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Porcine Treament + Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Endocarditis

A
  • Antimicrobials - depending on C&S + meat withdrawal - amoxicillin/tetracycline
  • Anti-inflam - NSAIDs licensed
  • Hygiene
  • Biosecurity
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2
Q

Pericarditis

A
  • Antimicrobials
  • NSAIDs
  • Hygiene
  • Biosecurity
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3
Q

Mulberry heart disease (vitamin E, selenium deficiency)

A
  • Balanced nutrition
  • Change diet to one w/ adequate Vit E + selenium immediately
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4
Q

Bacterial respiratory disease e.g. B. bronchoseptica. P. multocida; A. pleuropneumonia

A
  • Antimicrobials - based on C&S, licensed in food producing animals + withdrawal periods
  • Anti-inflams - meloxicam
  • Supportive therapy
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5
Q

Viral respiratory diseases

A
  • No anti-virals licensed
  • Anti-inflams if required
  • Monitor for 2y bacterial infections, Tx based on C&S
  • Supportive therapy
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6
Q

Parasitic diseases - migrating ascarids

A
  • Doramectin, Ivermectin, Fenbendazole, Flubendazole
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7
Q

Splay leg (young piglets)

A
  • Pull hind limbs together w/ non-adhesive tape
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8
Q

Hypoglycaemia (young piglets)

A
  • IP 15 mL 5% glucose, q 4 - 6 h + stomach tube
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9
Q

Streptococcal suis meningitis (zoonotic) (piglets + weaned)

A
  • Penicillin
  • Vacc - sow + piglet - diff between farms
  • All-in-all-out / reduce batch mixing
  • Destock + disinfect (faeces + dust)
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10
Q

Oedema disease

A
  • Based on C&S
  • High fibre diet
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11
Q

Salt poisoning / water deprivation

A
  • Betamethasone, 2 mg/kg
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12
Q

Salmonella enterica Choleraesuis (zoonotic)

A
  • Based on C&S
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13
Q

Iron-deficiency anaemia (1 week old piglet)

A
  • Fe IM injection
  • Creep feed supplementation
  • Prevention - 200 mg Fe injections IM neck to piglets < 3 d/o
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14
Q

Haemorrhage

A
  • Sx
  • Supportive
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15
Q

Warfarin coagulopathy

A
  • Vitamin K preparations
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16
Q

Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS/PCV2)

A
  • Vacc
  • Biosecurity
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17
Q

Farrowing management + nutrition of sow

A
  • Bring in 3 - 4 d prior
  • Indoor sows - crates; outdoor in arks + deep straw
  • Inc feed in later gestation - up to additional 0.5 kg SID to improve piglet viability, not when sow overweight
  • Avoid overfeeding -> constipation + predisposes towards mastitis + agalactia
  • Environmental enrichment - nesting behaviour -> reduce stillbirths + prevents constipation + dec stress
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18
Q

Farrowing assistance

A
  • Hygiene
  • Hand through pelvis to check both horns of uterus
  • Gentle
  • Lubrication
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19
Q

Piglet colostrum intake

A
  • 100 mL within 16 h for survival
  • Ab absorbed 24 h regardless of maternal source but lymphocytes for cell-mediated immunity must come from piglet’s own mother
  • Milk contains surface IgA Ab, so may scour on artificial milk
  • Can measure w/ blood test
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20
Q

Farrowing fever

A
  • Broad spectrum AB
  • NSAIDs
  • Oxytocin - helps expulsion of discharge out repro tract, milk let-down
  • Control feeding around farrowing
  • Avoid udder oedema (overfeeding, overfat sows)
  • Avoid constipation - effects of move from straw years to farrowing area
  • Hygiene in farrowing area - wash sows/dry disinfectant
  • Stimulate appetite - sweeter food initially
  • Clean out trough regularly
  • Ensure ample water
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21
Q

Creep area

A
  • Piglets have diff temp requirement compared to sow - lamp
  • Shut piglets in creep for 30 - 60 min
  • For split suckling, savaging, routine tasks - T + T, Fe, Baycox
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22
Q

