identities and impressions-2

Question 1

identity display

Answer 1

reflections about the fundamentals of who we are

Question 2

impression or image management

Answer 2

Nonverbal cues that are purposely used/manipulated to reflect (or pretend to have) particular personal characteristics

Question 3

Impression formation or person perception

Answer 3

the process others engage in to try to figure out who we are and what we mean by our actions

Question 4

What can identities be made up of

Answer 4

-culture of a person
-common identifications with a collective or social category
-the creation of a common culture among participants in a movement
-meanings that people attach to the multiple roles they play in highly differentiated contemporary societies

Question 5

Working self-concept

Answer 5

reflects how people think of themselves at a given moment
-is based on personal experiences as well as feedback and responses from others

Question 6

Self-schema

Answer 6

an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self

Question 7

Social comprasion theory

Answer 7

the idea that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others

Question 8

Downward comparisons

Answer 8

comparing oneself to another person who is less competent or in a worse situation

Question 9

Upward comparisons

Answer 9

comparing oneself to another person who is more competent or in a better situation

Question 10

What are the 3 aspects of self-concept

Answer 10

-Real self-who you actually are
-Ideal self-the person that you would like to be
-Congruence-when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar

Question 11

Conditions of worth

Answer 11

-if parents affection for a child is conditional on the child acting in an acceptable way, the child’s personality develops based on what will get approval from others

Question 12

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 12

when parents affection for a child is unconditional the child’s personality can develop freely

Question 13

Explain the social cognitive approach

Answer 13

-Cognitive factors=beliefs/values
Personal factors=biological components
-Environmental factors respond to use based on our cognitive personal factors and our behaviors
-Reciprocal determinism-cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact

Question 14

Rotters locus of control-3 factors list

Answer 14

-locus of control
-internal locus of control
-external locus of control

Question 15

Locus of control

Answer 15

our belief about the power we have over our lives

Question 16

Internal locus of control

Answer 16

belief that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts

Question 17

External locus of control

Answer 17

belief that most of our outcomes are outside of our control

Question 18

Trait theory

Answer 18

analyzing personality by examining stable and enduring components

Question 19

Traits

Answer 19

characteristic ways of behaving
Traits usually exist on a continuum

Question 20

What are the factors in the 5 factor model of personality

Answer 20

neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeability, and conscientiousness

Question 21

explain eysencks biological trait theory

Answer 21

-Temperament-inborn, genetically based personality differences
Personality traits have 2 major dimensions
—-How outgoing people are
—– Whether peoples emotions tend to be stable or unstable
-High extroversion = sociable and outgoing, and readily connect with others
-High introversion = need to be alone, engage in solitary behaviors, limit their interactions with others
-High neuroticism = anxious, have an overactive sympathetic nervous system, enter fight or flight reactions even with low stress
-High stability = need more stimulation or stress to activate their fight or flight reaction, more emotionally stable

Question 22

self reports

Answer 22

-a type of personality tests
-personality tests that use questionnaires to let people respond to items that reveal traits and behaviors

Question 23

Electronically activated records

Answer 23

-a type of personality test
-people wear a device that unobtrusively tracks their real world moment to moment interactions, picking up snippets of conversations and other auditory information

Question 24

Communication reticence

Answer 24

the unwillingness to communicate

Question 25

Touch avoidant

Answer 25

peoples orientations toward touch, conversation distance, and other communicative behaviors reflect the kind of personal boundaries that they have

Question 26

Markers

Answer 26

-a type of identity displays
-cues that help reflect particular identities by marking or indicating a particular group that we are in a characteristic that we have
—–Usually physical or are learned through socialization processes

Question 27

List some national culture identifiers

Answer 27

–Primarily physical appearance and vocal cues
–Nonverbal accent: variations in facial expressions and body movements that reflects our cultural membership and can be recognized as such
–Emblems = specific meanings given to them by a larger culture
–Illustrators = cultural specificity and reflect our cultural background
–Directness of body orientation and facial expressions
–Vocalics

Question 28

Expressivity demand theory

Answer 28

-a sex and gender identifier
-the combination of gender, relationship, and situational features call forth different levels of expressivity

Question 29

impression management

Answer 29

-enacting nonverbal cues that reflect characteristics that we have or would like others to believe we have
-Identity displays are related to specific attributes and being purposeful or strategic

Question 30

List the principles of impression management

Answer 30

We manage multiple images
Impression management is concerned with cause and effect relationships
Impression management techniques are typically directed toward a generalized audience
Impression management focuses on the single encoder who is enacting impression management strategies

Question 31

Impression management theory

Answer 31

People work to engender positive views of themselves while avoiding negative views

Question 32

defensive impression management

Answer 32

when people experience or anticipate a predicament in which they believe others will attribute negative qualities to them

Question 33

Assertive impression management

Answer 33

people attempt to establish particular attributes in the eyes of others

Question 34

Strategic impression management

Answer 34

have long term goals and consequences

Question 35

Tactical impression management

Answer 35

short term goals and consequences

Question 36

schema

Answer 36

databases of stored, related information that we use to interpret new experiences

Question 37

selective attention

Answer 37

attending to relevant info and ignoring irrelevant information
-Influenced by our current goals, expectations, needs, etc

Question 38

What 2 things are used in impression formation

Answer 38

schema and selective attention

Question 39

Heuristics

Answer 39

mental shortcuts that can facilitate problem-solving and probability judgments

Question 40

Availability heuristics

Answer 40

things that are more easily remembered are judged as being more probable

Question 41

representativeness heuristic

Answer 41

basing the estimated probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of the event

Question 42

serial positioning effect

Answer 42

-psychological tendency to remember information that is at the beginning or end of a series/interaction, but difficulty with remembering information presented in the middle

Question 43

primacy effect

Answer 43

tendency to remember the things that are presented first

Question 44

recency effect

Answer 44

tendency to remember the things that are presented last

Question 45

confirmation bias

Answer 45

the tendency to process info by looking for or interpreting info that is consistent with their existing belief

Question 46

self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 46

people’s tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own expectations or other people’s expectations

Question 47

expectancy violation theory

Answer 47

violations of expectations will lead to positive or negative responses depending on our perception of the person (the violator) and their behavior(the violation)
—-Expectancy-pattern of anticipated behavior