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AAA VMS4002 > Porcine Pathology > Flashcards

Porcine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Overfeeding of sow in gestation

A
  • Constipation
  • Predisposes to mastitis, metritis + agalactia
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2
Q

Farrowing complications

A
  • Over-sized, oedematous +/- emphysematous piglet
  • Needing to void bladder
  • Uterine torsion - cannot correct due to long uterine horns, euth sow, recover piglets
  • Uterine tear
  • Prolonged farrowing
  • Sick sow/dead piglets
  • Retained piglet = sow paddling leg
  • Metritis + endometritis
  • Normal + abnormal discharges
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3
Q

Piglets born dead (BD)

A
  • <10% total born, meconium staining, lungs fail to float, ‘slippers’
  • Older sows
  • Overfat sows
  • Slow farrowings
  • Excessive or inadequate manual interference
  • Nervous/agitated mothers (esp gilts)
  • Last piglets born
  • Low birth weights
  • Stress during early preg/implantation
  • Disease - Leptospirosis, Parvovirus, Chlamydia, PRRS, Aujezsky’s disease
  • Ill sow
  • Delayed or prolonged parturition
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4
Q

Mummified piglets

A
  • <2% total born
  • External cause - mycotoxins
  • Disease - inc in irregular returns, inc % mummified, early farrowing -> non-viable, inc NIPs (not in pig) at farrowing/empty sow
  • PRRS
  • Parvovirus
  • Aujesky’s disease
  • Mycotoxin challenge
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5
Q

Colostrum importance

A
  • AB
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Hormones, GFs -> weight gain when matures
  • Food = heat
  • Vit A, D, E
  • Laxative
  • Induces pH in stomach, changing pepsinogen to pepsin
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6
Q

Piglets pre-disposed to disease

A
  • Small size/large SA -> lose heat fast
  • Lack of brown fat (no internal heat source)
  • Little surface fat + no hair (no insulation)
  • Born wet w/ birth fluids -> further chilling
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7
Q

Poor intakes of colostrum

A
  • Low birth weights
  • Insufficient working teats
  • Stressed sow/gilt - won’t want to lie down
  • Mastitis
  • Chilling - too cold to move
  • Cross-fostering before first suckle
  • Management interventions performed too early e.g. teeth + tail
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8
Q

Farrowing fever

A
  • MMA = mastitis, metritis + agalactia syndrome
  • Partially created by man
  • Common in smallholders
  • Sow over-conditioned before farrowing then at farrowing will be off food
  • Sow goes off food; may have mastitis +/- metritis + vag discharge: +/- hungry piglets
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9
Q

Fostering

A
  • If teat low/non-func, piglet growth reduced/dies > 5 d
  • Move before piglet is too disadvantaged
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10
Q

Savaging

A
  • Nervous mother
  • Often first parity gilt
  • Noisy farrowing house
  • Large piglets being born
  • Associated w/ pain of farrowing + squealing of piglets
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11
Q

Sow shoulder sores

A
  • Lesions -> bony swelling of shoulder blade, more susceptible next farrowing
  • Thin sows
  • Rough floors/slats
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12
Q

Sow not eating at farrowing

A
  • Mastitis
  • Pyrexic
  • Faecal colour + consistency - ulceration, constipation
  • Other CS of illness
  • Vag discharge - metritis?
  • Piglet condition
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13
Q

Weaning mortality

A
  • 50% overlays - sow crushing piglets to death
  • 25% starvation
    25% other
  • Lame
  • Scour
  • Streptococcal meningitis
  • Congenital deformities
  • Epidemic tremor
  • Savaging
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14
Q

Overlays

A
  • Too cold - piglets won’t move to eat
  • Poor colostrum intake
  • Excess hot sow restless
  • Farrowing crate too small/oversized sow
  • Sow - uncomfortable/stressed/lame/shoulder sores
  • Piglets hungry e.g. sow w/ mastitis - piglets always around sow
  • 2y to something else e.g. lame/weak piglet not moving fast enough when sow lies down
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15
Q

Starvation of piglets

A
  • Piglet moves from teat to teat in first few days then establishes on one teat, even if non-func, starvation seen from 5 d
  • Mastitis in previous lactation
  • Insufficient teats
  • Blind teats
  • Inverted nipples
  • Trauma

(Runt = born small - litter size, birth weights
Starvation = normal size at birth, but then fades, especially from day 5 onward)

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16
Q

Blind teats

A
  • Piglets born onto rough concrete get rubbed nipples
  • Teats no longer func
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17
Q

Piglet diseases

A
  • Overlays
  • Starvation
  • Congenital deformities
  • Scour, neonatal + later
  • Lameness
  • Joint ill
  • Nervous signs/meningitis
  • Resp disease
  • Skin lesion
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18
Q

Lame piglets

A
  • Strep suis
  • Large litters
  • Low colostrum
  • Rough floors; rough slats
  • Injury from sow -> death, arthritis, pyaemia (septicaemia)
  • Joint ill
  • Trauma - iron injections
  • FMDV (foot + mouth)
  • SVD (swine vesicular disease)
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19
Q

Foot + knee damage (piglet)

A
  • Foot v soft at birth
  • Rough, wet floor surface
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20
Q

Sudden onset acute lame piglets/weaners

A
  • Strep suis type 14
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21
Q

Lameness - joint ill (from pyaemia) (piglet)

A
  • Dirty teeth or tail clippers
  • Dirty vacc needles/contaminated bottles
  • Infected navels
  • Low colostrum intakes
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22
Q