Fostering options

A
  • Move to another sow - only if has spare teat
  • Wean early - e.g. into Nurtinger unit
  • Provide artificial milk or cow colostrum
  • Foward fostering
  • Use nurse sows
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23
Q

Forward/cross-fostering

A
  • Move all smaller piglets onto one sow (low parity) after 18 - 24 h
  • Don’t move piglets back or to younger rooms
  • Can move weaned sow into current farrowing house
  • Shunt foster (e.g. if sow dies) - early wean strong 3 w/o litter - move 7 d/o piglets onto early weaned sow, move piglets from dead sow onto 7 d/o sow
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24
Q

Disadvantaged piglet options

A
  • Move to another sow
  • Move back a week
  • Shunt foster
  • Artificial rearing in Nurtinger unit (no Ab in milk)
  • Use weaned sow to be sold barren
  • Use milk replacer in crates
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25
Q

Savaging

A
  • Bring gilt in 2 - 3 d pre farrow
  • Straw or other nesting material
  • Genotype
  • Music
  • Reduce sudden noises
  • Calm handling by stockman
  • NSAIDs - oral meloxicam as farrowing starts
  • Remove piglets into box or creep (away from sow) as soon as born
  • Sedation - chemical (Azaperone) or Northern
  • Keep noise + disruption to a min
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26
Q

Sow shoulder sores

A
  • More food/higher energy feed
  • Better floor quality
  • Improve weight gain in dry period
  • Carpet/shoulder pads
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27
Q

Sow not eating at farrowing

A
  • AB
  • NSAIDs - don’t give if continuing to not eat, GIT AEs
  • Oxytocin - metritis + discharge
  • Tagamet (cimetidine) - acid blocker, if dark faeces, gastric ulceration
  • Remove uneaten food + replace w/ small amounts of fresh food
  • Give vegetable oil
  • Ensure fresh water provided
  • Licensed paracetamol - anti-inflam, pain relief, for pyrexia
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28
Q

Sow vaccs

A
  • Erysipelas - at weaning
  • Parvo - at weaning + before service
  • E. coli - late preg
  • Clostridia - late pregnancy
  • Salmonella - late pregnancy
  • PRRS - in farrowing house
  • PMWS (post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome) - booster prior to service
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29
Q

Teeth reduction

A
  • Requires veterinary derogation
  • Ground or clipped
  • Remove only sharp tips of teeth
  • Check regularly if done correctly
  • Avoid gum/tongue damage
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30
Q

Tail docking

A
  • Requires veterinary derogation
  • Gas heated dock - cauterises
  • If clippers used - must be sharp (separate if used for teeth)
  • Disinfected between litters
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31
Q

Iron deficiency

A
  • Most indoor piglets injected
  • @ 24 - 48 h/o - when teeth/tail clipped
  • Too early could interfere w/ colostrum
  • Clean needle (into hind leg) -> dec joint ill, dec lameness
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32
Q

Overlays

A
  • Warm dry creep
  • Heated floor pads
  • Ideally piglets at 28 C for survival, sow at 18 C for comfort + good feed intake
  • Well spread/shaken dry straw if outside farrowing
  • Ensuring good colostrum/milk intake
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33
Q

Specific requirements for farrowing (Welfare of Farmed Animal (England) regulations 2007)

A
  • Preg sows + gilts thoroughly cleaned before placed in farrowing crates
  • 1 w prior - sows + gilts given suitable nesting material in sufficient quantity
  • During farrowing - unobstructed area behind sow/gilt available for natural/assisted farrowing
  • Means of protecting piglets from sows/gilts e.g. farrowing rails
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34
Q

Uneven birth weights

A
  • Transfer all small piglets onto one sow after colostrum
  • Small piglets held to suckle
  • Decide if too small to survive
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35
Q

Blind teats

A
  • Taped/copydexed/PVA glue at birth if of high genetic importance
  • Ensure gilts have full litters - teats not used in first lactation don’t milk as well in subsequent parities
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36
Q

Lame piglets

A
  • AB - by injection
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37
Q

Foot + knee damage (piglet)

A
  • Stalosan on floors = dries + hardens + disinfects
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38
Q

Piglet scour - 0 - 48 h

A
  • Vacc sow - Gletvax, clostridial vacc
  • AB at birth - Apralan, Spectam
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39
Q

