PQ9 Flashcards by Cian Ryan

Regarding brain lesions, which parts of the brain can be distinguished?

A)Forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum

B) Forebrain, diencephalon, cerebellum

C) Cerebral hemisphere, pons, medulla oblongata

D) Forebrain, Diencephalon, spinal chord

Forebrain; Brainstem; Cerebellum

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Which statement is correct for the clinical signs of oesophageal disease in general?

Appetite is always decreased

appetite is always incraised

appetite is never changed

appetite can be decreased or increased

Appetite can be decreased or increased

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Which breed is not predisposed for primary Cu accumulation

Bedlington terrier

german shepherd

Labrador retriever

dalmation

German Shepherd

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Which is the first drug of choice in the treatment of primary Cu accumulation?

D-penicillamine

N-acetylcystein

Cyclosporine

Amoxycillin

D-penicillamine

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In case of intestinal obstruction…

acute vomiting is the most characteristics symptom

urgent gastric lavage is required

profuse bloody diarrhea is the most characteristics symptom

most of the cases can be managed with conservative therapy

Profuse bloody diarrhoea is the most characteristic symptom

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Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE)…

involves lymphangiectasia as its subgroup

is one of the chronic form of bacterial enteritis

can result in protein loosing enteropathy

is not known in cats

Can result in protein-losing enteropathy

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In which of the following does megaoesophagus not occur?

Cushing disease

Myesthenia gravis

Addison disese

Hypothyreosis

Cushing’s disease

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Granulomatous colitis is caused by…

Campylobacter coli

Enteropathogenic E coli EPEC

Adherent invasive E coli AIEC

Clostridium perfringens

Adherent invasive E. coli AIEC

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Not suggested medication in IBD

Azathioprine for cats

prednisolone

cyclosporine

budesonide

Azathioprine for cats

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Which hepatic division posses the gall bladder?

Right division

central division

left division

caudal division

Central division

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Which of the following procedures has a modification called Roux-en-Y technique?

Choledochotomy

Cholecystectomy

Cholecystoduodenostomy

Cholecystojejunostomy

Cholecystoduodenostomy

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Which anal zone involves Circumanal hepatoid glands?

zone cutanea

linea anorectalis

zona intermedia

zona columnaris

Zona Cutanea

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Which suture technique is recommended for the closure of the colon in cats?

Single layer simple interrupted

single or double layer simple interrupted or continuus

single or double layer but always simple interrupted

single or double layer but always simple continuus

Single or double layer simple interrupted or continuous

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In case of anaemic condition, which cell increase is indicating the regenerative property of the disease?

Reticulocytes

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Which of the following non-regenerative diseases has the best prognosis?

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Addisons disease
Sertoli cell testicular tumor with hyperoestrogenism
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

addisons disease

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Which platelet number can we expect bleeding because of thrombocytopenia?

< 50 g/l

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Which statement is true?

In case of hemolytic anaemia the blood plasma can be clear
In case of pancytopenia the thrombocyte number is elevated
In case of acute bleeding, the microcytic hypochromic anaemia occurs in a few hours
Babesia and Mycoplasma cause non-regenerative anaemia

In case of hemolytic anaemia the blood plasma can be clear

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Which cannot cause secondary immunohemolytic anaemia?

Microsporum

Mycoplasma

Babesia

Haemangiosarcoma

Microsporum

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Deviations in thrombocytopenia

Haemoperitonem , epistaxis, bleeding time inc., thrombocyte inc.

Petechia, haemothorax, bleeding time inc., thromboccyte dec.

Petechia, epistaxis, bleeding time inc, thrombocyte dec.

Petechia, epistaxis, bleeding time dec., thrombocyte dec.

Petechia; Epistaxis; Bleeding time increases; Thrombocytes decrease

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Lyssencephalon

Is the congenital underdevelopment of the cerebral cortex groove

Consequence of hydrocephalus

Is a form of cerebral storage disorder

The rabies (lyssa) histopathological consequence in cerebrum

Is the congenital underdevelopment of the cerebral cortex groove

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Which statement can be true?

In case of hemolytic anaemia the blood plasma can be clear

In case of pancytopenia the thrombocyte number is elevated
In case of acute bleeding, the microcytic hypochromic anaemia occurs in a few hours
Babesia and Mycoplasma cause non-regenerative anaemia

In case of haemolytic anaemia, the blood plasma can be clear

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Which symptom is not common with acute gastric catastrophe?

Abdominal pain
DIC
Shock phases
Vomiting

Vomiting

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Where are vertebral body tumours most common?

In the vertebral body middle third

On end plates

On processus multifidarius

On Processus articularis

In the vertebral body middle 1/3 or end plates !!! :-( 50/50

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Which one of the following is true in case of tubular proteinuria?

● Small sized proteins appear in the urine

● UPC >2

● UPC <0.

