Kinesics Flashcards
Kinesics
All forms of body movement except touch
How do we acquire kinesics
–From innate neurological processes passed on genetically and developed through evolution
–From experiences common to all humans as they interact with the environment
–Through culture-specific tasks and social interactions that vary across cultures, subcultures, and individuals
Structural approach in regards to kinesics
All the parts/components of a message
-Kineme, kines, allokines, kinemorphs, arakinesics, kinesic markers, kinesic stress
Kineme
the smallest meaningful unit of behavior
Kines
smallest units that are recognizable in a culture’s language but do not possess unique meaning
Allokines
-variations in the intensity, duration, or extent of behaviors
Kinemorphs
-groups by classes and often occur together to produce complex constructions similar to sentences
-At the level of kinemorphs, the meaning of kinesic behavior becomes fully understandable
Parakinesics
movements that aid our understanding of spoken language
Kinesic markers
occur with or take place of a variety of verbal features
Kinesic stress
movements that occur regularly to mark special linguistic combinations
-Primary stress-strong movements
-Secondary stress-weak movements
-Unstressed-normal flow with speech
-Destress-reduction of kinesic behavior below normal
Functional Approach
-”What was it designed to do?”
Considers the meanings or purposes of the behaviors as a way to organize but also reveal the social consequence of nonverbal cues
Oculesics
eye behaviors
gaze
where your eyes happen to be looking
Functional approach oculesics
Direct eye contact-expresses interest and signals attention
Gazing at someone-expresses interpersonal attitudes or emotions
Gazing away from someone-expresses disinterest, regulate or interactions
Gaze-unique surveillance and info gathering functions
Structural approach occulesics
One-sided look-gaze in the direction of someone’s face that is not reciprocates
Mutual look-gaze by both partners directed at each other’s faces
Eye contact-gaze by both partners directed at each others eyes that both partners are aware of
Gaze Avoidance-one person intentionally avoids others eyes
Gaze omission-a person fails to look at someone without intent to avoid eye contact
One sided look
gaze in the direction of someone’s face that is not reciprocates
Mutual look
gaze by both partners directed at each other’s faces
Eye contact
gaze by both partners directed at each others eyes that both partners are aware of
gaze avoidance
one person intentionally avoids others eyes
gaze omission
a person fails to look at someone without intent to avoid eye contact
Gestures
movement of the hand, arms, and head to express an idea or meaning
Emblems
gestures with explicit meaning and dictionary definitions
Criteria of emblems
Have a direct verbal translation and can be substituted for the words they represent
Precise meaning is known by most/all members of social group
Most often used intentionally to transmit a message
Recognized by receivers as meaningful and intentionally sent
Sender takes responsibility for them
Have a clear meaning-even without context
Functions of emblems
Insulting others
Giving interpersonal directions(“come here” “be quier”)
Greeting others
Signaling departure
Replying positively or negatively to requests
Commenting on physical or emotional states
Illustrators
-accompany verbal messages
-used to accent, complement, repeat, or contradict what is being said verbally
Pictographs
sketch a picture of the referent
Kinetographs
display a bodily action
Ideographs
draw the direction or path of thought
Spatial movements
show a spatial relationship amond objects
emblematic movements
repeat or substitute for words in illustrating the spoken words
deictic movements
point to an object
batons
emphasize a phrase or word
rhythmic movements
show timing or rhythm of an event
regulators
–Kinesic behaviors designed to manage or regulate turn-taking betweenn 2 or more interactions
–Conversational gestures
–Facial displays
–Conversational gestures
Topic gestures
gestures that relate to the content of the convo
Interactive/social gestures
ones that function to distinguish dyadic interaction from monologues and are nonredundant with the info conveyed by words
syntactic displays
reveal grammatical info
speaker semantic displays
show content and can be redundant or non redundant with verbal info
Listener semantic displays
facial expressions that are nonredundant with the speakers words
Affect displays
–Reveal emotions
–May be intentional or unintentional, accompany speech or stand alone, and transmit true emotions or be used symbolically
–The type of affect display=adaptor
adaptors
have no meaning but show some sort of internal state
Adaptors(3 types)
Touching behaviors that reveal internal states like anxiety
–Self-adaptors-touching self
–Object adaptors-using an object to show an internal state
–Other adaptors-involves another person
Affect displays and culture
Cultural rules-govern when affect displays are appropriate, inappropriate, and what forms they should take
Affect displays also depend on gender roles/stereotypes
Body orientation
How we position our body in relation to other people
Direct body orientation
facing the other person squarely
Motivated body movement
intentionally moving from point A to B
Unmotivated body movement
Body movements that occur without intention