Piglet scour - 7 - 10 d

A
  • Hygiene
  • Oral Baycox (toltrazuril) given at 4 d/o
  • AB
  • Supportive therapy
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40
Q

Infection control in piglets

A
  • Control flies in farrowing house
  • Don’t foster scouring piglets
  • Disinfect wellies
  • Disinfectant - foot dips/stalosan
  • Treat scours promptly - injectable or oral doses
  • Hygiene - hands + gloves
  • Record Tx
  • Thorough clean + disinfect crate + stall/room when vacated
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41
Q

S. suis meningitis

A
  • Prompt AB
  • Rehydration
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42
Q

Greasy pig -> skin lesions (piglet)

A
  • AB
  • Topical Tx
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43
Q

Atresia ani (piglet)

A
  • Cull
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44
Q

Prep for weaning - creep feeding

A
  • From 10 d
  • Little + often
  • Place creep feeder near sow’s head
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45
Q

Prep for weaning - vacc

A
  • PCV2 / M. hyo
  • PRRS /glassers
46
Q

Weaner requirements

A
  • All-in-all-out production
  • Good start birthweight - max colostrum intake at birth
  • Correct diet for age
  • Good feeding procedures
  • Good building design + maintenance
  • Good environmental control - temp, ventilation, humidity
47
Q

Daily routine (weaner)

A
  • Stock checks
  • Temp + ventilation
  • Feed + water supply
  • Pig appearance + behaviour
  • Cleanliness/bedding/MM - EE
  • Sick pig management
  • Vice
48
Q

Weaning process

A
  • Housing - room temp
  • Diet - feed smallest/youngest, change diets gradually, check drinkers + flow rates
  • Starter creep - milky diet, lactose easily digested, palatable + digestible, fresh, clean feeders
49
Q

Vaccs at weaning

A
  • EP (enzootic pneumonia)
  • PCV-2
  • Glassers
  • Strep suis
  • PRRS
  • Erysipelas
  • Oral - ileitis, salmonella
50
Q

Post-weaning D+

A
  • Dietary manipulation - reduce fermentation rates where bowel oedema seen
  • Maintain even feed intakes - don’t let pigs run out of food then gorge themselves
  • Meals vs pellets - eat meal more slowly (red risk of salmonella)
  • 2500 ppm zinc oxide in ration
  • Soil into pen - inc iron
  • AB - in feed/water depending on C&S
51
Q

PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome)

A
  • No Tx
  • Nursing/symptomatic care
52
Q

PMWS + PDNS

A

(Endemic - most herds infected)
- PCV-2 vacc of piglets - circoflex
- Vacc sow - circovac
- Vacc breeding gilts
- DDx = CSF

53
Q

Meningitis - strep suis type 2

A
  • Penicillin + NSAIDs in water
  • Control ventilation, stocking density
  • AB in feed/water = Trimediazine, Lincomycin or Penicillin (pelleting dec activity)
54
Q

Prevent pigs getting cold

A
  • Kennels - plywood, straw bales, touran plastic sheeting, tin sheets etc
  • Curtains on kennels
  • Stop draughts
55
Q

The weaned pig housing

A
  • Good weaning weights
  • Warm
  • Dry
  • Good airflow
  • Good feed intake - fresh + palatable + easy access
  • Easy access to water - one drinking point per 30 pigs if ad lib good, one per 15 if restricted access
  • Specialist accomm for disadvantaged pigs
56
Q

Diff types of weaner housing

57
Q

Ileitis prevention

A
  • Live attenuated Lawsonia intracellularis vacc (Enteriosol) in drinking water
    > 3 w/o -> offers long-lasting immunity, instead of continuous AB use
58
Q

Monitoring mechanisms

A
  • Look – at uneven sizes, lameness, skin disorders
  • Listen – for coughing, sneezing, squealing
  • Smell - poor ventilation, pens not been washed, waste food, scouring
  • Post mortems - multisystemic problems common in pigs
  • Serology
  • Abattoir monitoring
  • Lab tests may take while
59
Q

