place and time-2 Flashcards
Environment
characteristics and conditions of one’s physical surroundings, such as a home, office, outdoor space, or other surrounding in which a person lives, works, or interacts
Artifacts
physical(and usually man-made) objects that one places in an environment for either functional or aesthetic purposes(chairs, lamps, books, rugs, etc)
Natural environment
environmental elements that come from nature
Built environment-man-made elements of the environment
What are the 3 dimensions of emotional reactions
Pleasure to displeasure, dominance to submissiveness, arousal to nonarousal
Explain the pleasure to displeasure dimension of emotional reactions
extent to which the environment makes us feel happy, satisfied, contented, or annoyed, melancholic, and distressed
Explain the dominance to submissiveness dimension of emotional reactions
the extent to which the environment makes us feel dominant, important, and in control or restricted, weak, and low in hierarchy
Explain the aroused to nonaroused dimension of emotional reactions
degree to which the environment makes us feel active, stimulated, alert, and responsive to external stimuli or unaroused, relaxed, sluggish, or inattentive
What are fixed-feature elements
everything in the environment that is relatively permanent or slow to change in an environment
-Spatial organization
-Size or volume of space
-Linear perspective
-Materials used in the environment
-Architectural style
What is a sociofugal arrangement
A semi fixed feature element arrangement
-seating and objects (e.g., chairs, couches, desks, etc.) faced away from each other to minimize contact and discourage social interaction
What are semi fixed feature elements of the environment
relatively mobile and changeable features of the environment
What are sociopetal arrangements
A semi fixed feature element arrangement
-seating and objects facing inward/toward each other to bring people together and encourage connection/collaboration
What are non fixed feature elements
the space between interactants
-has to do with proxemics
Arousal, what happens when you are under or overaroused
physiological activation(increased brain activity) or increased autonomic responses(increased sweating, heart rate, muscle tension)
-Underaroused=bored and seek out some more stimulation
-Overaroused=engage in behaviors to reduce arousal
Yerkes-donson law
performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, more arousal will result in decreasing performance
According to the Yerkes Donson law, what happens during simple tasks
arousal levels should be relatively high
According to the Yerkes Donson law, what happens during complex tasks
Arousal levels are best if they are lower
what is mnemonic function
when the environmental cues elicit appropriate emotions, behaviors, interpretations, and transactions
What are occasioned places
environments that contain indication of how to behave
What are the decoding potentials of the environmental and artifactual code
-Combinations of structural elements can produce different communication messages
-Humans have visual and tactile capacity to decode subtle variations in artifactual patterns
-Most of the senses (sight, sound, touch, smell) can be stimulated by the structural elements of the environment
-Reactions to the environment and artifacts are cognitive, perceptual, emotional, and attitudinal
-Static nature of environmental and artifactual cues can serve as a constant statement in any communicative setting
What are chronomics(what are the orientations)
How humans perceive, structure, and use time as communication
-monochronic time orientation
-Polychronic time orientation
What is the monochronic time orientation
Doing one thing at a time and adhere to a strict schedule
What is the polychronic time orientation
willing to do multiple things at once
Define biological rhythms
internal rhythms of biological activity
Define circadian rhythms
physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24 hour cycle
Define the sleep-wake circadian rhythm and the factors that are a part of it(3)
The suprachiasmatic nucleus(in the hypothalamus) stimulates the pineal gland, which releases melatonin
-Melatonin-hormone that helps us to regulate the processes of sleep
-Hypothalamus-main center for homeostasis
-Homeostasis-tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
Define the ultradian rhythm
biological processes that begin and end multiple times every day(breathing patterns, beating of your heart, etc)
Define the circalunar rhythm
biological processes that transpire approximately monthly(menstruation)
What are the 6 main chronotypes
-morning, evening, highly active, daytime sleepy, daytime active, moderately active
What is a chronotype
the natural inclination of a specific body to sleep or be awake and alert at certain times
Morning chronotype
high alertness in the morning, which proceeds to dip to medium levels in the middle of the day, then drops to low levels in the evening
Evening chronotype
low alterness in the morning, which rises to medium levels in the middle of the day, then rises to high levels at night
Highly active chronotype
High alertness throughout the day
Daytime sleepy chronotype
high alertness in the morning, dips low in the middle of the day, then rises to a medium finish
Daytime active chronotype
Low alertness in the daytime, peaks high in the middle of the day, then finishes the day on a middle-level alertness
Moderately active chronotype
Low energy levels all day long
What are the 4 psychological time orientations
-Past orientation
-Timeline orientation
-present orientation
-future orientation
Past orientation
dwell on past events, relive old times, sentimental view of time
Time-line orientation
see time as a continuum integrating past, present, and future and as a linear and systematic progression of events
Present orientation
focused on the here and now and dealing with events, activities, and problems spontaneously
Future orientation
focused on anticipating and planning for future events and relating them to the present
features of the chronemic code(list 11)
-displaced point pattern
-diffused point pattern
-technical time
-formal time
-Informal time
-punctuality
-wait time
-Lead time
-Duration
-Simultaneity
-Response speed
Displaced point pattern and diffused point pattern
Features of the chronemic code
-displaced-see appointed times as a fixed endpoint
-diffused-see appointed times as rough approximations
Technical, formal, and informal time
features of the chronemic code
-technical-clock time, scientific and precise measurement of time
-formal time-traditional ways that time is viewed and organized in a given culture
-informal time-loosely defined system of time that is implicit, learned through experience with a culture, and usually outside conscious awareness
Punctuality, wait time, lead time, and duration
Features of the chronemic code
-punctuality-arriving to scheduled events on time
-Wait time-amount of time before a scheduled event commences
-Lead time-amount of forewarning for a scheduled event
-Duration-length of time dedication to an event
Simultaneity and response speed
Features of the chronemic code
-simultaneity-single or multiple activities per time unit
-response speed- how long it takes a person to return a message
Communication potential for the chronemic code
-Encoding potential=time can send signals related to politeness, value, and power
-Assumptions:
—-Being on time=polite
—-Giving your time to others communicates that you value them
—-People are willing to wait for people in higher power
-Chronemic cues can be unintentional, creating a great deal of ambiguity
-Chronemic cues are often subtle
-Chronemic cues can evoke strong emotional reactions
