coordinating interactions-2

Question 1

propinquity

Answer 1

both proxemic and environmental codes: concerns how near people are to one another by nature of their circumstances
-Proinquity connotes belonging

Question 2

Spacial schemata

Answer 2

usage of spatial relationships to infer with whom we are affiliated
-Eye contact=temporary union between people and serves as an invitation to interact

Question 3

how does NVC set the state for interactions

Answer 3

Nonverbal features frame and regulate interactions by eliciting certain behaviors
-People subconsciously respond to nonverbal features

Question 4

Aspects of the framing process when coordinating interactions

Answer 4

-Some nonverbal cues control the occurrence of the interaction(who we are interacting with, when, and how often)
-Nonverbal cues set expectations for unfamiliar situations
-Nonverbal elements set the stage for current interactions

Question 5

Situation

Answer 5

some intermediate combination of physical, temporal, and psychological frames of reference tied to particular occasions

Question 6

privacy

Answer 6

ability to exert control over self, object, spaces, information, and behavior; to regulate interactions with others; and to deny unwanted access to or influence by others

Question 7

physical privacy

Answer 7

degree to which an individual, dyad, or group is physically accessible or inaccessible to others

Question 8

social privacy

Answer 8

ability of individuals, dyads, and groups to control the who, when, and where of communication

Question 9

psychological privacy

Answer 9

ability to control affective (emotional) and cognitive (mental) inputs and outputs so as to prevent intrusions on one’s intellectual and emotional “private property”

Question 10

informational privacy

Answer 10

the right to determine how, when, and to what extent personal data are released to others

Question 11

sociofugal environments

Answer 11

move people apart to create more privacy

Question 12

sociopetal environments

Answer 12

bring people together to create less privacy

Question 13

entrainment

Answer 13

biological capacity to be in synchrony and rhythm with another

Question 14

conversation

Answer 14

series of opportunities to speak and listen

Question 15

the average length of a turn

Answer 15

about 6 seconds

Question 16

The basic parts of an interaction

Answer 16

–At least two “interlocutors” (i.e., a speaker and a listener)
–Interactants constantly enter and exit the roles of speaker and listener throughout the conversation
–Interlocutors work together in a collaborative way

Question 17

Turn-suppressing or maintaining cues

Answer 17

nonverbal cues that speakers use to keep possession of the floor
–Audible inhalation of breath by the speaker
–Continuation of a gesture
–Facing away or diverting gaze from the listener
–Sustained intonation
–Fillers(vocalized pauses)

Question 18

Turn-yielding cues

Answer 18

ones that the speaker uses to give up the floor to other interactants
–Termination of gesturing
–Facing and/or making eye contact with the listener
–Falling intonation (the end of a declarative statement)
–Rising intonation (the end of a question)
–Silences
–Decreased loudness and slowed tempo

Question 19

turn requesting cues

Answer 19

behaviors the listener uses to gain possession of the conversational floor
–Gaze directed at the speaker
–Head nods
–Forward leans
–Raised index finger
–Inhalation of breath coupled with a straightened back

Question 20

Backchannel cues

Answer 20

behaviors the listener uses to communicate a variety of messages to the speaker without attempting to gain access to the conversational floor

Question 21

Generic backchannels

Answer 21

nodding, saying “mm-hmm,” other common forms of feedback from listeners

Question 22

Specific backchannels

Answer 22

actions that are specific or sensitive to the intricacies of the conversation at hand
Example- wincing in reaction to someones story

Question 23

Turn-denying cues

Answer 23

a way for the listener to refuse a speaking turn nonverbally
–Relaxed posture
–Silence
–Staring away from the speaker

Question 24

Access ritual

Answer 24

highly ritualized and habitual cues to signal awareness of the presence of others and willingness to become involved in conversation
1. Eyebrow flash-quick raising of the eyebrows held for about ⅙ of a second before lowering
2. Salutation (smiling and waving or nodding, emblematic hand gestures)
3. Head dip- lowering the head, followed by a slow rise or to “toss” it in a somewhat rapid back movement
4. Approach-increased gazing behaviors
5. Grooming behaviors (straightening clothing or patting hair in place
6. When people are within ten feed of each other, mutual gaze and smiles resume and verbal salutations are exchanged