Scouring piglets

A
  • Poor BCS
  • Hairy piglets
  • Red anus + vulva
  • Wet around tails
  • ‘Hollow’ flanks
  • Smell
  • 0 - 48 h = bacterial, E. coli or clostridia - C&S
  • 7 - 10 d = rotavirus, E. coli, later on coccidiosis
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23
Q

PEDv (porcine epidemic diarrhoea)

A
  • Severe in N America + Asia, less virulent strains in Europe
  • Explosive outbreak of watery D+ w/ reduced appetite + lethargy, sometimes V+, all ages
  • High mortality (30 - 100%) in suckling piglets, all parities of sows, may be found dead before D+ noticed
  • Weaned + older pigs, PED = transient + pigs recover
  • ND in England
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24
Q

Neurological signs (piglet)

A
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Congenital tremors
  • S. suis meningitis - several strains, severity varies -> paddling, nystagmus
  • ND = Aujesky’s disease, ASF, Talfan/Teschen (Teschovirus encephalomyelitis)
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25
Q

Skin lesions (piglet)

A
  • Greasy pig
  • Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
  • Pityriasis rosea
  • Abrasive necrosis
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26
Q

Congenital deformities (piglet)

A
  • Splay leg
  • Atresia ani
  • Cleft palate
  • Thickened forelegs
  • Congenital tremor - okay when sleep but severe prevents suckling -> knee damage
  • Hydrocephalus
  • No action - euth
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27
Q

Splay leg

A
  • Weak piglets
  • Low birth weights
  • Compounded by smooth floors
  • Genetic - Landrace
  • Die from starvation or overlay
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28
Q

Stressors at weaning

A
  • Maternal separation
  • Now social hierarchy
  • New environment + temp
  • Necessity to locate new feed + water sources
  • Dietary change from liquid milk to solid cereal based diet
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29
Q

Effect of weaning stressors

A
  • Post-weaning anorexia - maintenance energy requirements not met until 3 d post-weaning, intake dec at weaning
  • Stomach less acidic, absorptive surface of gut dec, malabsorption - gut not ready for cereal digestion, protective immune factors in milk removed
  • Damaged gut barrier func -> malabsorption, D+ + dehydration, gut inflam, systemic disease
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30
Q

Rapid growth (weaners)

A
  • Feed efficiency declines w/ age
  • Lost lean growth at this stage not regained later
  • Capacity for lean growth declines w/ age - middle-aged spread
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31
Q

Hygiene performance

A
  • Disease control
  • Improve performance - pig sick
  • Welfare - preventing harm or disease
  • Carryover of disease
  • Maintenance of buildings - servicing, repair, C&D
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32
Q

Identifying sick pig

A
  • CS of disease - eyes, ears + nose
  • Social interactions
  • Eating/drinking
  • Scour
  • Skin colour/wounds
  • Resp rate
  • Lameness
  • Warmth seeking
  • Behaviour
  • Posture
  • Perineal soiling
  • Swollen joint/navel
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33
Q

Temp effect on growth rates

A
  • For every 1 C below lower critical temp of thermoneutral zone (between 15 - 30 C)
  • Pig loses 10 - 12 g live weight gain per day
  • If too warm - won’t eat as much
  • Too cold - eat plenty, less energy used for growth
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34
Q

Development of unevenness post weaning

A
  • Overcrowding - uneven no. sows farrowing
  • Poor hygiene
  • Cold
  • Incorrect ration
  • Poor ventilation
  • Not enough feed space or hoppers not being refilled freq
  • Disease
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35
Q

Small weaner

A
  • Less heat production - require higher ambient temperatures
  • Eat less food - need better diet
  • Prone to disease
  • Less able to compete
  • Continue to be disadvantaged
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36
Q

Factors that affect feed intake (weaner)

A
  • Blocked hoppers
  • Dust
  • Wet/soiled feed
  • Damage to feeders
  • Incorrect diet
  • Water flow rates
  • Ambient temp
  • Health problems
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37
Q

Aggression (weaner)

A
  • Social hierarchy
  • Mixing pig
  • Avoid vice
  • Gets worse as get older
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38
Q

Diseases (weaners)

A
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39
Q

Factors affecting health

A
  • Stress
  • Temp
  • Poor ventilation
  • Incorrect diet
  • Inadequate water supply
  • Stocking rate
  • Poor hygiene + maintenance
  • Previous health problems
  • Visitors/breaches in biosecurity
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40
Q

Post-weaning D+

A
  • 7 - 10 d post-weaning
  • E. coli infections - some scour, others -> bowel oedema
  • Good piglets growing well, squeaky squeal, puffy eyes, sudden deaths
  • Salmonella
  • PCV-2
  • Take swabs from untreated pigs for bacteriology + antimicrobial sensitivity
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41
Q

PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome)

A
  • PCV-2
  • 30% post-weaning mort
  • 3 - 4 w post-weaning
  • Pigs weaning in good condition, start to lose weight -> yellow scour -> death
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42
Q

PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome) - PME signs

A
  • Massive H+ + oedema of mesenteric + inguinal LNs
  • Yellow scour in colon
  • Enlarged spleen + liver
  • Lung congestion (inc coughing)
  • ‘Turkey egg’ kidney = enlarged + mottled
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43
Q

PDNS (porcine dermatitis + nephropathy syndrome) (weaner)

A
  • Massive dark black skin lesions
  • Most affected die
  • Ear tips may drop off
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44
Q

Meningitis (weaner)

