identities and impressions-2 Flashcards
identity display
reflections about the fundamentals of who we are
impression or image management
Nonverbal cues that are purposely used/manipulated to reflect (or pretend to have) particular personal characteristics
Impression formation or person perception
the process others engage in to try to figure out who we are and what we mean by our actions
What can identities be made up of
-culture of a person
-common identifications with a collective or social category
-the creation of a common culture among participants in a movement
-meanings that people attach to the multiple roles they play in highly differentiated contemporary societies
Working self-concept
reflects how people think of themselves at a given moment
-is based on personal experiences as well as feedback and responses from others
Self-schema
an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self
Social comprasion theory
the idea that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others
Downward comparisons
comparing oneself to another person who is less competent or in a worse situation
Upward comparisons
comparing oneself to another person who is more competent or in a better situation
What are the 3 aspects of self-concept
-Real self-who you actually are
-Ideal self-the person that you would like to be
-Congruence-when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar
Conditions of worth
-if parents affection for a child is conditional on the child acting in an acceptable way, the child’s personality develops based on what will get approval from others
Unconditional positive regard
when parents affection for a child is unconditional the child’s personality can develop freely
Explain the social cognitive approach
-Cognitive factors=beliefs/values
Personal factors=biological components
-Environmental factors respond to use based on our cognitive personal factors and our behaviors
-Reciprocal determinism-cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact
Rotters locus of control-3 factors list
-locus of control
-internal locus of control
-external locus of control
Locus of control
our belief about the power we have over our lives
Internal locus of control
belief that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts
External locus of control
belief that most of our outcomes are outside of our control
Trait theory
analyzing personality by examining stable and enduring components
Traits
characteristic ways of behaving
Traits usually exist on a continuum
What are the factors in the 5 factor model of personality
neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeability, and conscientiousness
explain eysencks biological trait theory
-Temperament-inborn, genetically based personality differences
Personality traits have 2 major dimensions
—-How outgoing people are
—– Whether peoples emotions tend to be stable or unstable
-High extroversion = sociable and outgoing, and readily connect with others
-High introversion = need to be alone, engage in solitary behaviors, limit their interactions with others
-High neuroticism = anxious, have an overactive sympathetic nervous system, enter fight or flight reactions even with low stress
-High stability = need more stimulation or stress to activate their fight or flight reaction, more emotionally stable
self reports
-a type of personality tests
-personality tests that use questionnaires to let people respond to items that reveal traits and behaviors
Electronically activated records
-a type of personality test
-people wear a device that unobtrusively tracks their real world moment to moment interactions, picking up snippets of conversations and other auditory information
Communication reticence
the unwillingness to communicate
Touch avoidant
peoples orientations toward touch, conversation distance, and other communicative behaviors reflect the kind of personal boundaries that they have
Markers
-a type of identity displays
-cues that help reflect particular identities by marking or indicating a particular group that we are in a characteristic that we have
—–Usually physical or are learned through socialization processes
List some national culture identifiers
–Primarily physical appearance and vocal cues
–Nonverbal accent: variations in facial expressions and body movements that reflects our cultural membership and can be recognized as such
–Emblems = specific meanings given to them by a larger culture
–Illustrators = cultural specificity and reflect our cultural background
–Directness of body orientation and facial expressions
–Vocalics
Expressivity demand theory
-a sex and gender identifier
-the combination of gender, relationship, and situational features call forth different levels of expressivity
impression management
-enacting nonverbal cues that reflect characteristics that we have or would like others to believe we have
-Identity displays are related to specific attributes and being purposeful or strategic
List the principles of impression management
We manage multiple images
Impression management is concerned with cause and effect relationships
Impression management techniques are typically directed toward a generalized audience
Impression management focuses on the single encoder who is enacting impression management strategies
Impression management theory
People work to engender positive views of themselves while avoiding negative views
defensive impression management
when people experience or anticipate a predicament in which they believe others will attribute negative qualities to them
Assertive impression management
people attempt to establish particular attributes in the eyes of others
Strategic impression management
have long term goals and consequences
Tactical impression management
short term goals and consequences
schema
databases of stored, related information that we use to interpret new experiences
selective attention
attending to relevant info and ignoring irrelevant information
-Influenced by our current goals, expectations, needs, etc
What 2 things are used in impression formation
schema and selective attention
Heuristics
mental shortcuts that can facilitate problem-solving and probability judgments
Availability heuristics
things that are more easily remembered are judged as being more probable
representativeness heuristic
basing the estimated probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of the event
serial positioning effect
-psychological tendency to remember information that is at the beginning or end of a series/interaction, but difficulty with remembering information presented in the middle
primacy effect
tendency to remember the things that are presented first
recency effect
tendency to remember the things that are presented last
confirmation bias
the tendency to process info by looking for or interpreting info that is consistent with their existing belief
self-fulfilling prophecies
people’s tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own expectations or other people’s expectations
expectancy violation theory
violations of expectations will lead to positive or negative responses depending on our perception of the person (the violator) and their behavior(the violation)
—-Expectancy-pattern of anticipated behavior
