Bio Evolution And Nvc

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

changes observed over time in the physical characteristics of organisms

Question 2

Standard theory of evolution-Darwinian theory

Answer 2

species of organisms arise and develop through natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase an individual’s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce

Question 3

Principles of natural selection

Answer 3

—In all generations, there are more given species than can survive to reproductive maturity–leads to a struggle for existence
Individual organisms vary from one another-cognitively, emotionally, and physically
—Some variations are passed on genetically to offspring
—Genetically inherited characteristics that provide advantages for survival are passed to future generations with greater frequency than disadvantageous characteristics
—Fitness-the capacity to survive in a particular environment

Question 4

Psychophysiology

Answer 4

assumes that cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social events are all reflected in the body’s physiological process

Question 5

Biological approach

Answer 5

–Psychophysiology
–Focuses on the physiological processes that go along with behaviors and emotions
–Survival benefits from certain behaviors

Question 6

Fight or flight

Answer 6

the body is rapidly aroused by the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system

Question 7

General adaptation syndrome and stages

Answer 7

-the bodys nonspecific physiological response to tress
Stage 1-Alarm reaction-body immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency
Stage 2-stage of resistance-if exposure toa stressor is prolonged, then the initial shock of the alarm reaction will wear off and your body will adapt to the stressor
Stage 3-stage of exhaustion-if exposure to a stressor continues, the body’s ability to resist becomes depleted as physical wear takes its toll on the body’s tissues and organs

Question 8

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 8

5. Self-actualization: realization of a person’s potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences
6. Esteem needs: self-worth, accomplishment, and respect
7. Social needs: the need for interpersonal relationships, affiliations, connectedness, and being part of a group
8. Security needs: people want to experience order, predictability, and control in their lives, so they have needs for security and safety
9. Physiological needs: biological requirements for human survival (e.g., air, food, water, shelter, warmth, sleep, sex, etc.

Question 9

Bio-evolutionary perspective

Answer 9

touch comforts and stimulates us in ways that are essential to our health and development
–touch=oxytocin release, a hormone released by the pituitary gland

Question 10

Neoteny

Answer 10

youthful facial features like large eyes, small nose, full lips

Question 10

Sociocultural influences

Answer 10

Culture is a system of shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and norms that guide what is considered appropriate among an identifiable group of people
–Individualism vs collectivism - have an impact on communication: self-concept, conflict management, group communication, and decision-making

Question 11

Power distance

Answer 11

–High-inequalities exist and everyone has a rightful place(feudal Europe, modern india)
–Low-inequalities are underplayed and high-power people are not treated differently(Australia, Netherlands)

Question 12

Low vs high context cultures

Answer 12

–High context-info is found in the physical environment or within people rather than in mesages themselves (Heavily rely on NVC)
–Low context-people do not rely on context as much to interpret messages.
(Majority of info comes from verbal message itself)

Question 13

Masculine vs feminine cultures

Answer 13

–Masculine-traditional sex/gender roles-expect men and women to each do specific roles
–Feminine-people are free to assume any role and both roles are equally values

Question 14

group empathy theory

Answer 14

nonverbal cues that work as visual representations of a person’s race or ethnic group can activate empathy toward that group and increase the observer’s opposition to unfair treatment and restrictive policies targeting such out-group members

Question 15

Intergroup contact theory

Answer 15

predicts that getting to know out-group members in positive interactions tend to increase the favorable attitudes people have for one another

Question 16

Communication accommodation theory

Answer 16

people will adjust their use of language according to their communicative partner
–convergence and divergence

Question 17

Convergence

Answer 17

changing communication to match someone elses behavior

Question 18

Divergence

Answer 18

adjusting communication to emphasize the differences between speakers

Question 19

Barriers of intercultural communication(4)

Answer 19

implicit biases, nonverbal race bias, microaggressions, ethnocentrism

Question 19

Implicit bias

Answer 19

unknown or unaware perceptions of the associations we make about particular characteristics and group members

Question 20

Nonverbal race bias

Answer 20

nonverbal expression or communication of race-based judgments

Question 21

Microaggressions

Answer 21

brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental idignities, whether intentional or not, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults towards people of color

Question 22

Ethnocentrism

Answer 22

when we judge someone from another culture or co-culture through the lens and evaluative frame of our own group