A
  • Most common cause = Strep suis type 2
  • Sporadic cases = Glassers, consequences of pyaemia (e.g. from tail biting), salt poisoning/water deprivation, oedema disease
  • Environmental conditions inc, see in spring - large temp fluctuations e.g. Autumn, high humidity, poor ventilation, overstocking
  • Dx - swabs of heart blood, CSF
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45
Q

Meningitis CS (weaner)

A
  • Sudden death - often don’t see any CS, just dead piglet
    Neuro signs
  • Ataxia
  • Recum
  • Paddling
  • Proprioceptive deficits
  • Pyrexia
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46
Q

Systemic streptococcus suis (weaner)

A
  • CS - systemic effects - joint swelling, lethargy, inappetence, seizure, nystagmus, sudden death
  • Dx - PME = nothing, fibrin-polyserositis, endocarditis
  • Microbiology - heart blood, joint fluid, meningeal swab
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47
Q

Disease transmission between UK farms (pigs + people transmission)

A
  • Meningitis - streptococcus suis
  • Enzootic pneumonia - mycoplasma hypopneumonia
  • Blue ear - PRRS
  • Influenza
  • Swine dysentery
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48
Q

Notifiable/exotic diseases

A
  • ASF - working its way across Europe in animals + products
  • CSF
  • FMDV
  • PED - porcine epidemic diarrhoea
  • Aujeszky’s disease - no tin UK
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49
Q

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED)

A
  • V pathogenic - 1 mL solution of 1 g diarrhoea in 748 gallons of water will infect a pig
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50
Q

Endemic diseases

A
  • EP - mycoplasma hyponeumoniae
  • PCV-2 - possible to have +ive PCR result if have vaccinated animals - don’t know if infection active + significant from PCR - cannot used for definitive Dx
  • Erysipelas
  • Parvovirus
  • E. coli
  • Clostridial disease
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51
Q

Serology

A
  • PRRS
  • EP (enzootic pneumonia)
  • Ileitis
  • Swine influenza (paired samples)
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52
Q

Tail biting

A

Housing + husbandry -> behaviour, welfare issue - when not happy, exhibit vice
- Crowded
- Temp variation
- Uneven tail dock length
- Inadequate feed or water space
- Other diseases present -> ‘grumpy’ pig
- Genotype
- Welfare regulations - must have manipulative material e.g. straw to distract/bite
- Not always to tail, can be flank/ears

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53
Q

Main groups of diseases

A
  • Enteric disorders
  • Resp diseases

Everything else
- Mulberry heart
- Meningitis
- Skin disorders, erysipelas
- Lameness
- Vice
- Management factors - food, water, space, ventilation, scrape through, hygiene between batches

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54
Q

Enteric disorders post-weaning

A
  • Ileitis
  • E. coli
  • PCV2-AD
  • PED
  • Salmonella
  • Colitis
  • Brachyspira
  • PMWS - post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
  • Swine dysentery
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55
Q

Scouring in older pigs

A
  • Colitis = dietary
  • Ileitis - Lawsonia intracellularis
  • Salmonella
  • Swine dysentery = Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
  • Yersinia
  • PED/TGE (transmissible gastroenteritis)
  • Non-specific - Brachyspira pilosicoli, intestinal parasites
  • Swine fever
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56
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis (ileitis)

A

(PIA = porcine intestinal adenomatosis)
- Endemic in UK - often just see loose faeces
Variation in CS
- Peracute = sudden death from intestinal haemorrhage, ‘Haemorrhagic enteropathy’
- Acute - magenta colour scour
- Chronic - scour
- Subclinical - poor growth

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57
Q

Acute ileitis

A
  • Extensive H+ in intestine
  • Difficult to distinguish between from intestinal torsion, open pig v slowly (or will inc freckles)
  • If bowel wall not inflamed, check for stomach ulcer
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58
Q

Chronic ileitis

A
  • Diphtheritic gut
  • Enlarged mesenteric LN
  • Thickened diphtheritic terminal ileum (just before joining colon)
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59
Q

Swine dysentery

A
  • Brachyspira hyodysenteria
  • Dysenteric scour - blood + mucous
  • Massive weight loss + deaths
  • High mortality if not controlled
  • Deaths in sows + finishers
  • DDx = acute ileitis
  • CS = blood + mucus in faeces
  • Dx = CS, culture - PCR
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60
Q

Swine dysentery vs acute ileitis

A
  • SD in colon, not ileum
  • Higher mortality
  • Can affect sows
  • Generally in older pigs
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61
Q

Why is swine dysentery on the inc?

A
  • Biosecurity - loading ramps, clean lorries
  • Wildlife - birds, foxes
  • Some strains resistant to some antimicrobials
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62
Q

Dx approach to enteric disease

A
  • Clinical Hx - age, stage of production, vacc, feeding Hx
  • Clinical inspection - morbidity + mortality
  • Investigation - faecal sampling, swabs, pooled faeces samples (untreated pigs); PME - gross appearance, intestinal samples, histology sections; submit carcase to APHA
  • Tx + control options - group/indiv; in feed/water/injection; vacc; nutritional manipulation
  • Public health implications - zoonotic e.g. Salmonella
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63
Q

Respiratory diseases

A
  • EP - enzootic pneumonia - mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  • APP = Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
  • PRRS = porcine reproductive + respiratory syndrome
  • Glassers = Glaesserella parasuis
  • SI = swine influenza
  • AR = atrophic rhinitis - pasteurella + bordetella
  • PMWS - porcine circovirus type 2
  • Coronavirus
  • Pasteurella/Mannheimia
  • Inclusion body rhinintis
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64
Q