Serology - blood sampling

A
  • Jugular vein
  • Hold pigs w/ snout wire snare, body in straight line, head up
  • Needle into jugular furrow - 1/3 distance from sternum to chin, perpendicular to skin, aspirate 1 - 2” needle (v deep, cannot see vein)
60
Q

Tail biting

A
  • Separate both affected + tail biting pig (often smallest pig)
  • If tail swollen, Penicillin
  • If unsteady on legs, cull = abscess in spine
61
Q

Excess mounting

A
  • Minimise disturbance during day
  • Maintain lower light levels - within legal limits
  • Reduced riding
  • Split sexing in finishing phase
  • Castration
  • Improvac - GnRH vacc to prevent sexual behaviour
62
Q

Young pig restraints (< 10 kg)

A
  • Catch + lift by back leg - don’t swing/snatch
  • Support by chest
  • Hold to minimise movement
  • Replace on ground
63
Q

Older pig restraints (> 10 kg)

A
  • Non-slip floor
  • Confined space
  • Pig cannot move forward
  • Pig board - apply pressure to hind quarters + flank
  • Snare
64
Q

Ileitis

A
  • Hygiene - scrape through passages + straw beds
  • Vacc - oral vacc, identify time of exposure by serology/PCR then vacc prior
  • Live vacc - feed must be free from AB
  • Then use water soluble AB tylosin to ‘embed’ the vacc
  • AB: tylosin, tiamulin, OTC, CTC
65
Q

Swine dysentery

A
  • Tiamulin (Denagard) - feed or water
  • Lincomycin (Lincospectin) - feed or water
  • Combine Tiamulin w/ CTC
  • Eradicate by removing growing stock off-site, intense cleaning then medicating sows or use a depopulation ‘bubble’ w/ C&D + medication
66
Q

Enzootic pneumonia (EP) - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

A
  • Biosecurity - keep out, vet to vet conveyance common, isolate incoming stock, AI only
  • Vacc piglet - 1 - 2 dose protocols, combination vaccs
  • Improve ventilation
  • Reduce stocking density
  • Medication - water, feed (continual or pulse), anti-mycoplasma drugs
67
Q

APP - actinobacillus pleuropneumonia

A
  • Ventilation + stocking density
  • Medication of creep or grower - usually only short period required
  • Vacc of sows or piglets (not common)
  • Autogenous vaccs - so many sedrotypes
68
Q

Glassers (G. parasuis)

A
  • Vacc
  • Medication - doxycycline
  • Ventilation
69
Q

Rectal prolapse

A
  • Remove to recovery pen - if left in pen will become traumatised
  • Can put into hospital - many will drop off on own
  • Sx replacement pointless
  • May result in strictures - ‘barrel’ pigs - will scar, faeces pressure build-up
70
Q

Parasite Tx options

A
  • If in doubt -> Ivermectin
  • Injectable = avermectin
  • In-feed = avermectin, flubendazole
  • In-water = fenbendazole, flubendazole
  • Coccidiostats = oral dose
71
Q

Erysipelas (Erysipeloxthrix rhusiopathiae)

A
  • Penicillin (or Lincomycin) by injection
  • Vacc - v cheap, booster q 6 m, can be given at weaning
  • MDA lasts 10 - 12 w so may have to vacc finishers - easier to give oral vacc at younger age
72
Q

Greasy pig - Staph hyicus

A
  • AB - penicillin, lincomycin by injection
  • Topical disinfection
  • NSAIDs
  • B vitamins - ‘marmite disease’
  • Managing environment
73
Q

Mycoplasma arthritis (M. hyosynoviae)

A
  • AB - tylosin, lincomycin, tiamulin
  • NSAIDs
  • Tx for 3 d -> if no improvement then euth
74
Q

Anaesthesia/sedation products

A
  • Azaperone - licensed
  • Ketamine - licensed
  • Butorphanol - licensed in other FPAs
  • Meloxicam
  • Xylazine - licensed in other FPAs
  • Alcohol
75
Q

Chemical restraint

A
  • Pre-med: Azaperone (Stresnil) - 0.2 - 2 mg/kg IM, low dose for boars + Vietnamese Pot Bellied pigs
  • Knock-down: Ketamine (Ketamidor) - 15 - 20 mg/kg IM following 2 mg/kg azaperone IM -> 20 min sed
76
Q

