expressing emotions-2

Question 1

emotional experience

Answer 1

internal, intrapersonal part of emotion

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

feelings that involve physiological responses, changes in thoughts and actions, and personal evaluation

Question 2

emotional expression

Answer 2

external, interpersonal part of emotion

Question 3

James-Lange theory

Answer 3

emotions arise from physiological arousal
-exp-stimulus is a bear apprroaching, bodily response is increased heart rate, emotion is the feeling of fear

Question 4

cannon-bard theory

Answer 4

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently
-exp-stimulus is a bear approaching, brain processes in specific regions creat the emotional feeling of fear and the bodily response of increased heart rate separately

Question 5

Schacter-singer two factor theory

Answer 5

emotions are comprised of both physiological and cognitive factors
Physiology arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience

Question 6

Basic emotions approach

Answer 6

centered around the universal thesis, or proposition that people around the world are hardwired to experience and express certain basic emotions similarly

Question 7

in terms of basic emotions, explain what discrete means

Answer 7

distinguishable based on differences in facial expressions, vocalics, physiological response, and the events that precede them

Question 8

In terms of basic emotions, explain what adaptive means

Answer 8

evolved for some survival purpose

Question 9

Emotion prototypes approach, and what is a prototype

Answer 9

people have families or clusters of emotions with prototypical emotions that serve as an anchor for each emotion family
-Prototype-an average/idea representation of a pattern or category

Question 10

Levels of the emotion prototype approach

Answer 10

Level 1-positive or negative affect
Level 2-prototypical emotion of each category
Level 3-specific emotions related to the prototypical emotion

Question 11

explain the 2 vs 3 dimensions approaches

Answer 11

2 dimensional model-includes an active-to-passive dimension and an unpleasant-to-pleasant dimension
3 dimensional model-includes scale of activity, pleasantness, and intensity

Question 12

russels circuplex model and the dimensions

Answer 12

-includes 2 dimensions-activity and valence
—-Activity dimension-how aroused or relaxed a person is compared to normal when experiencing an emotion
—-Valence dimension-degree to which people experience pleasant or unpleasant feelings with the emotion

Question 13

Affect as information theory

Answer 13

people use their current moods to make decisions, judgments, and appraisals even if they do not know the source of their moods

Question 14

decision making

Answer 14

emotions influence our decision-making in different ways
Emotions affect judgments

Question 15

action tendencies

Answer 15

innate, biological impulses that prompt people to respond
-for example, when one has the emotion of anger, the action tendency is to attack

Question 16

emotional contagion effect(and the stages)

Answer 16

process of “catching” anothers emotions
Stage 1-people mimic the nonverbal emotional expressions of others
Stage 2-act of expressing emotions provide feedback to the brain, activating the emotion that the person is outwardly expressing
Stage 3-people “catch” emotions

Question 17

Display rules

Answer 17

rules that are learned through socialization and that dictate what emotions are suitable in certain situations-culturally vary

Question 18

stimulation

Answer 18

-a common cultural display rule
-acting like you feel an emotion when you really dont feel anything
Inhibition-acting like you do not feel any emotion when you actually feel something

Question 19

exaggeration

Answer 19

-a common cultural display rule
-acting like you feel an emotion more intensely that you really do

Question 20

Minimization

Answer 20

-a common cultural display rule
-acting like you feel an emotion less intensely than you actually do

Question 21

Masking

Answer 21

-a common cultural display rule
-acting like you feel a different emotion than you actually feel

Question 22

What are the most important emotional cues

Answer 22

eyes and mouths

Question 23

Nonverbal channels for emotional expression

Answer 23

Nonverbal channels for emotional expression-face, voice, body, activity cue, physiological cues
–People rely most of facial and vocal cues
–People rely least on physiological cues

Question 24

static facial signals

Answer 24

permanent facial features such as bone structure of skin color

Question 25

slow facial signals

Answer 25

facial cues that gradually change over time such as twinkles, skin texture

Question 26

rapid facial signals

Answer 26

involve all of the facial movements that people make when expressing emotion

Question 27

Microexpressions

Answer 27

rapid facial expressions that last ⅕ of a second or less

Question 28

fundamental frequency

Answer 28

indexes the number of sound-wave vibrations produced per second

Question 29

what does more vibrations in the voice produce

Answer 29

higher pitch

Question 30

What do more varied vibrations in the voice produce

Answer 30

A more animated voice

Question 31

Vocal characteristics of emotional expressions(just study a few times)

Answer 31

Happiness: moderately loud and varied volume, fast tempo, moderately high pitch with large pitch variation
Sadness: low volume, slow tempo, low pitch or monotone when speaking, high pitch crying
Fear: loud and high pitch (if in attack mode), quiet and small pitch variation (if in escape mode), fast tempo
Anger: loud volume, fast tempo, high and rising pitch level (if frustrated), low pitch level with little variation (if annoyed)
Surprise: fast tempo and high pitch level
Disgust: slow tempo and small pitch variation with rising pitch

Question 32

Gait(also what is sad gait and happy gait)

Answer 32

the way people move when they walk
–Sad gait-less arm swinging
–Happy gait-bouncier steps and a faster pace

Question 33

Body positioning cues

Answer 33

-Folding one arm across ones chest=displeasure
-Slumped shoulders=sadness
-Shuffling feet=nervousness

Question 34

Activity cues

Answer 34

general actions that show emotion

Question 35

reappraisal

Answer 35

directly altering emotional reactions to events by thinking about those events in more neutral terms

Question 36

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 36

proposes that your facial expression affects your emotional experience

Question 37

Thought suppression

Answer 37

trying not to feel or respond to the emotion at all

Question 38

Rumination

Answer 38

thinking about, elaborating, or focusing on undesired thoughts or feelings
-rebound effect is connected

Question 39

Distraction

Answer 39

-involves doing or thinking about something other than the troubling activity or thought

Question 40

rebound effect

Answer 40

suppressing a thought leads to thinking about it more and more
-connected with thought suppression