coordinating interactions-2 Flashcards
propinquity
both proxemic and environmental codes: concerns how near people are to one another by nature of their circumstances
-Proinquity connotes belonging
Spacial schemata
usage of spatial relationships to infer with whom we are affiliated
-Eye contact=temporary union between people and serves as an invitation to interact
how does NVC set the state for interactions
Nonverbal features frame and regulate interactions by eliciting certain behaviors
-People subconsciously respond to nonverbal features
Aspects of the framing process when coordinating interactions
-Some nonverbal cues control the occurrence of the interaction(who we are interacting with, when, and how often)
-Nonverbal cues set expectations for unfamiliar situations
-Nonverbal elements set the stage for current interactions
Situation
some intermediate combination of physical, temporal, and psychological frames of reference tied to particular occasions
privacy
ability to exert control over self, object, spaces, information, and behavior; to regulate interactions with others; and to deny unwanted access to or influence by others
physical privacy
degree to which an individual, dyad, or group is physically accessible or inaccessible to others
social privacy
ability of individuals, dyads, and groups to control the who, when, and where of communication
psychological privacy
ability to control affective (emotional) and cognitive (mental) inputs and outputs so as to prevent intrusions on one’s intellectual and emotional “private property”
informational privacy
the right to determine how, when, and to what extent personal data are released to others
sociofugal environments
move people apart to create more privacy
sociopetal environments
bring people together to create less privacy
entrainment
biological capacity to be in synchrony and rhythm with another
conversation
series of opportunities to speak and listen
the average length of a turn
about 6 seconds
The basic parts of an interaction
–At least two “interlocutors” (i.e., a speaker and a listener)
–Interactants constantly enter and exit the roles of speaker and listener throughout the conversation
–Interlocutors work together in a collaborative way
Turn-suppressing or maintaining cues
nonverbal cues that speakers use to keep possession of the floor
–Audible inhalation of breath by the speaker
–Continuation of a gesture
–Facing away or diverting gaze from the listener
–Sustained intonation
–Fillers(vocalized pauses)
Turn-yielding cues
ones that the speaker uses to give up the floor to other interactants
–Termination of gesturing
–Facing and/or making eye contact with the listener
–Falling intonation (the end of a declarative statement)
–Rising intonation (the end of a question)
–Silences
–Decreased loudness and slowed tempo
turn requesting cues
behaviors the listener uses to gain possession of the conversational floor
–Gaze directed at the speaker
–Head nods
–Forward leans
–Raised index finger
–Inhalation of breath coupled with a straightened back
Backchannel cues
behaviors the listener uses to communicate a variety of messages to the speaker without attempting to gain access to the conversational floor
Generic backchannels
nodding, saying “mm-hmm,” other common forms of feedback from listeners
Specific backchannels
actions that are specific or sensitive to the intricacies of the conversation at hand
Example- wincing in reaction to someones story
Turn-denying cues
a way for the listener to refuse a speaking turn nonverbally
–Relaxed posture
–Silence
–Staring away from the speaker
Access ritual
highly ritualized and habitual cues to signal awareness of the presence of others and willingness to become involved in conversation
1. Eyebrow flash-quick raising of the eyebrows held for about ⅙ of a second before lowering
2. Salutation (smiling and waving or nodding, emblematic hand gestures)
3. Head dip- lowering the head, followed by a slow rise or to “toss” it in a somewhat rapid back movement
4. Approach-increased gazing behaviors
5. Grooming behaviors (straightening clothing or patting hair in place
6. When people are within ten feed of each other, mutual gaze and smiles resume and verbal salutations are exchanged
episodes
periods withing conversations when discussion focuses on a particular topic
positions
segments of interaction with an episode during which a person maintains a consistent disposition towards the topic and other communicators
proxemic shifts
changes in leaning forward or backward and towards or away from other communicators
extrainteractional activities
behaviors that are not directly part of the stream of communication
Interactional boundary markers
proxemic shifts, extrainteractional activities, silences, signs, gasps, clearing the throat
terminating interactions (3 ways)
-Politeness marxism
-summarization
-leave-taking cues
Politeness marxism
avoiding offensive, vulgar, or rude language and projecting mutual support
Summarization
reviewing what has been said during the conversation
Leave taking cues
nonverbal behaviors designed to signal impending inaccessibility
the signaling approach
turn-taking cues are discrete, independent signals that call up rules or conversations for appropriate responses
Exp- interruptions=rule violation that may incur some penalty
sequential production approach
assumes that turn-taking must be managed sequentially by participants on a moment-to-moment basis
–The order, length, and content of turns and conversations are free to vary rather than fixed
–Talk can be continuous or discontinuous
–Although one party typically talks at a time, brief simultaneous talk is common
–Turn transitions occur with little or no gap or overlap
–Explicit turn allocation techniques such as asking a question or making a request may, but need not, be used
the resource model
responsibility for turn-taking is shared by all participants(both speaker and listeners) with all participants knowing when the floor can or should be exchanged
-Turn taking cues are viewed as a resource within peoples behavioral repertoires to be used when needed
mirroring
postural congruence;when the matching takes the form of identical physical behavior
convergence
if one persons behavior becomes increasingly like another persons over the course of an interaction
reciprocity
if the behavioral change appears to be contingent upon, directed toward, and/or in exchange for the others behavior
motor momicry
a person displays an empathic behavior in response to another’s actual or imagined circumstance
interactional synchrony
behavioral similarity is based on communicators coordinating dynamic behaviors temporally and rhythmically
self synchrony
individuals coordinating their own kinesic behaviors with their vocal stream
accommodative communication
when listeners believe that a speaker has adjusted adequately to their message and met their needs and preferences
nonaccommodation
when people fail to adapt to one another
divergence
when behaviors become increasingly dissimilar
Underaccommodation
interactants do not adequately adjust their communication
Overaccommodation
when people overstep their level of adjustment appropriate for smooth interaction
Complementarity
behaviors are dissimilar or opposite one another (e.g., when one person is gazing and the other avoiding gaze)
compensation
wherein one person responds to another’s behavior with a behavioral change in the opposite direction
antimimicry
occurs when speakers act in the opposite way from listeners
dyssynchrony
behaviors fail to mesh and are out of sync
Criteria to distinguish accommodation vs nonaccommodation
–Whether the behaviors are similar to (or different) from the original behavior
–Whether the adaptive behaviors are done consciously or unconsciously
–Reception of the behaviors
–Effects of the adaptive behaviors
Microscopic behaviors
humans can converge toward or diverge from another speech within milliseconds
Macroscopic behaviors
behaviors with a strong preponderance of convergence, matching, and reciprocity
