power, dominance, and influence-2 Flashcards
Member roles
specific pattern of behaviors that one group member performs based on the expectations of other group members
Types of member roles
-Task-related roles
-Maintenance-related roles
-Individual and unproductive roles
—-Roles that distract from the groups productivity by either drawing attention to the individual or disrupting the groups ability to make progress
(Central negative, monopolizer, joker, blocker, withdrawer, etc.)
-Leadership roles
—-formal or informal group role associated with high-status position
leadership
complex of beliefs, communicative patterns, and behaviors that influence the functioning of a group and move a group toward the completion of its task
How one becomes a leader-implied
implication that someone knows what to do due to expertise
How one becomes a leader-designated
appointed by outside force
How one becomes a leader-emergent
-leader emerges after multiple people compete to be the leader(storming stage)
How one becomes a leader-traits
social and strong leadership qualities naturally
How one becomes a leader-situation
due to the given situation of the group
How one becomes a leader-behaviors
-due to acting like a leader, they become one
How one becomes a leader-communication
great at communicating
Authoritarian leadership styles, and pro and cons
maintain strict control and make decisions without input
Pro:quick decisions
Con:follower unhappiness
strategies to become a leader
–Participate early and often
–Communication quality as well as quantity
–Demonstrate your competence
–Help build a cohesive unit
Democratic leadership style, pros and cons
seek input from others when making decisions
Pro: followers are happier due to involvement
Con:Takes a long time to make decisions
Laissez-faire leadership styles, and pros and cons
minimal supervision
Pro-follower happiness due to minimal micromanaging
Con-unproductive
Requires skilled followers
Power
the capacity to produce intended effects, in particular, the ability to influence the behavior of another person
–Also includes the ability to be free from others’ influence and decide ones own fate
3 abilities that define power
Ability to do what one wants without interference from others
Ability to influence other people
Ability to resist the influence attempts of others
Objective power
own or control resources
Actual power
people must value the resources someone controls and be influenced by the person who controls those resources
Relative power
amount of power that a person possesses in relation to another person
Coercive power
Occurs when a person has the ability to punish others or take away something they value
reward power
ability to provide someone with valued resources or outcomes
legitimate power
based on the perception that the leader has the right or authority to be in charge
expert power
rooted in someone’s level of specialized knowledge
referent power
related to how dynamic and likable they are
Dominance
actual interactional behaviors by which power and influence can be accomplished
Governs who can be approached, who is to be avoided/shunned
Domineering
if a person tries to dominate others but no one responds with submissiveness(unsuccessful dominance attempts)
Nonverbal pejoratives
a type of dominance display
-class of nonverbal communicative behaviors designs to threaten, insult, or demean a target
savoir-fare
a type of dominance display
-showing poise, self-assurance, panache and dynamism, and exercising conversational control
Status
one’s position in a social hierarchy
high social status
the prestige an individual has within the group
-High status fosters power and dominance
Appearance cues of power
Mature faces
Deeper, louder, more resonant voices considered more mature/powerful
Dark colors may project dominance and self-confidence
physical potency
concerns that the way that humans signal nonverbally how strong or weak we are, whether we might pose a threat, or are more likely to submit to an aggressors power
resource control
nonverbal signals that indicate what material goods we possess that enable us to exert influence over others
Interaction control
concerns the way in which we use nonverbal signals to manage who in a dyad or group is in charge
the principle of threat
showing willingness to fight and to back up that threat with indicators of ones potency
Harsh power tactics
scowls and steady, extended gaze are generally perceived as dominant and threatening, especially when used by high status or powerful people
the principle of size and strength
power may simply be implied through body bulk, weight, and muscularity
the principle of invigoration
speed, agility, and energy expenditure indicated potency
Lethargy, and torpidity(inactivity) are typically associated with weakness and ineffectualness
the principle of relaxation
moderate postural and vocal relaxation connote power, dominance, and status
the principle of territorial possession and access
space is a precious resource and one that people often aim to control
the principle of valued resource control
physical appearance emerges as an important indicator of one’s ability to be judged as powerful
Uniforms, formal attire expensive accessories, etc
the principle of task performance cues
in decision making situations, a sign of power is reflected the necessary skills to complete a task
the principle of interaction control
people in power can choose how and when to communicate with another
the principle of territorial imperative
power can be reinforced by insisting that important negotiations occur within ones own territory
the principle of regulating approach and avoidance
silence can be a nonverbal mechanism for intimidating another
the principle of centrality
dominance and status are signaled through centrality of position(sitting or standing more central to group)
the principle of elevation
location in vertical space can convey power
the principle of initiation
dominant and pwoerful individuals are typically the first to enter a room, the first to sit, talk and start conversational thread
the principle of prerogative of violation
the higher the status of the person, the more they can violate the norms that are in place for ordinary people and be seen in a positive light
Blatant strategies of dominance
Imperiousness, being judgemental, invasion of others space and time territory, norm violations, deviance
Subtle strategies of dominance
Touchiness, haughtiness, ridiculing and irony, easiness and carelessness, assertiveness and calm strength
dyadic power theory
power is an integral part of any relationship but is especially important in close romantic relationships because it determines how the partners relate to each other and how decisions are made
chilling effect
the less powerful person in a relationship often hesitates to communicate grievances to their partner