Respiratory CS

A
  • Coughing/sneezing
  • Inc resp effort = really struggling
  • Nasal/ocular discharge
  • Dec appetite
  • Condition loss
  • Repro effects - PRRS, flu in breeding stocks
  • Death
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65
Q

Resp Dx

A
  • Blood samples - serology, PCR
  • Nasal/tonsillar swabs - flu
  • Upper tracheal
  • PME - lung, histopath
66
Q

Enzootic pneumonia (EP) - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

A
  • Consolidation of tips of apical + cardiac lobes
  • Dec daily average gain + FCR
  • Coughing, esp older pigs, pale pigs, inc mortality
67
Q

Enzootic pneumonia (EP) - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae - abattoir score of lungs

A
  • Apical (cranial) = 10 x 2
  • Cardiac (middle) = 10 x 2
  • Diaphragmatic (caudal) = 5 x 2
  • Intermediate (accessory) = 5 x 1 (RHS)
  • Max possible score = 55
68
Q

APP - actinobacillus pleuropneumonia

A
  • Lesions in centre of diaphragmatic lobe
  • Area of intense H+ + Overlying pleurisy
  • Looks like ‘liver’
  • Deep abdo cough
  • Reduced growth rates
  • Sudden deaths, sometimes coughing
  • Chronic, ‘heavy’ coughing + reduced growth + some cases, sudden death
  • 15 main serotypes, producing 3 diff toxins
  • Infection from dam - MDA last 5 - 5 w, 10 w w/ vacc
69
Q

Glassers (G. parasuis)

A
  • Pericarditis + pleurisy (inflam of pleura)
  • Polserositis - can affect all serous surfaces = joints, meninges
  • Common infection
  • Often occurs following immune suppression e.g. PRRS or PMWS
  • If severe outbreak - check for predisposing factors - PRRS or PCV2
70
Q

Atrophic rhinitis

A
  • Nasal distortion - seen later in life
  • Bordetella damages nasal mem allowing toxigenic Pasteurella to enter + damage turbinates
  • Piglet infection -> sneezing
  • Tear staining
71
Q

PRRS = porcine respiratory and reproductive disease

A
  • ‘Blue ear’ seen in initial outbreak - ear tip + snout necrosis
  • Acute outbreak - sick sows, abortions, deaths, v high piglet mortality, inc in other resp diseases
  • Endemic disease - pneumonia w/ lung congestion + oedema, monitor by serology, sometimes see blue ears
  • Predispose to other diseases e.g. piglet scour
72
Q

Swine flu

A
  • First outbreak on farm
  • All cough - sows, piglets, growers
  • Finishers stop eating for 1 - 2 w
  • Some deaths
  • Endemics - waves of coughing in finishers + inc mortality, severity depends on strain, ‘blue flu’ = PRRS + flu
73
Q

PRDC (porcine respiratory disease complex)

A

Mixed infection
- PRRSv coronavirus
- Swine influenza virus
- Circovirus (PCV2)
- Mycoplasma hyponeumoniae
- Haemophilus parasuis
- Streptococcus suis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Actinobacillus suis
- Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

74
Q

Dx approach to resp disease

A
  • Clinical Hx - age, stage of production, source vacc Hx, health status
  • Clinical inspection - morbidity + mortality, CS
  • Investigation - serology if indicated; PME, gross path, histopath, sampling from lower RT; nasal, pharyngeal, tracheal swabs
  • DDx
  • Tx + control options - group/indiv; in feed/water/injection; vacc; nutritional manipulation
  • Public health implications - zoonotic
75
Q

Nasal swabs

A
  • Virus isolation for flu
76
Q

Pharyngeal/tracheal swabs

A
  • EP (enzootic pneumonia) by PCR on throat swabs, early stages of outbreak for positive result
77
Q

Oral fluids

A
  • PRRS
  • Ropes hung in pens, pigs chew
  • Fluids squeezed out of ropes into tube -> tested via PCR
78
Q

Rectal prolapse

A
  • Constipation = low fibre
  • ‘Grist’ of food too fine
  • Over-crowding
  • Inc pressure e.g. fighting
  • Excess coughing
  • Scouring + rectal irritation due to medication, coughing etc
  • Mycotoxins - DON = deoxynivalenol
  • Excessive lysine (> 20% above target, target = 1.25%)
79
Q

Skin lesions/changes of pigs

A
  • Mange
  • FMDV
  • Lice
  • CSF
  • PDNS
  • Greasy pig
  • ASF
  • Erysipelas
  • Flank biting
  • Tail biting + vulva biting
  • Fighting Ear tip necrosis
  • Hairy coat = sick/cold pig
  • Pig pox
  • Ringworm
  • Sun burn
  • Straw rash
  • Sow shoulder sores
  • Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
80
Q

Erysipelas (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)

A
  • Skin ‘diamonds’, may scab later, sometimes skin lesions scab off
  • Pyrexia
  • Inappetence
  • Reduced fertility in sows
  • May get endocarditis + joint lesions
81
Q

Greasy pig

A
  • = Exudative epidermatitis due to Staphy hyicus
  • Weaners + growers
  • Dermatitis
  • Poor ventilation, damp conditions, fighting, skin damage e.g. mange
  • High suckling losses - esp gilt litters
82
Q

Ascarids - milk spot

A
  • SI roundworm
  • Difficult to eradicate in continuous flow scrape-through system
  • Milk spot = exposure in previous 6 w
  • Can cause total obstruction of SI in weaners/growers
  • Lesion extended into substance of liver, no. milk spots per affected liver = indicator of severity
83
Q