Euthanasia - mechanical

A
  • Blunt force trauma = neonates only
  • Captive bolt + 2y action (pithing/bleeding), induces prolonged periods of random kicking
  • Shotgun, rifle or human killer - requires appropriate license/certificate
  • By VS or licensed slaughterman
77
Q

Euthanasia - chemical

A
  • Pentobarbital sodium - 0.7 mL/kg IV +/- prior sedation
  • VS only
  • Venous access - ear vein (jugular + mammary pos)
  • Immobilisation - snare, previous sedation
78
Q

Euthanasia - mechanical technique

A
  • Correct restraint
  • Captive bolt in contact w/ head
  • Shotgun, rifle, humane killer approx 6” or more away from head
  • Correct target - aim for tail, not base of jaw
  • Pith/bleed if required
  • H + S considerations
79
Q

Euthanasia - 2y measures to stun

A
  • Bleed out - via cut across jugular vein - sharp + long blade, messy
  • Pithing - using rod, long screwdriver to destroy brainstem
  • Wait until pig stopped kicking
80
Q

Post-pentobarbital sodium chemical euthanasia

A
  • Sed before venous access (ear vein) for bolus of pentobarbital, restraint e.g. high dose of xylazine (IM), make sure first dose counts, restrain - snare
  • Intra-cardiac bolus following heavy sedation gives good success
  • Lateral recum
  • Point of elbow
  • Feel/listen for heartbeat
  • Between ribs
  • 18 - 19g, 2 inch needle or spinal needle
  • Must be heavily sedated - welfare considerations, wait 15 - 20 min
81
Q

Euthanasia - blunt trauma

A
  • ‘Priest’ or implement
  • Cash Poultry Killer (CPK) - effective up to 7 kg piglets
  • Restraint techniques
82
Q

Mulberry heart disease

A
  • Increase vit E levels of feed
83
Q

Health status, PRRS - positive recipient herd

A
  • May need vacc after delivery
84
Q

Health status, enzootic pneumonia (EP) - positive recipient herd

A
  • May need vaccination
85
Q

Health status, S. suis - positive recipient herd

A
  • May need strategic meds
86
Q

Health status, diseases where recipient herd positive but don’t need intervention

A
  • APP - actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
87
Q

Erysipelas vacc (gilt)

A
  • 2 vaccs
  • 4 w apart
  • Second dose at least 2 w prior to mating
88
Q

Parvovirus vacc (gilt)

A
  • Single vacc, not less than 2 w before mating
89
Q

Boar exposure

A
  • 10 - 15 mins
  • Pheromones – saliva (& nose-to-nose contact
  • Dry floors
  • Mark in-heat gilts + record ear tag numbers
  • Short expression of oestrus
  • Must see cycle before synchronising
90
Q

Diff options for boar contact

A
  • Want novelty element
  • Best = full content twice daily for short period of time
  • (Or once daily for longer period)
  • Adjacent pen
91
Q

Oral progesterone (Regumate/Virbagest/Altresyn) synchronisation (gilts)

A
  • Make sure they have been cycling
  • Then move away from boar
  • Feed progesterone for 18 d - via dosing gun (train with apple juice); on food in stalls; give small amount (0.5 kg) of feed with progesterone, then rest of food later; on pieces of bread
  • Mix with boar as soon as progesterone stops - controlled, twice daily exposure
  • Gilts come on heat 4 - 5 days after withdrawal
  • Ideal for AI (pre-ordered)
  • Flush feed prior to service if they have been on restricted feed (ensure not in energy deficient, good ovulation)
  • Allow gilts to become familiar with the service housing/AI area
92
Q

Service timings

A
  • If wean on Thurs, first sows on heat on Mon, ideally all served by next thurs
  • Average wean to service interval = 5.5. d
  • Mix sows w/ boar on day one, then give contact w/ boar on a daily basis
  • Boar needs to be max 1 m away from sows
93
Q

Heat detection

A
  • Boar stimulation
  • Bring boar to sow, then apply back pressure - astride by stockman, when won’t move when sit on = will stand for insemination
  • Enlarged vulva
  • Avoid habituation (continual boar exposure), rotate boars - expose sows to diff services + allow boar to have some natural services
  • Check for returns at 18 - 24 d
94
Q

