PQ 4 Flashcards by Cian Ryan

The primary exposure factor that controls scatter radiation is?

a. kVp
b. mAs
c. increased exposure time
d. the collimator setting

The collimator setting

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What do grids contain that controls scatter radiation?

a. Molybdenum
b. Aluminium
c. Silver
d. Lead

lead

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Where is the grid located?

a. between the patient and the cassette
b. between the patient and the x-ray tube
c. above the x-ray tube
d. under the cassette

Between the patient and the cassette

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To prevent magnification and distortion of the object being radiographed, the patient must…

a. be as parallel to the film as possible
b. be as close to the film as possible
c. be as close to the x-ray tube as possible
d. both a and b are correct

Be as parallel & and as close to the film as possible

Both A and B

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When viewing a radiograph of a laterally positioned animal?

A) the head should be at the top of the viewbox/display

B) the head should face the viewers left with the spine at the top

C) the head should face the viewers right with spine at top

D) the head face the viewers left with spine at the bottom

The head should face the viewers left with the spine at the top

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Any body part exceeding this measurement requires the use of a grid to reduce fog

producing scatter radiation

a. 20 cm
b. 10 cm
c. 2.5 cm
d. 30 cm

10cm

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Which statement is false?

a. The use of grid is recommended over 10 cm object diameter.
b. Using a grid, the dose of the radiation should be reduced
c. The grid filters the scatter radiation
d. The grid contains small lead strips standing vertically or in an angle facing toward the x-ray tube.

Using a grid, the dose of the radiation should be reduced

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Which statement is false? The scattered beam..

a. Is negligible concerning radiation safety of the staff
b. Originates from the patients body
c. Is disadvantageous concerning the quality of the radiograph
d. Is less intense than the primary beam

The scattered beam is negligible concerning radiation safety of the staff

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Which statement is false? The x-ray beam is

a. invisible
b. makes chemical changes in photoemulsions
c. produces light flash in fluorescent materials
d. penetrates bodies without losing energy

Penetrates bodies without losing energy

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What materials belong to the basic radiographic opacities

Metal; Stone; Gas

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What material doesn’t belong to the basic radiographic opacities?

a. metal
b. wood
c. stone
d. gas

Wood

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With the use of a grid, we can…

a. reduce the radiation exposure
b. improve the image contrast
c. improve the image sharpness
d. reduce the exposure time

Improve image contrast

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Which statement is incorrect? X-ray..

a. ionizing radiation.
b. electromagnetic radiation.
c. travels at the speed of light.
d. consists of charged particles.

The x-ray consists of charged particles

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What is not a normal component in the digital radiographic technology?

a. x-ray tube
b. intensifying screen
c. grid
d. collimator

intensifying screen

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The attenuation of the X-ray beam does not depend on which parameter?

a. atomic number
b. object thickness
c. physical density
d. optical density

optical density

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Which component is different in conventional & digital radiography?

a. x-ray tube
b. generator
c. grid
d. detector

Detector

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What is the main source of radiation exposure of the personnel?

a. leaking radiation from the x-ray tube
b. the primary beam
c. the secondary beam originating from the patient
d. none of them

Secondary beam originating from the patient

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Which statement is false?

a. bones are more radiolucent than metals
b. fat is more radiopaque than fluids
c. gas is more radiolucent than fat
d. fluids and soft tissues have the same opacity

Fat is more radiopaque than fluids

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The cause of an unsharp x-ray cannot be?

a. motion
b. increased distance between the object and the detector
c. low kV
d. high mAs

Increased distance between the object and the detector

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Which statement is true regarding the radiographic image?

a. The distortion is less on the periphery.
b. Distortion can be prevented by centralization.
c. Objects look smaller on radiograph then their real size.
d. Unsharpness may come only from motion.

Distortion can be prevented by centralisation

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Which statement is true?

a. Image acquisition is faster in CR, than in DR systems
b. CR systems are cheaper, than DR systems
c. In the DR systems the cassette contains a PSP plate
d. A reader or scanner is a normal component of a DR system

CR systems are cheaper than DR systems

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Which exposure factor could be used in small animal radiography?

a. 8 mAs
b. 100 mAs
c. 0,8 mAs
d. 800 mAs

8 mAs

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Which statement is false?

a. The mAs describes the number of x-ray photons .
b. Higher capacity generators are required to produce longer exposure time .
c. The contrast of the image is mainly based on the mAs .
d. Scatter radiation is mainly based on mAs .

