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AAA VMS4002 > Poultry Treatment + Procedures > Flashcards

Poultry Treatment + Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Broiler vaccination

A
  • Given on farm at approx 15 - 20 d (when MDA minimum)
  • 1). IBV - by spray at hatchery
  • Some birds given second IBV vacc at 12 d by spray if at risk of IBV challenge
  • 2). IBD - in drinking water, genetically modified (IBD VP2) insertion into mild/HVT (apathogenic strain)
  • 3). ILT insertion into HVT
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2
Q

Assessing broiler flock health

A

1). Interpreting a flock chart
- Flock code, parent flock code, parent flock age, CDM% (cumulative daily mortality %)
- Weekly weights, mortalities, details, water consumption graph, temp + humidity min-max readings

2). Bird inspection
- Crop fill - approx 8 h to fill 85% of crop
- Spread
- Activity - movement/play, eating, drinking
- Behaviour - eating + drinking
- Response to stimuli - should move when move towards, if not then possible infection or lameness

3). Environmental assessment - temp (40 - 41 C - birds, 31 C - shed), humidity (< 70%), CO2 (<3000 ppm in ventilation), ventilation, bedding quality, lighting (18 h light to maintain feeding), feed availability (@ crop level) + quality (size), water availability, water hygiene

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3
Q

Broiler nutrition

A
  • Calcium dec w/ age (need a lot in young to grow fast)
  • Energy inc from starter crumb to finisher/withdrawal of anticoccidials - don’t want in meat
  • Give wheat grain (same as grit in layers)
  • Transfer from breeding site to lay = 18 w
  • Lay = 25 w
  • Peak lay = 29 - 31 w
  • Dec in protein as they grow - v expensive, will make eggs larger + may result in prolapse
  • Lifecycle = 65 - 70 w
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4
Q

Gizzard ulceration

A
  • Supportive
  • Nutrition, vaccination
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5
Q

Coccidiosis

A
  • Anticoccidials - Amprolium, Toltrazuril (Baycox)
  • Supportive - temp, feed program, vitamins, electrolytes
  • Coccidiostats in feed e.g. nicarbazin (narazin), monensin
  • Live vaccination (5 or 8 strains)
  • Hygiene - reduce carry-over of oocysts between crops - clean out faeces
  • Control litter moisture - keep dry, dec sporulation
  • Reduce stocking density
  • Dry bedding / perches - start on good clean ground, don’t reuse litter
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6
Q

Enteritis

A
  • Balanced diet - probiotics
  • Nursing
  • Amoxicillin if clostridial (C. perfringens)
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7
Q

Histomoniasis (Blackhead)

A
  • No tx, only prevention
  • Remove Heterakis transport host, earthworms (intermediate host) - keep indoors
  • Lime treat range
  • Biosecurity
  • Oregano extract
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8
Q

Spironucleosis

A
  • Tetracycline antibiotics
  • Supportive
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9
Q
  • Heterakis gallinarum
  • Ascardia sp. (roundworm)
  • Capillaria sp. (Hairworm)
  • Tapeworms
A
  • Flubendazole (0d), fenbendazole (0d), praziquantel (7d), ivermectin (14d)
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10
Q

Egg bound

A
  • GA
  • Analgesia
  • Cloacal palpation - 18G needle, penetrate egg + drain to reduce infection likelihood
  • Break up w/ forceps + remove gradually -> will pass faeces in forthcoming days
  • AB if visibly unwell
  • Salpingitis (inflam of fallopian tubes) - Sx - Salpingectomy
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11
Q

Peritonitis

A
  • NSAIDs - meloxicam
  • AB - amoxicillin, tetracyclines or TMPS
  • Aspirate remainder of fluid
  • If malfunc of kidney Tx
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12
Q

Erysipelas, Pasteurellosis, Colisepticaemia (liver)

A
  • Amoxicillin or tetracyclines
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13
Q

IBH (inclusion body hepatitis) (adenovirus)

A
  • Supportive therapy
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14
Q

Marek’s disease

A
  • No Tx - nursing + supportive
  • Vacc future flocks
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15
Q

Endocarditis

A
  • AB - depending on C&S + meat withdrawal
  • Anti-inflam - NSAIDs not-licensed, cascade
  • Hygiene (hatchery + farm)
  • Biosecurity
  • Good brooding practices
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16
Q