● Ketonuria

Small-sized proteins appear in the urine

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IRIS stage 1 chronic renal failure is associated with…

Decreased specific gravity of the urine

Abnormalities that are typical for chronic renal disease, which answer is wrong? ## Footnote PU/PD Hypophosphatemia Hypokalaemia Hypertension

Hypophosphataemia

Which statement is incorrect? The progression of renal disease is caused by… ## Footnote ● Proteinuria ● Isosthenuria ● hyperparathyroidism ● Glomerular hypertension

Isothenuria

It prolongs the survival of dogs & cats with chronic kidney disease… ## Footnote Increased phosphorus intake ● Medical reduction of proteinuria ● Urinary diet ● ABC are all true

urinary diet

Which of the following is indicated in the case of unilateral hydronephrosis? ## Footnote ● partial nephrectomy ● Unilateral nephroureterectomy ● Kidney drainage ● Euthanasia

Partial nephrectomy

In case of elevated blood creatinine concentration… ## Footnote ● The animal is uremic azote ● The animal has kidney disease ● The animal has azotemia ● The animal was fed with too much protein

The animal has azotaemia

Which of the following findings indicates the diagnosis of the urinary bladder rupture? if the cystourethral catheterisation cannot harvest urine in a traumatised patient - if the urine is blood obtained via cystourethral catheterisation in a traumatised patient -if the contrast leakage is confirmed py positive anterograde cystography -ff the contrast leakage is confirmed by positive Retrograde cystography

If the contrast leakage is confirmed by positive retrograde cystography

Postrenal azotaemia…which answer is wrong? May be due to urethral obstruction May cause kidney damage without treatment May be due to severe dehydration May be due to ureter rupture

May be due to severe dehydration

Which of the following is not typical in case of acute kidney injury? ## Footnote Cachexia Vomitus Metabolic acidosis Uraemic ulcers

Cachexia

Which of the following protocols are to followed in case of acute obstruction form of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)? stabilisation perineal urethrostomy - stabilisation cystocentesis - stabilisation urinary bladder expression - stabilisation urethral catheterisation

Stabilisation & urethral catheterisation

Which aren’t typical of babesiosis? ## Footnote ● Myoglobinuria ● Icterus ● Vomitus ● Acute kidney injury

Myoglobinuria

Which of the following therapeutic steps is to be taken first after diagnosing urethral obturation in a male dog? ● Urethral Hydropropulsion ● Prescrotal urethrostomy ● Scrotal urethrostomy ● Perineal urethrostomy

Urethral hydropropulsion

Which circumstances may cause nephrosis/acute kidney injury? Which answer is wrong? ## Footnote - Hypotension, dehydration - overhydration with crystalloid infusions - hypothermia, NSAID therapy - antibiotics, chemotherapeutics

Hypothermia , NSAID therapy

Oliguria definition in dogs? ## Footnote Urine output less than 50ml/kh/day ● Urine output less than 100ml/kg/day ● Urine output less than 30ml/kg/day ● Urine output less than 6-10ml/kg/day

Urine output is \< 6-10 ml/bwkg/day

Which is least important to establish diagnosis of kidney disease? ## Footnote Blood urea creatinine measurement Measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium and potassium levels Urine sediment evaluation and urine specific gravity measurement Detection of proteinuria

Measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium and potassium levels

. Which of the following uroliths appears in case of ethylene glycol toxicosis? ## Footnote - struvite - calcium-oxalate dihydrate - calcium-oxalate monohydrate - purine

Calcium-oxalate monohydrate

Symptoms of lower urinary tract disease in small animals. which is wrong? ## Footnote ● Hematuria, pollakiuria ● stranguria, dysuria ● Polyuria, azotemia ● Periuria, incontinence

Polyuria, Azotemia

The most important aspect of struvite urolithiasis treatment in dogs? ## Footnote ● Diet ● AB ● Urine acidification ● All 3

Diet; Abx; Urine acidification D) All 3

Acute causes of nephrosis. Which is wrong? ## Footnote ● Immune complex deposition ● Renal ischaemia ● Nephrotoxic materials ● Hemoglobin, myoglobin

● Immune complex deposition

Renal cysts ## Footnote - Are always congenital - Are always bilateral - Are mainly incidental findings - Generally cause renal failure

Are mainly incidental findings

Most common cause of struvite urolithiasis in dogs? ## Footnote - Neutering in bitches - Chronic bacterial urinary tract infection - Dietary anomaly - Inadequate response to stressors

Chronic bacterial UTI

Which therapies are not recommended for treatment of dehydration in CKD? ## Footnote - Administration of intravenous infusion - Administration of subcutaneous infusion - Increase of water consumption - Dialysis treatment

Dialysis treatment

Renal amyloidosis is usually found in… ## Footnote Persian Siamese Abyssinian Bengal