Scatter radiation is mainly based on mAs

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Which statement is false in case of a chest radiograph?

a. Longer exposure time is recommended
b. Smaller exposure values are needed compared to and abdominal radiograph of the same diameter
c. The contrast will be higher compared to the abdomen
d. Motion unsharpness is a common problem

Longer exposure time is recommended

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Which exposure factors cause the blackening on the detector than 60kV/8mAs? ## Footnote a. 70 kV/ 16 mAs b. 50 kV/ 20 mAs c. 80 kV/ 2 mAs d. 40 kV/ 10 mAs

80kV/2mAs

Which are not image parameters? ## Footnote a. density b. sharpness c. magnification d. contrast

Magnification

Which statement is true? ## Footnote a. the overexposed digital image will be too bright. b. the overexposed analog image will be too dark. c. the underexposed analog image will be too dark. d. the under exposed digital image will be too bright.

The underexposed digital image will be too bright

Which statement is false? ## Footnote a. in case of wrong exposure factors the digital image will be motten. b. The S-value informs you about the exposure . c. The image can be motten both in over- and underexposed cases d. Digital systems require much higher doses than analog systems .

Digital systems require much higher doses than analogue systems

Which statement is true? ## Footnote a. You don't have to use grid for the chest . b. You don't have to use grid about 10 centimeter object thickness . c. The use of the grid is often not required in digital systems . d. The create improves the image sharpness

The crate improves the image sharpness

What is not a form of protection against ionising radiation? ## Footnote a. distance b. shielding c. dose equivalent d. time

Dose equivalent

. A personal dose meter… ## Footnote a. worn on the outer side of protective clothing b. is obligatory for everybody c. indicates overexposure with light and sound signal d. records the effective dose

Records the effective dose

The x-ray beam does not… ## Footnote a. cause radioactivity b. ionize matter c. travel at the speed of light d. require electric current to generate

Cause radioactivity

In veterinary diagnostic radiology, adverse may include? ## Footnote a. stochastic effects b. deterministic effects c. radiation sickness d. none

Stochastic effects

An especially sensitive tissue type for ionising radiation is… ## Footnote a. the skin b. the bone marrow c. the nervous sytem d. none

the bone marrow

In case of deterministic effects ## Footnote a. severity is proportionate to dose b. there is no threshold c. the typical unit of measure is Sievert d. the most common result is a malignant tumour

Severity is proportionate to dose

It is officially safe to put a hand in the primary X-ray beam with a. lead gloves on b. with nothing on c. with a double layer of protective lead on d. none of the above

None of the above

. Radon ## Footnote a. is incorporated after inhalation b. is released from industrial fallout c. is generated by X-ray d. is absent in Europe

Is generated by the x-ray

X-ray photons in the body normally are not ## Footnote a. absorbed b. reflected c. scattered d. transmitted

Transmitted

Why can a structure be more radiopaque than the other? ## Footnote a. It has the same diameter, but it consists of elements of lower atomic numbers b. it has the same material. but it's thinner c. it consists of elements of higher atomic number and has the same diameter d. it consists of elements of smaller atomic number and it is thinner

It consists of elements of higher atomic number and has the same diameter

What if the object is not in the centre of the detector plate? ## Footnote a. The resulting image will be enlarged. b. The resulting image will be distorted. c. The resulting image will be unsharp. d. The resulting image will be overexposed.

The resulting image will be unsharp

Which statement is true? ## Footnote a. You can't reach into the primary beam even with lead gloves on. b. The land club protects from the primary beam. c. If you don't see the bones of your gloved hand on the radiograph, then no radiation was exposed to your hand. d. Only pregnant women can't reach into the primary beam.

The land club protects from the primary beam

What does “acquisition” mean in digital imaging? a. The clouding of electrons around the cathode spiral. b. The scatter of primary beams around the animals body. c. The creation of picture from the electric sign. d. The equilibrium of exposure factors to optimize the image quality.

The picture from the electric sign

What is not true for DICOM files? ## Footnote a. They can be inspected with commercial image viewer programs b. Contain images of TIFF format. c. The x-ray images have a size of 10-30 megabytes. d. They contain metadata besides the image.