Pericarditis

A
  • Antimicrobials
  • NSAIDs
  • Hygiene
  • Biosecurity
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17
Q

Ascites (chronic cardiac failure)

A
  • No Tx
  • Dec growth rates
  • Dec stress
  • Lower energy diet
  • Cull affected
  • Inc dark period
  • Shut windows, reduce light intensity
  • Inc proportion of whole wheat
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18
Q

Bacterial respiratory diseases

A
  • Antimicrobials - based on C&S, licensed in food producing animals + withdrawal periods
  • Anti-inflams - Aspirin only licensed for infectious laryngotracheitis
  • Supportive therapy
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19
Q

Viral respiratory diseases

A
  • No anti-virals licensed
  • Anti-inflams if required
  • Monitor for 2y bacterial infections, Tx based on C&S
  • Supportive therapy
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20
Q

Fungal diseases

A
  • No licensed anti-fungals, but use: Voriconazole, Iatroconazole, Fluconazole
  • Supportive Tx
  • Why - immunsuppression, mouldy bedding, mould feed
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21
Q

Parasitic disease - Synagmus trachea (gapeworm)

A
  • Fenbendazole, Flubendazole, Levamisole
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22
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A
  • Potentiated sulphonamide (TMPS) or Amoxicillin
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23
Q

Avian encephalomyelitis

A
  • Cull
  • Supportive Tx
  • Vaccination - monitor vacc by ELISA
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24
Q

Spinal osteomyelitis

A
  • Depending on C&S - potentiated sulphonamide or amoxicillin
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25
Q

Scoliosis

A
  • No Tx
  • Review breeding
  • Check nutrition
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26
Q

Newcastle disease virus

A
  • Vacc
27
Q

Infectious bursal disease (IBD/Gumboro)

A
  • Supportive, no curative
  • Vacc birds d 12, when MDA dropped to minimum level
28
Q

Chicken anaemia virus (CAV)

A
  • Vacc of parent hens to protect progeny via MDA
29
Q

Redmite

A
  • 1). Kill on surfaces (acaracide e.g. Hysolve CDM8 which contains Abamectin & Permethrin. Elector
    contains Spinosad) & maintain good biosecurity.
  • 2). Kill on the bird (Exzolt in the drinking water) Fluralaner is an acaricide and an insecticide. Kills mites feeding on treated chickens and stops egg production from female mites for 15 days after
    the first administration. Onset of activity is 4 hours.
  • 3). Coat
  • 4). Pop (diatomaceous earth = microscopic fossilised algae is extremely sharp causing desiccation e.g. Diatom)
    5. Upgrade housing (wood → metal & plastic) or heavily varnish wood
    6. Hygiene
30
Q

Calcium tetany (hypocalcaemia)

A
  • Soluble Ca (e.g. Ca pidolate) in water which is immediately available
  • 5g of oystershell in feed per hen (>1mm particle size) which stays in the intestinal
    tract longer for increased absorption
  • Oystershell must be available in the afternoon when shell is laid down
  • Vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3 = HyD in water (for 3d on, 3d off until resolution (up to 3
    weeks) to increase Ca absorption from the gut + -> inc phosphorus
  • Hospitalise individuals with ready access to feed and water & supplements
31
Q

Metabolic syndrome / spiking mortality

A
  • Glucose supplement in the drinking water
  • Resolve underlying issue
  • Increase the birds day length so they spend more time eating
32
Q

Batch vaccination programme - meat lines + parent stock

A
  • 1). Meat lines (protect against mortality + production losses) - shorter-lived, short duration of immunity required = live vacc
  • Day-old = live IBD
  • 10 d = Avian rhinotracheitis (ART) - if previous evidence
  • 17 d/o = live IBV
  • Vacc all commercial layers against avian encephalomyelitis (AE), infection causes pale eggs
  • No need to vacc against ND (low risk) - only give live vacc at d 28 if current disease outbreak
  • 2). Parent stock (prevent + protect from repro disease, vertically transmitted disease), long duration of immunity needed
  • Inactivated vacc e.g. IBD, ND adjuvant in same vile
33
Q

Layer type vaccination programme - option 1: minimise programme

A
  • Inactivated vacc
  • 1 d = MDV
  • 7 w = ILT
  • Priming w/ field challenge
34
Q