Abyssinian cats

What is not true about renal glycosuria? ## Footnote - It is caused by glomerular disease - Plasma glucose levels are normal - Can have genetic causes - May a be part of Fanconi syndrome

It is caused by glomerular disease

How would you treat a cat with interstitial cystitis? ## Footnote Antibiotics - Urine acidifying diet - Catheterization, flushing the bladder with isotonic saline - Increase water

Increase water

Creatinine level of dogs & cats with IRIS stage 1 CKD is… ## Footnote Normal \<140 \>240umol/L \>340umol/L \>440umol/L

Normal \<130 umol/l

Which statement is true for animals with renal dysplasia? `-kidneys are typically enlarged on US with a thick cortex -in such cases, there are usually no changes in the urine, only in the blood - common symptoms are polyuria and polydipsia - on a physical examination the kidneys are usually painful

Common symptoms are PU/PD

Which therapeutic measure decreases blood potassium during the treatment of hyperkalaemia? Choose the wrong answer? ● IV calcium ● Potassium free infusion and furosemide ● Glucose containing infusions ● Rapid acting insulin applications

IV calcium

What is the main and initiating cause of the calcium-phosphorus imbalance in CKF? ## Footnote ● Inadequate vitamin D production ● Poor absorption of calcium from the GI tract ● Retention of phosphorous ● Nephrocalcinosis

Retention of phosphorus

In dogs, which type of urolithiasis can be affected by housing conditions, lifestyle & body condition? - Struvite - Calcium oxalate - Purine - Cystine

Calcium oxalate

What is not true for polycystic kidney disease? ## Footnote is often asymptomatic -renal abscesses may develop in case of bacterial infection of the cyst -ultrasound examination is required to make a diagnosis -treatment is often surgical

treatment is often surgical

The most effective gastric protectant for dogs with CKD? ## Footnote - pantoprazole - famotidine - sucralfate - benazepril

pantoprazole

Which urinary stone cannot be dissolved medically? ## Footnote Struvite Cystine Purine Calcium oxalate

calcium oxalate

It typically causes acute & chronic kidney disease – Pre-existing chronic disease + … ## Footnote - Polypoid cystitis - Hemodynamic disturbance - Hyperthyroidism - Hepatopathy

Haemodynamic disturbances

Which one of the following uroliths appears usually in cases of dogs with bacterial cystitis? Urate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Cystine Struvite

struvite

Possible causes of hydronephrosis… Which is the wrong answer? ## Footnote - Ureter stone - Granuloma formation following neutralization - Ascending infection - Transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder

Urether stone

Until what level is it recommended to increase the Ht with erythropoietin/darbepoetin therapy in chronic kidney disease? - Until Ht is 22-25% - Until Ht is around 30% - To normal range - The success of the treatment does not depend on the ht value

Until the Ht is around 30%

Renal amyloidosis is typically found in which dog breed? ## Footnote Basenji Shar-pei Hungarian vizsla poodle

Shar pei

Oliguria in the dog – Aetiology ## Footnote - Chronic renal disease, nephrosis/nephritis, pyometra - Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis - Dehydration, renal insufficiency, chronic liver disease - Endocrine disorders, hepatopathies

Inadequate water intake; Dehydration; Acute nephrosis

Hypercholesterolaemia is typically associated with the following kidney disease ## Footnote - glomerulopathies of dogs - chronic kidney disease of cats - acute kidney injury of dogs - fanconi syndrome

Glomerulopathies of dogs

Renal amyloidosis is not typically caused by… ## Footnote Chronic inflammatory process - Neoplastic process - Chronic liver disease - Genetic (familiar) causes

Chronic liver disease

What statement is true about immune-complex glomerulonephritis? ## Footnote Urine protein/creatinine ratio is typically high An important element of therapy is broad-spectrum AB treatment Serum albumin level is increased Diagnosis can be made based on the typical US image of the kidneys

An important element of therapy is broad spectrum Abx therapy

Which statement is correct regarding ectopic ureters? ## Footnote It may cause dysuria In acquired form, the incontinence recurring The urinary incontinence might be combined with normal micturition episodes The urinary incontinence is always constant

The urinary incontinence might be combined with normal micturition episodes

What is the advantage of scrotal urethrostomy? ## Footnote Castration can prevent urinary incontinence The perineal urethrostomy can be avoided Easily dissectable urethrenlargeal section, wide and safe stoma The cystotomy can be avoided

Easily dissectible urethra, larger section, wide and safe stoma

Which treatment does not affect the PTH-level in chronic renal cases ## Footnote Feeding real diet Adding phosphorus binders to the diet ACE inhibitor therapy Vitamin D admin

ACE-inhibitor therapy

In case of renal traumatic bleeding… ## Footnote The abdominocentesis is always positive (blood) The plain abdominal radiography is usually pathogenic Retroperitoneal blood loss may even lead to exsanguination Retroperitoneal blood loss may occur but usually does not lead to life threatening circulatory changes