They can be inspected with commercial image view programs

Which statement is incorrect? Compared to the JPEG image, the DICOM files are? ## Footnote a. less appropriate for diagnostics. b. bigger. c. preferred more by the owner. d. cannot be inspected with a medical image viewer program.

Preferred more by the owner

A rarely performed contrast study in small animal radiology? ## Footnote a. thoracic cavity infusion b. lacrimal duct contrast study c. laryngeal contrast instillation d. none of the above

Lacrimal duct contrast study

Myelography is primarily used to diagnose? ## Footnote a. spinal cord bleeding b. spinal cord compression c. spinal cord necrosis d. brain circularoty disorders

Spinal cord compression

In myelography, a contrast agent is injected into the… ## Footnote a. epidural b. subdural c. subarachnoid d. spinal

Subarachnoid space

In the study of megaoesophagus, which method is not used? ## Footnote a. survey radiographs b. barium sulfate paste swallow c. carbon-dioxide inflation d. feeding barium sulfate mixed with pet food

Carbon-dioxide inflation

When is liquid barium sulphate entirely emptied from the stomach following per os administration in a healthy dog? a. after 1 hour b. after 4 hours c. after 12 hours d. after 24 hours

After 12 hours; Ileus exam can then start from 12 hours

Which one of the following retrograde contrast studies is not performed in dogs? ## Footnote a. positive contrast cystography b. negative contrast cystography c. positive contrast urethrography d. negative contrast urethrography

Negative contrast urethrography

Which statement is false regarding the radiography of intestinal obstructions? ## Footnote a. the obturating object and the distended proximal intestinal loops may be seen on the radiograph at the same time b. the obturating object may be seen without secondary X-ray signs on the radiograph c. in certain cases the radiographic finding may be unremarkable d. contrast study is used in every case to make the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction

Contrast study is used in every case to make the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction

Which statement is false? In carnivores, the homogenous abdomen… ## Footnote a. may suggest abdominal effusion b. is normal in young animals c. is normal in cachectic animals d. is normal in obese patients

Is normal in obese patients; May suggest pneumoperitoneum

What contrast medium would you choose for double contrast cystography? ## Footnote a. iodinated contrast and barium sulfate b. air and barium sulfate c. iodinated contrast and air d. air only

Iodinated contrast & air

Which statement is false? In case of an intestinal obstruction… ## Footnote a. the use of barium sulfate is contraindicated b. unevenly the standard intestinal loops are always visible c. the radiograph can be completely normal d. the gas filled stomach is pathognostic

The use of barium sulphate is contraindicated

Which contrast can be used to examine the urethra? ## Footnote a. Liquid BaSO4 b. powder BaSO4 c. organic iodine compound d. inorganic iodine compound

Organic iodine compound

Which organ can be generally seen on a survey radiograph? ## Footnote a. pancreas b. ovars c. adrenals d. aorta

Aorta; Vena cava

Best method to detect the rupture of the ureters is… ## Footnote a. double contrast cystography b. excretory urography c. excretory urethrography d. retrograde urethrography

Excretory urography

Which statement is true? In small animals… ## Footnote a. every uroliths are visible on the survey radiograph b. Urethrography is recommended to confirm cystolithiasis c. Ectopic ureters can be detected by intravenous urography. d. The best method to confirm urinary bladder rupture is negative contrast cystography

Ectopic ureters can be detected by intravenous urography (mixed pneumo-cystography)

Negative bronchogram is typical in which pulmonary pattern? ## Footnote a. nodular pattern b. alveolar pattern c. bronchial pattern d. interstitial pattern

Alveolar pattern

Which contrast medium can be used in the case of a suspected oesophageal perforation? a. Liquid BaSO4 b. liquid BaSO4 and canned food c. organic iodine compound d. inorganic iodine compound l

Organic iodine compound

In case of a tracheal hypoplasia, the diameter of the trachea is less than… ## Footnote a. the 1/3 of the length of the third rib b. the 20% of the thoracic inlet c. the double of the length of the second lumbar vertebra d. one intercostal space

The 20% of the thoracic inlet

Which of the following is typical for tracheal hypoplasia? ## Footnote a. the entire trachea is narrower than normal b. the trachea is narrowed in the thoracic inlet c. the respiratory phase has an influence on the diameter of the trachea d. the narrow portion is generally located inside the chest

The entire trachea is narrower than normal

In which condition can he see the tracheal wall separated from neighbouring tissues? ## Footnote a. pneumothorax b. pleural effusion c. pneumomediastinum d. negative bronchogram

Pneumomediastinum

Which statement is true for the feline oesophagus? ## Footnote a. The caudal 1/3 on the survey radiograph shows herring bone pattern. b. The cranial 1/3 on the contrast radiograph shows herring bone pattern. c. The cranial 1/3 on the survey radiograph shows herring bone pattern. d. The caudal 1/3 on the contrast radiograph shows herring bone pattern.