Layer type vaccination programme - option 2: minimise risk

A
  • Full protection
  • MDV: 1 d
  • Coccidiosis: 1d
  • AE: 63 d
  • ILT: 73 d
  • Live priming to 91 d w/ inactivated vacc -> longer-lived immunity
35
Q

Layer type vaccination programme - option 3: priming in lay

A
  • Repeated doses of mild, live vaccines - boosters
  • Boost mucosal immunity
  • q 6 - 10 w
36
Q

Vaccs given to hens to protect them

A
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • E. coli - peritonitis
  • Marek’s disease virus - in-ovo
  • Coccidiosis (live)
  • ILT (infectious laryngeal tracheitis) virus
37
Q

Vaccs to give hens to prevent losses in production

A
  • Infectious bronchitis virus (infects oviduct)
  • Egg drop syndrome
38
Q

Vaccs given to hens to protect public health

A
  • Salmonella enteriditis
  • Salmonella typhimurium
39
Q

Notfiable diseases hens vacc against

A
  • Newcastle disease
40
Q

Vaccs given to hens to produce good immunity in their chicks

A
  • AE (Avian encephalomyelitis virus)
  • IBD (infectious bursal disease)
  • Reovirus
41
Q

Brooding husbandry - environmental monitoring

A
  • Temp litter 32 C
  • Temp concrete/floor 30 C
  • % humidity < 65% RH
  • ppm CO2 < 1000
  • Identify drafts + areas of heat loss/cool spots
42
Q

Layer nutrition

A
  • Chicks - chick crumb

Adults
- Chicken layers pellet
- Access to grit at all times, > 3 mm diameter - flint grit (break up feed in gizzard - mechanical digestion), oyster shell (when laying to provide calcium)
- Reserve maize for cold weather, illness, for extra energy
- 6 g Ca per egg to maintain shell quality + bone health
- Point of lay = 16 w
- Peak lay 27 - 29 w
- Life cycle = 100 w

43
Q

Prevent bullying

A
  • 1 feeder or drinker per 10 birds + 1 extra, good distance between
  • 1 nest box per 4 birds + 1 extra
  • Mite + lice control
  • Space + interest - hanging cabbages, scratch feeding grit + allow for range
  • Reintroduction of new/hospitalised hens gradually
  • Nutrition
  • Comfortable environment - not too drafty, cold or hot
44
Q

Vaccinations of backyard layers

A
  • Marek’s disease virus
  • Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae
  • Pasturella multocida
  • Erysipelothrix rhiziopiae
  • ILT
  • Salmonella enteritidis/typhimurium
45
Q

Supportive Tx plan for bird w/ resp disease - backyard birds

A
  • Decongestant e.g. Vicks vaporub or Olbas oil applied under their chin to help them breathe.
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • General nursing care e.g. Nutritional support (tube, crop feeding)
  • Mycolytic e.g. Bromhexine (not licenced or on allowed list so can never eat eggs again)
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Nebulisation - Steam helps to break down mucus to enable better breathing, +/- Vix/Olbas but careful not to irritate eyes
  • Bronchodilators - salbutamol via nebulisation (not licenced or on allowed list so can never eat eggs again)
  • Fluid therapy (PO, SQ, IV, IO)
  • Nasal flush/ surgical removal of rhinolith if relevant
  • Antibiotics/Antifungals/antiparasitic drugs
46
Q

Salpingitis

A
  • Early inflam - AB
  • Chronic inflam = solid -> Sx (salpingectomy) (backyard hens)
47
Q

Crop disease - crop bind / impaction

A
  • Metoclopramide 2 - 3 times daily
  • Liquid paraffin/lactulose + warm water via tube then massage
  • Fluids - tube or IV
  • Feed via tube or IV (w/ emeril/oxbow omnivore)
  • Sx emptying + flushing
48
Q

Crop disease - distension

A
  • Recurrent as neuro (nervous condition) -> pendulous crop
  • Guarded Px
49
Q

Crop disease - crop mycosis / sour crop

A
  • Nystatin
  • Itraconazole (cannot eat eggs)
  • Sx draining/flushing
50
Q

Red mite (birds + environment)