Hernias

A
  • Scrotal + Umbilical
  • Genetic
  • Umbilical = environmental influence
  • Rare to Tx
  • Housed on straw - some regress - gut fibre content inc
  • Growth rate poor, sell early
  • May need to send FCI (food chain info) to abattoir
  • If skin ulcerated, unfit for transport, welfare prosecution
84
Q

Mycoplasma arthritis

A
  • M. hyosynoviae
  • Infection from dam to piglet; carried by piglet to finisher weight
  • Onset disease associated w/ stress - e.g. weighing prior to sale, mixing, transport of gilts
  • Sudden onset of acute lameness - whole leg held, if both hind legs, then reluctant to stand, pyrexia - sometimes hock swellings
85
Q

Kyphosis

A
  • Congenital + progressive
  • Leads to depressed growth
  • Hereditary - carefully monitor gilts
  • Slaughter early
86
Q

Anaesthesia

A
  • Sx - e.g. vasectomy, castration
  • Minor Sx - sitch-up
  • Management procedures - foot trimming, detusking
87
Q

Sedation

A
  • Limit savaging at farrowing
  • Prevent fighting
88
Q

Euthanasia - legal

A
  • To protect animal welfare
  • w/o causing unnecessary suffering
  • Blunt force trauma = neonates only
89
Q

Mechanical euthanasia

A
  • Quick + reasonably clean, small amount of restraint
  • Limited stress
  • Agonal movement
  • Can appear violent
  • Human stunners = not killers - must be backed up by destruction of the brain stem (pitching) or bleeding
  • Massive, sudden inc in pressure in skull, followed by immediate dec of equal magnitude -> total brain dysfunction
  • Restraint necessary
90
Q

Physical signs of effective stun

A
  • Animal collapses immediately + stops breathing
  • Front legs + neck extended w/ hind legs flexed into lower abdo
  • Fixed glazed expression in eyes
  • No corneal reflex
  • Relaxed lower jaw w/ tongue hanging out
91
Q

Ineffective stun - return to consciousness signs

A
  • Resumption of rhythmic breathing
  • Stun again immediately
92
Q

Firearms considerations

A
  • Size + age of animal
  • Location
  • Accessibility of target area
  • Presence of onlookers
  • What is safe + legal
  • Operator competence
93
Q

Blunt trauma

A
  • Only suitable for small piglets
  • Manual or mechanical
  • Must be done w/ absolute force + confidence -> effective
94
Q

Transmission of disease

A
  • Pigs
  • People - Stockman, Contractors, Vets, Lorry Driver
  • Vehicles – Pig Lorries, Feed, Deadstock, Visitors, Tractors, Postman etc.
  • Wildlife – Rodents, Birds (Including migratory!)
  • Feed
  • Human food – The Ham Sandwich Theory! - no pork products allowed
  • Semen - monitor boars closely
  • Airborne - PRRS, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
95
Q

Excessive mounting

A
  • Puberty/sexual maturity
  • Excessive sexual behaviour
  • Biting of penis
96
Q

Mulberry heart disease

A
  • Sudden deaths
  • Rapidly growing pig
  • Vit E deficiency + selenium deficiency in diet
  • Dx: enlarged heart with excess pericardial fluid, enlarged liver, fibrin tags in abdomen
97
Q

Contraindications of captive bolt stunning

A
  • Older animals + sows + boars - thicker bone
  • Vietnamese pot-bellied pig - massive plate of bone
  • Consider shotgun
98
Q

Gilts

A
  • Needed to maintain herd size
  • Planned introduction
  • Replacement rate (40-60%)
  • Disease
  • Depopulation /partial /total
  • Increased culls
  • Fertility problems
99
Q

Replacement gilts - bought in

A
  • Disease risk - macro diseases: PRRS, EP, S. suis, swine dysentery
  • Herd stability - change to existing microflora
  • Increased speed of genetic
    improvement - don’t have to wait for own gilts to be reared
  • Fewer economic constraints on rearing herd
  • Already selected - for KPIs
100
Q

Replacement gilts - home-reared

A
  • Less risk of introducing disease
  • Genetic lag
  • Formal breeding programme needed
  • Alternative growing stream
  • Numbers required
  • Selection
101
Q

Health status (gilt)

A
  • High health vs conventional
  • Equivalence or higher status needed for incoming animals - PRRS, mycoplasma - EP, mange, strep. suis - high health should be negative
  • Consider vaccination pre- and post-delivery
  • Isolation requirements - min 30 d
  • Acclimation
  • Don’t buy in from poorer herd status
102
Q

Isolation (gilt)

A
  • Preventing introduction of new pathogens to the recipient herd
  • Isolated for at least 28 d
  • Isolation managed as AIAO
  • Allows pre-entry diagnostics, serology, vaccination
  • Monitoring clinical signs
  • Biosecurity
103
Q

Health acclimation (gilt)

A
  • Slowly expose incoming gilts to the organisms and pathogens existing
    in the recipient herd
  • Giving gilts time to establish immunity
  • Too little – inadequate immunity, will affect productivity
  • Too much – may see clinical disease and death, will affect productivity
  • Combination – natural exposure and vaccination
  • Exposure – direct or indirect contact
104
Q

Vaccination (gilt)

A
  • Vary depending on health status
  • Parvovirus and erysipelas
    vaccination essential
  • Consider PRRS, EP, PCV2, HPS (Glassers/haemophilus parasuis), Ileitis
105
Q