The caudal 1/3 on the contrast radiograph shows herring bone pattern

A vertebral heart scale ## Footnote a. describes the length of the vertebrae b. describes the size of the heart c. can be measured on the VD thoracic radiograph d. can be measured on the LL lumbar spine radiograph

Describes the size of the heart

Which statement is false for tracheal collapse? ## Footnote a. Its radiographic appearance is influenced by the respiratory phase. b. The entire trachea is affected. c. Its cause is the softening of the tracheal C-cartilage. d. Toy breeds are affected

The entire trachea is affected

Which statement is true? On a lateral chest radiograph… ## Footnote a. the left ventricle is located cranioventrally. b. the left atrium is located caudodorsally c. the right ventricle is located craniodorsally d. the right atrium is located caudoventrally

The left atrium is located caudodorsally

Which statement is false? In case of thoracic effusion a. the opacity of the thorax is increased. b. the outline of the organs gets sharper. c. diaphragmatic hernia sometimes cannot be ruled out. d. type of the fluid cannot be determined.

diaphragmatic hernia sometimes cannot be ruled out

What contrast medium would you use to demonstrate vascular strangulation of the oesophagus? a. barium-sulfate b. inorganic iodine compound c. air d. The use of contrast medium is contraindicated

Contrast medium is contraindicated

Which is not a pulmonary pattern? ## Footnote a. Alveolar b. Fibrous c. Interstitial d. Bronchial

Fibrous

Tracheal hypoplasia is common in which breed? ## Footnote a. Dachshund b. English bulldog c. German shepherd d. Irish setter

English bulldog

Which contrast mediums can he used for the non-perforated oesophagus? ## Footnote a. barium-sulfate suspension b. organic iodine c. both d. none of them

Organic iodine; Barium-sulphate suspension (Both)

Which statement is false? When obtaining radiographs of fractures, it is important… ## Footnote a. to take orthogonal projections. b. to have the neighboring joints in the picture too. c. in case of uncertainty take x-ray of the contralateral limb too. d. always take radiograph of the thorax too.

To always take a radiograph of the thorax too

Which statement is correct? In mature healthy carnivores… ## Footnote a. the cortical layer of the long bones is radiolucent b. the growth plate is radiolucent c. the periosteum is not visible in the radiographs d. the endosteum is visible on the radiographs

The periosteum is not visible in the radiographs

What is the normal anatomy of the long bones? ## Footnote a. epiphysis ʹ metaphysis ʹ diaphysis ʹ metaphysis ʹ epiphysis b. metaphysis ʹ diaphysis ʹ epiphysis ʹ diaphysis ʹ metaphysis c. diaphysis - epiphysis - metaphysis - epiphysis ʹ diaphysis d. metaphysis - epiphysis - diaphysis - epiphysis ʹ metaphysis

Epiphysis-Metaphysis-Diaphysis-Metaphysis-Epiphysis

Which part of the long bones is radiolucent? ## Footnote a. cortex b. subchondral bone c. growth plate in young animals d. growth plate in adults

Growth plate in young animals

Which statement is incorrect? The x-ray (is)... a. ionizing radiation. b. electromagnetic radiation. c. travels at the speed of light. d. consists of charged particles.

Consists of charged particles

The attenuation of the X-ray beam does not depend on which parameter? a. atomic number b. object thickness c. physical density d. optical density

Optical density

The opacity of which organ differs from the others ? a. Urinary bladder b. Gallbladder c. Trachea. d. Heart

Trachea

Which statement is false? a. The canine tooth is located rostral to the tympanic bulla. b. The patella is located cranial to the fabella. c. The sternum is located ventral to the heart. d. The olecranon is located dorsal to the carpus

The olecranon is located dorsal to the carpus

What is the basic structure of the pulmonary pattern? a. Bronchi b. Pulmonary vessels c. Alveoli d. None of them

None of them