A
  • 1). Nurse affected birds
  • 2). Kill on the bird - Exzolt (Fluraner) in the drinking water. Fluralaner is an acaricide and an insecticide.
  • Kills mites feeding on treated chickens and stops egg production from female mites for 15 days after the first administration. Onset of activity is 4 hours.
  • 3). Pop (diatomaceous earth = microscopic fossilised algae is extremely sharp (cuts exoskeleton) causing
    desiccation e.g. Diatom) Can also put in dust baths if they remain dry.
  • 4). Coat e.g. varnish them into their cracks so they cannot get out.
  • 5). Predatory mites - using unlicensed products under cascade, bad idea, unauthorised products = Ivermectin + Fipronil
  • Reduce habitat - upgrade housing (wood -> metal + plastic / varnish wood, keep clean + tidy)
  • Monitoring - exam housing, mite traps esp during summer
51
Q

Lice

A
  • Minor infestation - Diatomaceous earth dusting
  • Heavy infestation - ivermectin (spot-on or injection): 3 doses, 1 w apart (7 d egg withdrawal)
52
Q

Anthelmintics

A
  • Worming – regular FEC every 6-12 weeks to monitor levels of worm eggs. Cheap kits are available to clients online (£10)
  • Worm if required in feed with Flubendazole (Flubenvet) or in water with Fenbendazole (Panacur poultry)
  • In-feed options are a medicated pellet or a powder to mix with their feed
  • Powder is hard to mix properly but can be given individually by syringe or on grapes to ill birds.
  • Pellet is more accurate but birds have to be well enough to eat their recommended daily intake for an effect
53
Q

Tapeworms

A
  • None licensed
  • Praziquantel (Droncit)
  • 7 d egg withdrawal
54
Q

Histomonisasis (Blackhead)

A
  • No Tx - oregano extract used to reduce challenge
  • Management of intermediate host (earthworms) + transport host (Heterakis) - Flubendazole + Fenbendazole - house indoor
  • Lime treat range
  • Biosecurity
55
Q

Pasteurella multocida (fowl cholera)

A
  • Amoxicillin (Turkey)
  • Tetracyclines
  • TMPS
  • Streptomycin (Ducks)
56
Q

Erysipelosis

A
  • Amoxicillin or Tetracyclines
57
Q

Analgesia

A

Licensed in FPA
- Asprin, Paracetamol, Ketamine, Meloxicam, Ketoprophen.
- Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) is licenced in poultry in other countries but not in the UK

58
Q

Anaesthesia

A
  • Fast to reduce crop vol only
  • Min time
  • Have resuscitation dose ready + IV access (interosseous catheter in proximal tibiotarsus/distal ulnar)
  • Use local anaesthesia or nerve blocks to reduce anaesthetic maintenance dose
  • Pre-med to dec other AE
  • Open mask w/ isofluorane -> intubate to maintain GA
  • Some drugs given intranasally (e.g. Diazepam, Midazolam, Xylazine)
59
Q

Nursing of sick birds

A
  • Maintain body temp - hospitalise to provide warmth + easy feed + water access
  • Support nutritionally - feed by crop tube (Emeraid/Oxbow diet), transfer from mash to crumb or pellet to inc food consumption
  • Prevent bullying
60
Q

Mycoplasmosis

A
  • AB - Tylosin or Tiamulin if have temperature, severely inappetant or cracks on ausc
  • Symptomatic - decongestant (Bisolvon powder or Vix/Olbas
  • Nurse
61
Q

Calcium nutrition + feeding layers

A
  • Adequate Ca : Ph + Vit D - 4 - 6 Ca/day
  • Supplementary Ca given in afternoon ready for shell to be made overnight
  • Oystershell/large particle Ca/limestone/particle > 1 mmm - stays in intestinal tract -> inc absorption
  • Nutrition affects - no. eggs, shell quality, egg weight
62
Q

Nutritional tibial dyschondroplasia -> limb deformities

A
  • Review diet (if home-made) - get nutritionalist involved
  • Prophylactic Hy-D Tx of next batch
  • Ensure chicks get adequate UV light
63
Q

Vit D deficiency

A
  • Acute case + young bird - liver not quite functioning to metabolise vit D into 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 -> give 25-hydroxyvitamin D3
  • If adult bird that is well bird with otherwise functioning liver, just give vitamin standard vit D

AAA VMS4002 (15 decks)

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