Exposure (to pathogens specific to farm in gilts)

A
  • Not be earlier than 20 - 22 weeks of age
  • Not within 3 weeks of breeding
  • Feedback not permitted
  • Controlled exposure - 3 x week for 3 weeks
106
Q

Gilt eligibility - factors

A
  • Maximise feed intake prior to first service - essential for growth + meeting reproductive potential, avoid feed restrictions while growing
  • BW at first service - reflects growth + body maturity - 136 - 145 kg, approx 200 d
  • Immunity - solid acclimation - don’t serve within 3 w of last vacc/any other health procedure
  • Selection - approx 90%
  • Age at first service = 200 - 230 d on second heat
107
Q

Gilt selection

A
  • Good feet and legs
  • At least 14 functional teats
  • Mature vulva
  • Good temperament
  • Avoid deformity e.g. kyphosis or where litter mates show signs of hernia etc.
  • Gilt fertility performance is improved by increased back fat - take gilts off high lysine finisher food by 70 - 80kg and put onto sow food + don’t overfeed, can lead to leg problems
  • Move them near to boar and record heats
  • Serve at second or third heat
  • Give gilts plenty of human contact, handling etc
108
Q

Teat selection

A
  • Minimum 14, preferably 16 teats
  • Check for damaged teats - rubbed when piglets; inverted nipples
  • Evenly spaced
  • Close to mid-line, not too ‘splayed’
109
Q

Vulval maturity (gilt)

A
110
Q

Boar exposure

A
  • Daily exposure to a mature boar – or can use a vasectomised boar
  • Do not expose prepubertal gilts to
    boar: habituation problem
  • Daily boar exposure at/after 24
    weeks
  • Supervise to avoid accidental
    mating or injury
111
Q

Anoestrus (gilt)

A
  • Age - immature/heavy enough
  • Poor environment
  • Bullying/stress
  • Disease
  • Lameness
  • No boar presence
  • Poor light
  • Nutrition
  • Sunburn
  • Pregnant
112
Q

Gilt, clinical issues - reproduction conditions

A
  • Parvovirus
  • SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death + infertility)
  • PRRS
  • ND: Aujeszky’s disease, CSF, ASF, Brucellosis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Listeriosis
  • Erysipelas
  • Mycotoxins
  • Vitamin deficiency (A,E, biotin)
  • Cystitis and pyelonephritis
113
Q

Most common cause of culling sows early

A
  • Reproductive failure
  • Lameness + leg problems
  • E.g. Osteochondrosis
114
Q

Production cycle + key parameters

A

Farrow
- 12.71 born alive (13.80)
- 0.58 born dead (<10%)
- <12.4 % loss to weaning (10.59)
- 10.65 weaned (12.33)
- 24.12 wpspy (weaned per sale per year) (29.33)

  • Wean at 28 d -> 2.44 litters per sow per year
  • Heat 4 - 6 d after weaning
  • 21d cycle length
  • 115 d pregnancy (3m, 3w, 3d)
  • Sell at 22 weeks = 155 d at 110 kg = 700 g/day
  • Serve 10 - 15% more sows than your target farrowings to maintain even no. farrowing
  • Need sows to come on heat as batch so they farrow in short time scale
115
Q

Weaning to service (WTS) interval factors

A
  • Stressful at weaning
  • BCS of sows + gilts
  • Length of suckling period
    -No. + weight of piglets
  • Inappropriate management at weaning
  • Aim for 5 - 6 d
  • Empty days cost money - inc WTS interval will affect production, dec time = inc production
116
Q

Dec weaning to service interval

A
  • Excessive weight loss during lactation
  • Short suckling period
  • Extended suckling period
  • Few piglets of small piglets
  • Large litter of big piglets
  • Small litter of big piglets
  • Large litter of small piglets
  • Discharge / MMA (mastitis, metritis, agalactia) in farrowing house
117
Q

Weaning age

A
  • Consistent
  • Requirement for 28 d (can be 21 d w/ suitable accomm)
118
Q

Lactation length factors

A
  • Sow condition and feeding
  • Size and weight of weaners
  • Future farrowing space requirements
  • Culling policy
  • Fostering techniques
119
Q

Fertility KPI

A
  • WPSPY/LPSPY
  • 115 d gestation
    • 5 d wean to service
    • 4 d (= 20% of 21 d) for repeat serves/returns
    • 10 d for deaths, culls etc of preg sows
  • = 134 d per cycle / 2.72 litters/sow/year
  • Prolonged weaning + high % returns = reduced litters/sow/year
    Average
  • 2.2 - 2.3 LPSPY = farrowing index
  • 85 - 90% sows farrow = farrowing index
120
Q

Fertilisation

A
  • Fertilisation in oviduct
  • Move to uterus at approx day 4
  • Then migrate along uterus at day 7 - 10
  • Placenta elongates at day 12 – 14 and attaches to uterine wall
  • By 28 - 30 days, pregnancy is reasonably firmly established
121
Q

Early preg/losses %

A
  • 20 eggs produced = 100%
  • 18 eggs fertilised = 90%
  • 15 embryos at 21 d = 75%
  • 13 foetuses at term = 65%
  • 12 born alive = 60%
122
Q

Signs of heat - when stimulated by boar

A
  • Ears prick
  • Sharp grunt
  • Enlarged + red + moist vulva
  • Mounting activity of each other
  • Spot on = apply back pressure + won’t move
123
Q

