standardized upload value
standardized uptake value
fractional upload value
standardized uptake value
for optimal patient care and interpretation of FDG PET images, the following information from the patient referred for PET scanning should be obtained except
breast-feeding info
recent surgery info
use of medication info
housing info
housing info
the patient should remain relaxed and avoid talking, chewing, or hyperventilating during the uptake phase after FDG injection in order to
minimize physiologic lung uptake
minimize physiologic muscular uptake
maximize physiologic muscular uptake
maximize physiologic liver uptake
minimize physiologic muscular uptake
a condition of an abnormally low number of neutrophils is called
neutrophilia
leukocytosis
neutropenia
leucopenia
neutropenia
the temporal lobe is located on either side of the brain around the levels of the ears and controls the
auditory information
visual information
smell sensation
tactile sensation
auditory information
PET FDG provides beneficial information in all of the following areas of lymphoma evaluation except
diagnosis
response to therapy
recurrence detection
staging
diagnosis
the main source of potential radiation hazard to a breast-feeding infant of the postpartum woman undergoing PET scanning is from
ingested milk
proximity to the breast
background radiation
scanning device
proximity to the breast
all of the following are well-established indications for PET functional imaging in patients with suspected recurrent colorectal carcinoma except
falling CEA levels in the absence of a known source
staging recurrent colorectal carcinoma
preoperative staging
equivocal lesion on conventional imaging
falling CEA levels in the absence of a known source
anxiolytic medication given before a PET scan
includes hyperglycemia
relaxes patient
prevents hyperinsulinemia
forces diuresis
relaxes patient
administration of highly concentrated intravenous agent and/or high-density barium-based oral agents during routine CT scanning will yield
overestimated SUV
unchanged SUV
underestimated SUV
SUV equal to 1
overestimated SUV
the pattern of FDG uptake in the normal palatine and lingual tonsils is described as
absent
asymmetrical and increased
symmetrical and increased
asymmetrical
symmetrical and increased
in quantitative PET imaging, ex, SUV calculation, the following scanner related parameters need to be corrected except
correction for random coincidences
correction for scatter coincidences
correction for effects of attenuation
correction for table speed
correction for table speed
the section of the image assessed for count content reflecting either the flow of radionuclide or concentration of radionuclide in that area is called
polar map
region of interest
background region
activity curve
region of interest
positrons are subatomic particles that have all of the characteristics of electrons except
mass
magnitude of charge
size
polarity of charge
polarity of charge
wipe testing to detect removable contamination in each area of use must be performed
daily
weekly
biweekly
monthly
weekly
the parameters as perfusion, permeability, and transit time offer an insight into the functional status of the
respiratory system
gastrointestinal system
vascular system
reproductive system
vascular system
an event assigned to an LOR joining the two relevant detectors is called
an annihilation event
a random event
a coincidence event
a scatter event
a coincidence event
a hormone vital to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body by causing cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood is called
inulin
parathormone
insulin
estrogen
insulin
which of the following routes of FDG administration is acceptable if IV access is not available?
subcutaneous
intramuscular
oral
rectal
oral
the medication given to relieve myocardial ischemia that works by causing both venous and arterial dilation is called
propanolol
aminophylline
nitroglycerine
digoxin
nitroglycerin
all of the following interventions can be used to reduce urinary tract FDG activity except
furosemide administration
foley catheter placement
patient hydration
valium administration
valium administration
the infiltrated dose can result in all of the following except
masked myocardial ischemia
lowered counting statistics
altered distribution of the rpx
decreased biological half-life of the rpx
decreased biological half-life of the rpx
advantages of PET myocardial perfusion imaging versus SPECT include all of the following except
shorter acquisition time
higher extraction fraction of tracers
more equivocal reports
higher spatial, temporal, and contrast resolution
more equivocal reports
convert 14 mCi to MBq
518 MBq
378 MBq
.518 MBq
.378 MBq
518 MBq
the radiation sensitivity of a tissue is inversely proportional to the
degree of cell differentiation
distance from the source of radiation
time of radiation exposure
rate of cell proliferation
degree of cell differentiation
all of the following conditions can lead to false-positive results in PET/CT scanning except
mastitis
tuberculosis
necrosis
sarcoidosis
necrosis
after FDG administration, a 20-30 ml saline flush is recommended in order to
prevent the dose infiltration
reduce the dose venous retention
hydrate the patient
reduce radiation exposure
reduce the dose venous retention
the y-axis of the data plotted on PET sinogram represents
the angle of orientation of the LOR
the shift of the LOR from the center of the gantry
the window of coincidence of the LOR
displacement of the LOR from the center of the FOV
the angle of orientation of the LOR
diffuse, symmetric uptake of FDG observed in the thyroid gland
indicates hypothyroidism
indicates malignancy
is a normal variant
is always abnormal
is a normal variant