Retroperitoneal blood loss may occur but usually does not lead to life threatening circulatory changes

Which statement is incorrect regarding prostate ultrasonography? ## Footnote a. It can detect fluid accumulation within the organ b. It can detect parenchymal hypertrophy c. It can differentiate cyst from abscess d. It provides possibility of core biopsy

It can differentiate cysts from abscess urolithiasis

Cat with enlarged kidneys, which diagnosis is not probable? ## Footnote PKD Hydronephrosis Lymphoma of the kidneys Renal fibrosis

Renal fibrosis

Which is the most important test for diagnosing glomerulopathies? ## Footnote Determination of the blood creatinine and urea values Determination of the urine specific gravity by a refractometer Detection of severe proteinuria Examination of the urine sediment

Detection of severe proteinuria

Not a typical laboratory alteration in CKD ## Footnote Hypokalemia Anemia Hyperphosphatemia Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

What is your diagnosis if glucosuria appears in case of euglycemia? ## Footnote Cushing's disease Addison's disease Both None

Addison’s disease

The most common LUTD of cats? ## Footnote Prostate disease Idiopathic cysts Urolithiasis Bacterial cystitis

Idiopathetic cysts

Causes of glomerular diseases in small animals. Not correct? ## Footnote A)Adhesions of immune complexes to the basement membrane B) Ischemia, nephrotoxic materials C)Amyloidosis D)congenital/ acquired basement membrane/ podocyte injury

congenital/ acquired basement membrane/ podocyte injury

Causes of anaemic in CKD patients. The wrong answer? ## Footnote Lack of erythropoietin GI bleeding/ulcers Decreased survival of RBC Hemolysis

Haemolysis

Which statement is true for pyelonephritis? ## Footnote -the bacteria usually reach the acute renal pelvis from the systemic circulation -we can get a sample from diagnostic tests by aspirating the renal pelvis -on the ultrasound examination we find shrunken kidneys -usually the urinary sediment is unchanged because the inflammation is limited to the renal pelvis

We can get a sample for diagnostic tests by aspirating the renal pelvis

Subclinical bacteriuria… ## Footnote Asymptomatic Only mild lower uti symptoms Pyelonephritis may be suspected Bacteria in urine as usually multidrug resistant

Is asymptomatic

Causes of acute interstitial nephritis in small animals ## Footnote E coli/ proteus Antifreeze Leptospirosis Ureter stone

Leptosporosis

False for polycystic kidney disease ## Footnote In glomerular proteinuria large protein are excreted Tubular proteinuria, urinary protein/cret ration is very high Borderline proteinuria means UPC is between 0.2 and 0.4 or 5 Proteinuria of glomerular or tubular origin can be differentiated by renal biopsy

Tubular proteinuria, urinary protein/cret ration is very high

Urohydropropulsion… ## Footnote Requires good surgical skills No sedation is required Renal pelvis is connected to the bladder with special shunt May be suitable for removing small stones from the bladder

May be suitable for removing small stones from the bladder

Fanconi syndrome is not characterised by…

Central diabetes insipidus

Not Recommended for cystotomy wound closure ## Footnote Double layer continuous lembert Double layer penetrating lembet Single layer seromuscular continuous Double layer interrupted lembert

Double layer penetrating lembert

IRIS classification of CKD? Wrong answer? ## Footnote 4 stages determined by serum creatinine levels Stage 1 the creatinine is only mildly elevated Substages based on presence of proteinuria Substaged based on degree of hypertension

stage 1 the creatinine is only midly elevated

When should you think of leptospirosis in a dog?

Elevated liver enzymes & creatinine values

Antidote of ethylene glycol toxicosis?

Ethyl alcohol; Fomepizole

Not typical of IRIS stage 1 CKD

Acute blindness due to hypertension

Renal amyloidosis is not typically caused by… ## Footnote Chronic inflammatory process - Neoplastic process - Chronic liver disease - Genetic (familiar) causes

Chronic liver disease

Which statement is correct about glomerulopathies? ## Footnote 75% of glomerulopathis is amyloidosis 50% of glomerulopathis is amyloidosis 15% of glomerulopathis is of Immune complex origin 50% of glomerulopathis is of immune complex origin

50% of glomerulopathies are of immune complex origin

Most likely diagnosis in cats in case of haematuria? ## Footnote FIC Urolithiasis Neoplasia Bacterial cystitis

FIC

To determine the urine concentrating capacity, we use… Blood urea levels Urinary total protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) Urine specific gravity with a refractometer Blood creatinine and SDMA levels

USG with a refractometer

Monitoring BP is especially important in… ## Footnote In young animals In FIC In kidney disease In case of heart failure

Kidney diseases