Timing of mating

A
124
Q

AI technique

A
  • Ovulation occurs 2/3rds through oestrous, 36 - 44 hr after onset of heat
  • Need to AI before ovulation, if 2x/day detection, OK to miss first heat
  • Incorrect timing of AI affects litter size
  • Back pressure is the best sign of heat
  • AI twice per heat, or 3x if prolonged heat
  • Longer heat (and more fertile) if short W-S interval
  • Conversely shorter heat if long W-S interval, so AI at onset of heat
  • Better heats in spring than autumn
125
Q

Semen care

A
  • Gently mix twice daily - nourish semen
  • Store at 17 C
  • Make sure that temp does not fluctuate when you take semen to sow
  • Clean DRY catheters
  • Some farms collect semen, dilute and AI
126
Q

Boar fertility factors

A
  • Nutrition
  • Health - flu, PRRS
  • Housing
  • Usage
  • Legs - mounting
  • Flooring
  • Condition
127
Q

Boar facts/KPI

A
  • Puberty at ~5 months
  • Fertility improves by around 7 - 8 months
  • Ideally start working by 12 months
  • Working patterns can vary – natural service vs stud
  • Sperm takes 6 weeks to produce
  • Each ejaculate is ~250 mL in three fractions
  • Usually sterile – contamination from preputial sac
  • Ejaculation takes around 15 - 20 minutes
128
Q

Failure in libido (boar)

A
  • Health - febrile, lame, pain, clinically well?
  • Management - overworked, unsuitable matings, stockmanship
  • Environment - slippery floors, unfamiliar noise
  • Other - frustration, mycotoxins, presence/absence of other boars
129
Q

Boar bleeding after service

A
  • Torn penile frenulum - if persistent, can break or rip
  • Blood -> reduced semen fertility
  • More common in outdoor units - esp, if ground is muddy + uneven - boar gets pushed off sow in group situation
  • Often recurs
130
Q

Boar consideration

A
  • Other boars present / not present? - - Familiar surroundings
  • Routine / stockman
  • Patience
  • Boar grouping/rotation
  • Supervision with young boars/gilts
  • Size mis-match
131
Q

Increased returns

A
  • Regular = conception failure - 21 d, failure to identify
  • Irregular = embryo death (or
    served when not on heat) e.g. abortion, something not observed, record keeping sig
  • Check boar effect
  • ‘Autumn infertility’ = common for
    decreased fertility as daylight
    decreases, so check lighting
    pattern
132
Q

Reproductive failure

A
  • Parvovirus
  • PRRS
  • Leptospirosis
  • Erysipelas
  • Cystitis and pyelonephritis
  • Influenza
  • CSF / ASF / Brucellosis / Aujezsky’s Disease
  • Nutritional deficiencies
  • Mycotoxins
  • Lameness
  • Management
133
Q

Conception - boar factors

A
  • Over/under work
  • Age/condition/weight
  • Mismatched sizes
  • Mating area
  • Semen storage
  • AI technique
134
Q

Conception - sow/gilt factors

A
  • Timing of service
  • Age/condition/weight
  • Mating area
  • Feed levels ‘flushing’
  • Strong oestrus
135
Q

Service to 21 d

A
  • Low stress
  • Critical time for fertilised ova to adhere to uterine wall ‘implantation’
  • Approx 2 kg
136
Q

21 d to 90 d prior to farrowing

A
  • PD
  • Moving/mixing/re-grouping
  • Usually restricted
  • Depends on condition
  • ~2kg
137
Q

90 d to exit for farrowing

A
  • Visual check for health
  • Increase feed for gilts and thin sows
  • 2.5 - 2.7 kg
  • Maintain feed at a lower level for fat sows and gilts
  • ~2kg
138
Q

Pregnancy

A
  • Vacc 3 - 4 w pre-farrowing
139
Q

Infertility - non-infectious

A
  • Failure to conceive
  • Management
  • Stress - timing of insemination
  • Nutrition
  • Failure to identify NIP (not in pig), poor PD ability
140
Q

Infertility - infectious causes

A
  • PRRS
  • Erysipelas
  • Parvovirus
  • Leptospirosis
  • SIV
  • PCV-2
141
Q

Infertility - PRRS

A
  • PRRS herd status
  • Timing of infection, seroconversion
  • Transient pyrexia, laboured breathing, anorexia
  • Abortion – RTS, early farrowings
  • Increased stillbirths, mummified piglets, increased mortality in piglets
  • Agalactia, decreased appetite, anoestrus
  • Economically sig
142
Q

NIP - not in pig sows - infertility

A
  • Should only be 1 – 2 % - records essential
  • Failure to check for returns at 18 - 30 days (Often boar running with or
    adjacent to sows)
  • Failure to pregnancy check
  • Abortions
  • Simply never served - e.g. just left with boar and hope
  • Make sure sows are ear tagged and checked at due date, otherwise they may simply stay in dry sow yard
143
Q

Abortion - litters born before term

A
  • Fever - most diseases cause
  • PRRS
  • Parvovirus
  • Circovirus
  • Mycotoxins - nutritional
  • Erysipelas
  • Leptospirosis
  • Notifiables - abortion storm
  • Management factors
  • Environmental factors
144
Q

Sow replacement rate

A
  • Replace at least 45 % of herd per year
  • 20% + of each farrowing may be gilts
  • 100 sow herd needs 45 gilts per year introduced into the herd
  • Purchase or home rear
  • Purchase = disease risk, mitigated as far as possible
  • Home rear - uneven supply and dam line pigs often do not compete with meat line breeds
  • Look ahead at farrowings, if you see a reduced number of sows due to farrow in any month, then need to bring in gilts
  • Target cull after 6th parity (beyond this milking ability drops, so although numbers born may be OK, numbers weaned will be poorer)
145
Q