Question 25

episodes

Answer 25

periods withing conversations when discussion focuses on a particular topic

Question 26

positions

Answer 26

segments of interaction with an episode during which a person maintains a consistent disposition towards the topic and other communicators

Question 27

proxemic shifts

Answer 27

changes in leaning forward or backward and towards or away from other communicators

Question 28

extrainteractional activities

Answer 28

behaviors that are not directly part of the stream of communication

Question 29

Interactional boundary markers

Answer 29

proxemic shifts, extrainteractional activities, silences, signs, gasps, clearing the throat

Question 30

terminating interactions (3 ways)

Answer 30

-Politeness marxism
-summarization
-leave-taking cues

Question 31

Politeness marxism

Answer 31

avoiding offensive, vulgar, or rude language and projecting mutual support

Question 32

Summarization

Answer 32

reviewing what has been said during the conversation

Question 33

Leave taking cues

Answer 33

nonverbal behaviors designed to signal impending inaccessibility

Question 34

the signaling approach

Answer 34

turn-taking cues are discrete, independent signals that call up rules or conversations for appropriate responses
Exp- interruptions=rule violation that may incur some penalty

Question 35

sequential production approach

Answer 35

assumes that turn-taking must be managed sequentially by participants on a moment-to-moment basis
–The order, length, and content of turns and conversations are free to vary rather than fixed
–Talk can be continuous or discontinuous
–Although one party typically talks at a time, brief simultaneous talk is common
–Turn transitions occur with little or no gap or overlap
–Explicit turn allocation techniques such as asking a question or making a request may, but need not, be used

Question 36

the resource model

Answer 36

responsibility for turn-taking is shared by all participants(both speaker and listeners) with all participants knowing when the floor can or should be exchanged
-Turn taking cues are viewed as a resource within peoples behavioral repertoires to be used when needed

Question 37

mirroring

Answer 37

postural congruence;when the matching takes the form of identical physical behavior

Question 38

convergence

Answer 38

if one persons behavior becomes increasingly like another persons over the course of an interaction

Question 39

reciprocity

Answer 39

if the behavioral change appears to be contingent upon, directed toward, and/or in exchange for the others behavior

Question 40

motor momicry

Answer 40

a person displays an empathic behavior in response to another’s actual or imagined circumstance

Question 41

interactional synchrony

Answer 41

behavioral similarity is based on communicators coordinating dynamic behaviors temporally and rhythmically

Question 42

self synchrony

Answer 42

individuals coordinating their own kinesic behaviors with their vocal stream

Question 43

accommodative communication

Answer 43

when listeners believe that a speaker has adjusted adequately to their message and met their needs and preferences

Question 44

nonaccommodation

Answer 44

when people fail to adapt to one another

Question 45

divergence

Answer 45

when behaviors become increasingly dissimilar

Question 46

Underaccommodation

Answer 46

interactants do not adequately adjust their communication

Question 47

Overaccommodation

Answer 47

when people overstep their level of adjustment appropriate for smooth interaction

Question 48

Complementarity

Answer 48

behaviors are dissimilar or opposite one another (e.g., when one person is gazing and the other avoiding gaze)

Question 49

compensation

Answer 49

wherein one person responds to another’s behavior with a behavioral change in the opposite direction

Question 50

antimimicry

Answer 50

occurs when speakers act in the opposite way from listeners

Question 51

dyssynchrony

Answer 51

behaviors fail to mesh and are out of sync

Question 52

Criteria to distinguish accommodation vs nonaccommodation

Answer 52

–Whether the behaviors are similar to (or different) from the original behavior
–Whether the adaptive behaviors are done consciously or unconsciously
–Reception of the behaviors
–Effects of the adaptive behaviors

Question 53

Microscopic behaviors

Answer 53

humans can converge toward or diverge from another speech within milliseconds

Question 54

Macroscopic behaviors

Answer 54

behaviors with a strong preponderance of convergence, matching, and reciprocity