AI

A
  • Have all supplies in place
  • One boar per 5 sows maximum
  • Do not inseminate unless solid heat seen
  • Keep service area clean
  • Wipe the vulva with a dry towel
  • Use non-spermicidal gel on
    catheter tip
  • Insert catheter gently at ~45
    degree angle
  • Push firmly towards cervix
    (rotating if necessary)
  • If in place, resistance to pulling back on catheter
  • Connect semen dose to catheter
  • Allow semen to run in without squeezing the dose
  • Once completed, leave the catheter in place for 5 - 7 min
  • Let sow settle before moving out of the service area
95
Q

Board bleeding after service - torn frenulum

A
  • Rest boar for 6 - 8 w, then have few ‘practice’ services
96
Q

Diff types of service routines

A
  • Daily
  • Twice daily
  • Miss first 12 h - AM/PM rule
  • Mixed boars
  • Ovulation = late in heat, need late service
97
Q

Natural service routine

A
  • Ideally put sow into boar pen
  • One sow with boar
  • Supervise service to ensure correct intromission
  • Record service
98
Q

Vaginal discharges

A
  • Hygiene - clean and wipe vulva prior to AI
  • Medication may be needed if widespread
  • Diagnosis essential prior to treating - aware of zoonosis e.g. Chlamydia
  • Serving will not do anything
99
Q

Vacc - 2 - 4 w pre-farrowing

A
  • E. coli
  • Clostridia
  • Salmonella
  • PRRS
100
Q

Abortion investigations

A
  • Clinical inspection of affected dam and cohorts
  • Serology - PRRS (need herd health status); Leptospirosis (paired samples); Parvo / Ery may be less useful
  • Samples - foetus / aborted material
  • Samples of feed, straw, water
  • Hx + records
  • Check vaccinations and herd health status
101
Q

Batch farrowing

A
  • 3 week systems - need more farrowing crates, but allows batch housing of growers and finishers; wean w 1; serve w 2; farrow w 3
  • 5 week systems – Work well with smaller herds
102
Q

Sow vaccs + timings

A
  • Erysipelas - weaning
  • Parvo - weaning + before service
  • E. coli - late preg
  • Clostridia - late preg
  • Salmonella - late preg
  • PRRS - in farrowing house
  • PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome) - booster prior to service
103
Q

Mastitis post-weaning

A
  • If several glands affected, cull
  • AB - systemic e.g. amoxicillin
  • NSAIDS
  • Clean pens + floors cleaned out daily
  • Give sows one pen for lying + two dung areas when first weaned
104
Q

Mange - Sarcoptes scabei var suis

A
  • Ivermectin – inj 2 doses 2 weeks
    apart, as eggs persist for 2 weeks in
    the environment
  • Inject immediately pre-farrowing or whole herd on one occasion
  • Boars and older sows may need repeated doses if badly affected
  • Ivermectin in feed for whole herd for 10 – 14 days
  • Remove older sows/boars
105
Q

Lice – Haematopinus sui

A
  • Ivermectin
106
Q

Vaginal/cervical prolapse

A
  • Some go back in after farrowing
  • Get sow out of crate and walk her around
  • Generally leave well alone – poor response to epidural and replacement with purse-string suture
  • Care if sow is to be culled – be aware of transport welfare regulation
107
Q

Uterine (+ rectal prolapse)

108
Q

Rectal prolapse

A
  • Separate sow to allow slow healing (other pigs will traumatise)
109
Q

Clostridium novyi (oedematiens)

A
  • Control by sow vaccination
  • Will takes minimum of 5 w to get all sows covered
  • Need to give all at-risk sows long-acting penicillin during the risk period
110
Q

Mastitis - farrowing house

A
  • Amoxicillin + oxytocin - to inc milk let down
111
Q

Dx of nutritional disorders

A
  • CS
  • Site visit
  • Feed analysis
  • PME
  • Histopath
  • Viral/bacterial diseases for exclusion
  • Blood biochem
  • Radiography on pet pigs

AAA VMS4002 (15 decks)

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