Health problems in dry sow period

A
  • Anoestrus
  • Coughing
  • Diarrhoea
  • Haemorrhage
  • Lameness
  • Mastitis
  • Inappetance
  • Pyelonephritis - inc in warmer months, cloudy urine + vag discharge, not drinking as much
  • Skin diseases
  • Loss of condition
  • Vomiting
  • Abortion
146
Q

Diseases associated w/ feed + nutrition

A
  • Abortion
  • Colitis
  • Fractures / OCD / osteoporosis
  • Mulberry heart disease
  • Rectal prolapse
  • Respiratory disease
  • Gastric torsions
  • MMA - mastitis, metritis, agalactia
  • Water deprivation / salt poisoning Anaemia Diarrhoea Ulceration Mycotoxicosis Reproductive problems Obesity Starvation
147
Q

Why vaccs are not infallible

A
  • Incorrect diagnosis - wrong disease
  • Incorrect timing of administration, e.g. just 7 d pre-farrowing
  • Contamination – needle left in bottle
  • Poor storage – vaccine left out of fridge/storage
  • Poor piglet colostrum intakes – weak, chilling, low birth weights,
    sow mastitis
  • Sow immunosuppression – cold, hunger, PRRS, flu, other intercurrent diseases,
  • Vaccine site abscesses
  • Incorrect administration e.g. given IM not SC
148
Q

Mastitis post-weaning

A
  • Reduces milking ability next litter
  • Sows running milk
  • Wet, dirty floors
  • Slippery floors Failure to clean out daily
  • Overcrowded
  • Mouldy straw bedding
149
Q

Vices in breeding sows – vulval biting

A
  • More common in late preg sow w/ enlarged vulva
  • Overfat sows/unease
  • Consider welfare of group - if unhappy sows, more likely to bite:
  • Overcrowded
  • Continual mixing of sows =
    dynamic groups
  • Uncomfortable housing, especially too hot
  • Inadequate feeding or drinking space
  • Rogue sow, temperament
150
Q

Mange - Sarcoptes scabei var suis

A
  • Reduced weight gain; rubbing/itching sows damages buildings; reduced carcase value if skin has to be removed
  • Dx - thickening of skin around neck; white crusts in ear – black discharge is normal; red scabs on inside of boar legs; skin scrape and microscopy
151
Q

Lice – Haematopinus suis

A
  • Uncommon in commercial herds
  • Dx - 5 mm - can be seen moving around by naked eye
  • Esp. visible on neck
152
Q

Vaginal/cervical prolapse

A
  • Cervical/Vaginal most common in breeding sows
153
Q

Uterine (+ rectal) prolapse

A
  • More likely in older sows
  • Large litters may contribute
154
Q

Sudden deaths in sows

A
  • Usually summer - autumn
  • Gastric torsion
  • Clostridial infections
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Stomach ulcers
  • PMS not common - need proper handler, v heavy animal
155
Q

Sudden death - gastric torsion

A
  • Massively bloated carcase
  • Gross dilation of stomach
  • Try to find torsion at root
  • Often sow in farrowing house ate, okay in the morning, dead by afternoon
  • Should be uncommon
  • May be combined w/ splenic torsion
  • Usually lactating sows
  • Irregular feeding intervals
  • Excess excitement
156
Q

Clostridium novyi (oedematiens)

A
  • Straw-bedded systems, dirty straw or soil
  • Usually sporadic cases
  • Can get regular deaths when
    introduced into risk area
  • PME - care, older carcasses can look
    like this from normal decomposition, so it must be fresh, typical ‘aero chocolate’ liver = fizzy liver§; blood throughout carcass; haemorrhages in heart and muscle
157
Q

Cystitis and pyelonephritis

A
  • H+ on bladder wall
  • Cystitis common, and as the bladder valve becomes eroded, can get ascending infection to kidney
  • Water deprivation: ureate crystals on vulva
  • Blood in urine is cystitis/pyelonephritis
  • (Pus is more likely to be vaginitis)
158
Q

Stomach ulcers

A
  • Sudden death
  • Pale carcass
  • Associated with ‘grist’ of food
  • Usually only sporadic cases
  • Can have outbreaks in growers and finishers
159
Q

Health problems in dry sow period

A
  • Anoestrus
  • Coughing
  • Diarrhoea
  • Haemorrhage
  • Lameness
  • Mastitis
  • Inappetance
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Skin diseases
  • Loss of condition
  • Vomiting
  • Abortion
160
Q

Common causes of dietary problems in pigs

A
  • Salt poisoning + water deprivation - common in pet/backyard chickens - risks of fed illegal household waste + imbalances in diet
  • Rickets - hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia or hypovitaminosis D
  • Iron deficiency anaemia - all commercial piglets given iron injections if live outside
  • Selenium / Vit E deficiency -> mulberry heart disease
161
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A
  • Complex deficiency - > major CS relating to effects on energy
  • Hepatocytes + muscle cells most in heart + skeleton affected
  • Syndrome develops as result of CHF coupled w/ hydropericardium
162
Q

Salt poisoning / water deprivation

A
  • CS - inappetence, ataxia, seizure, lethargy + unwilling to stand, depression
  • Illegal diet - unbalanced + high in salt e.g. food waste (pet pigs)
  • Acute onset progressive neurological

AAA VMS4002 (15 decks)

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