expressing emotions-2 Flashcards
emotional experience
internal, intrapersonal part of emotion
emotion
feelings that involve physiological responses, changes in thoughts and actions, and personal evaluation
emotional expression
external, interpersonal part of emotion
James-Lange theory
emotions arise from physiological arousal
-exp-stimulus is a bear apprroaching, bodily response is increased heart rate, emotion is the feeling of fear
cannon-bard theory
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently
-exp-stimulus is a bear approaching, brain processes in specific regions creat the emotional feeling of fear and the bodily response of increased heart rate separately
Schacter-singer two factor theory
emotions are comprised of both physiological and cognitive factors
Physiology arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience
Basic emotions approach
centered around the universal thesis, or proposition that people around the world are hardwired to experience and express certain basic emotions similarly
in terms of basic emotions, explain what discrete means
distinguishable based on differences in facial expressions, vocalics, physiological response, and the events that precede them
In terms of basic emotions, explain what adaptive means
evolved for some survival purpose
Emotion prototypes approach, and what is a prototype
people have families or clusters of emotions with prototypical emotions that serve as an anchor for each emotion family
-Prototype-an average/idea representation of a pattern or category
Levels of the emotion prototype approach
Level 1-positive or negative affect
Level 2-prototypical emotion of each category
Level 3-specific emotions related to the prototypical emotion
explain the 2 vs 3 dimensions approaches
2 dimensional model-includes an active-to-passive dimension and an unpleasant-to-pleasant dimension
3 dimensional model-includes scale of activity, pleasantness, and intensity
russels circuplex model and the dimensions
-includes 2 dimensions-activity and valence
—-Activity dimension-how aroused or relaxed a person is compared to normal when experiencing an emotion
—-Valence dimension-degree to which people experience pleasant or unpleasant feelings with the emotion
Affect as information theory
people use their current moods to make decisions, judgments, and appraisals even if they do not know the source of their moods
decision making
emotions influence our decision-making in different ways
Emotions affect judgments
action tendencies
innate, biological impulses that prompt people to respond
-for example, when one has the emotion of anger, the action tendency is to attack
emotional contagion effect(and the stages)
process of “catching” anothers emotions
Stage 1-people mimic the nonverbal emotional expressions of others
Stage 2-act of expressing emotions provide feedback to the brain, activating the emotion that the person is outwardly expressing
Stage 3-people “catch” emotions
Display rules
rules that are learned through socialization and that dictate what emotions are suitable in certain situations-culturally vary
stimulation
-a common cultural display rule
-acting like you feel an emotion when you really dont feel anything
Inhibition-acting like you do not feel any emotion when you actually feel something
exaggeration
-a common cultural display rule
-acting like you feel an emotion more intensely that you really do
Minimization
-a common cultural display rule
-acting like you feel an emotion less intensely than you actually do
Masking
-a common cultural display rule
-acting like you feel a different emotion than you actually feel
What are the most important emotional cues
eyes and mouths
Nonverbal channels for emotional expression
Nonverbal channels for emotional expression-face, voice, body, activity cue, physiological cues
–People rely most of facial and vocal cues
–People rely least on physiological cues
static facial signals
permanent facial features such as bone structure of skin color
slow facial signals
facial cues that gradually change over time such as twinkles, skin texture
rapid facial signals
involve all of the facial movements that people make when expressing emotion
Microexpressions
rapid facial expressions that last ⅕ of a second or less
fundamental frequency
indexes the number of sound-wave vibrations produced per second
what does more vibrations in the voice produce
higher pitch
What do more varied vibrations in the voice produce
A more animated voice
Vocal characteristics of emotional expressions(just study a few times)
Happiness: moderately loud and varied volume, fast tempo, moderately high pitch with large pitch variation
Sadness: low volume, slow tempo, low pitch or monotone when speaking, high pitch crying
Fear: loud and high pitch (if in attack mode), quiet and small pitch variation (if in escape mode), fast tempo
Anger: loud volume, fast tempo, high and rising pitch level (if frustrated), low pitch level with little variation (if annoyed)
Surprise: fast tempo and high pitch level
Disgust: slow tempo and small pitch variation with rising pitch
Gait(also what is sad gait and happy gait)
the way people move when they walk
–Sad gait-less arm swinging
–Happy gait-bouncier steps and a faster pace
Body positioning cues
-Folding one arm across ones chest=displeasure
-Slumped shoulders=sadness
-Shuffling feet=nervousness
Activity cues
general actions that show emotion
reappraisal
directly altering emotional reactions to events by thinking about those events in more neutral terms
facial feedback hypothesis
proposes that your facial expression affects your emotional experience
Thought suppression
trying not to feel or respond to the emotion at all
Rumination
thinking about, elaborating, or focusing on undesired thoughts or feelings
-rebound effect is connected
Distraction
-involves doing or thinking about something other than the troubling activity or thought
rebound effect
suppressing a thought leads to thinking about it more and more
-connected with thought suppression