the type of study defined as flow either per unit volume or per unit mass of tissue is called
perfusion study
bolus study
wash-in study
wash-out study
perfusion study
when septa separate each crystal ring and coincidences are only recorded between detectors within the same ring and/or in closely neighboring rings the data are acquired
in hybrid mode
in 2D mode
in 3D mode
in 4D mode
in 2D mode
spatial information is converted to frequency information by the mathematical process known as
fourier transform
convolution
filtering
fourier rebinning
fourier transform
a graph that records the electrical activity of the heart is called
the echocardiogram
the encephalogram
the electrocardiogram
the elastogram
the electrocardiogram
the whole-body dosimeter should be issued to personnel who might exceed minimum whole-body doses of
100 mr/year (1 mSv)
200 mr/year (2 mSv)
300 mr/year (3 mSv)
500 mr/year (5 mSv)
500 mr/year (5 mSv)
advantages of FDG PET over conventional scintigraphy in the demonstration of infectious and inflammatory processes include all of the following except
rapid reporting
high radiation burden
superior resolution
higher lesion-to-background ratios at early time points
high radiation burden
an organ, attaining its largest size at the time of puberty, gradually shrinks and almost disappears. this organ, which serves as the site of T-cell differentiation, is called
thyroid
thrombus
thymus
thalamus
thymus
the pharmacologic effect of dipyridamole and adenosine, used as stress agents in patients who cannot exercise, depends on
vasoconstriction
tachycardia
vasodilation
hypertension
vasodilation
when monitoring response to treatment with PET FDG imaging it is essential to obtain
baseline FDG scan
interim FDG scan
FDG scan on the last day of therapy
FDG scan two days after therapy
baseline FDG scan
a low blood glucose level, accompanied by the signs and symptoms of increased activity of the autonomic nervous system and depressed activity of the CNS, is called
hypoxemia
hypothermia
hypoglycemia
hypoinsulinemia
hypoglycemia
which of the following patient/lesion characteristics suggests lung malignancy?
lesion has a smooth margin on CT
patient is nonsmoker
lesion is 3 mm in size
patient has hemoptysis
patient has hemoptysis
the 2010 guidelines for CPR and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) of AHA recommend in adults a compression rate of at least
120/min
100/min
80/min
60/min
100/min
medicare coverage specific for FDG PET NSCLC imaging includes all of the following except
screening
diagnosis
staging
restaging
screening
a CT xray tube
shields the patient from the xray
moves the patient table
rotates the scanner detectors
produces the beam of xray
produces the beam of xray
in the process of interpretation and analysis of PET/CT images, a normal study with further investigations or clinical follow-up excluding focal inflammation or malignancy is called
false positive
false negative
true negative
true positive
true negative
the relative variations in count densities between adjacent areas in the image of an object are called
contrast
background
noise
shadow
contrast
FDG uptake by cancer cells tends to decline as
blood glucose and insulin levels decrease
blood glucose decreases and insulin increases
blood glucose and insulin increase
blood glucose increases and insulin decreases
blood glucose and insulin increase
which of the following PET myocardial perfusion tracers has the highest kinetic energy?
O15 water
Rb82
F18 FDG
N13 ammonia
Rb82
the pattern of FDG uptake/glucose metabolism in patients with multi-infarct dementia is characterized by the presence of
frontal hypometabolism
scattered foci of hypometabolism
occipital hypometabolism
parietemporal hypometabolism
scattered foci of hypometabolism
all of the following are FDA approved cardiac PET tracers except
O15 water
Rb82
N13 ammonia
F18 FDG
O15 water
fatigue, anemia, altered bowel function, and weight loss are frequently presenting symptoms of
lung cancer
brain cancer
prostate cancer
colorectal cancer
colorectal cancer
the sensitivity and specificity of PET FDG imaging for detecting and characterizing malignant lung nodules greater than 1 cm are correspondingly
96% and 57%
96% and 77%
56% and 57%
56% and 77%
96% and 77%
if an approximate dose received from a PET scan is 25 mSv, what is the dose in rem?
2.5 rem
250 rem
2500 rem
25000 rem
2.5 rem
common causes of needle-stick injuries include all of the following except
recapping needles
disposing sharps
using luer-activated devices
accessing iv tubing with needles
using luer-activated devices
pulmonary mass is defined as having any pulmonary, pleural, or mediastinal lesion seen on chest radiographs and having a diameter of
> 1 cm
2 cm
3 cm
4 cm
> 3 cm
the following data are necessary for calculating SUV except
patient height
patient weight
injected dose
patient age
patient age
a substance used to enhance the visibility of a structure or fluid in the body for medical imaging is called
contrast media
radiotracer
filter
buffer agent
contrast media
a PET scanner parameter defined as the coincident count rate in a measurement that does not include scattered or random coincidences is called
noise equivalent count rate (NECR)
contrast
signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR)
sensitivity
noise equivalent count rate (NECR)
a group of age-related symptoms involving progressive impairment of brain function resulting in diminished thinking ability, loss of memory, and personality changes is called
parkinson’s disease
dementia
schizophrenia
huntington’s disease
dementia
the following types of therapy can be employed in the treatment of patients with lymphomas except
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
radioimmunotherapy
magnotherapy
magnotherapy
