Poultry Production + Other Flashcards
Market requirements
- Public defined demand - rotisserie chicken = single meal; whole chicken (nuclear family sized meal); turkey - Christmas holiday period
- Farm gate sales
- Butcher sales
- Supermarket sales
Choices/depending on market
- Consumer - weight, sharing or not, cost/value drives sale
- Retailer - pack size, storage, margin, popularity drive others
- Manufacturer - production capacity, sales orders/forecasts, storage drive production
Processor/retailer fears
- News articles - pesticides/insecticides/medication etc
Processor/retailer quality assurance - public health-chickens
- Salmonella status - food chain info report = tested every house within 14 d of slaughter age
- Campylobacter status - no statutory testing - dec multiple thins - single pre-depletion + depletion within 5 d to prevent contamination
- AIAO
- AB usage - use licensed products + adhere to withdrawal periods
- Farm mortality - indication of recent disease, ND advance warning
FCI (food chain information report)
Health certificate
- Mortality
- Colour
- Clinical signs + disease + conditions present
- Indv houses
- Age
- Sex
- Disease
- Vacc program
- Use of product
- Salmonella etc status
Processor requirements - broilers
- Two (or more) weight profiles/farm
- Pre-depletion = small carcase e.g. 1 kg
- Deplete = larger e.g. 1.35 kg
- Speciality range = 0.8 - 2.8 kg
- Sell £/kg whole bird - broader weight range (wider CV % (coefficient variation)), non-sexed (as hatched) placement
- Sell £/carcase or fixed price, narrower weight range (narrower CV %), sexed placement
Processor requirements - breed
Decided by
Economic model for;
- Least cost £/kg
- Maximum breast meat
yield %
- Minimal carcase
downgrades - Oregon Disease - inner fillet/breast muscle = necrotic associated w/ vasculature -> inc in size, firm; “Wooden breast” - fibrosis of breast muscle, wrong breast texture, problem w/ fast-growing breeds
- Market scheme - supermarket brand - specific breed
Processor requirements - what retailers want + order
Want
- Low cost £/bird
- Advertising
- Price comparison
- High sales value £/kg
- Better £ margin
Order
- Smaller carcase weight
- Lower-age birds
- More growing cycles per annum
Planning - retail/wholesales sales demand
- Carcase numbers
- Carcase weight
- Estimated rejects/machine
damage/losses - some genetic traits worsen
with age - Musculoskeletal
- VHP (vaporised hydrogen peroxide) - salmonella status; (Campylobacter status) - if chlorinated treated then cannot be sold to UK + EU
- No. + weight of animals to be sent to processing
Planning - farm requirement
- No. + weight of animals to be
sent to processing - Breed targets -Live weight for age; FCR; Mortality; Carcase conformation; Downgrades/rejects
- Growing cycle length - Standard broiler 38 days, clean out 7 days, 6.5 week cycle
- Farming space required - 22 chicks placed per sq. metre, max. 38 kg/sq. m
Planning - environment
- 1 nipple drinker per 12 - 15 birds
- 1 feeders pan per 50 - 60 birds
- Min ventilation - 1 m^3/kg/h
- Inlet space proportional to fan capacity
- Max legal stocking density 38 kg/m^2
- Maximise weight per sq. m by having 3 diff weight profiles
Breed - market requirements
- 2.4 kg average, 38 days
broiler - Ross 308 or Cobb 500
- Even flock (80%)
- Low mortality (3%)
- Maximum meat yield (67%)
- Minimal downgrades/processing
rejects (1%)
Breed - organic broiler requirements
- 2.5 kg average, 70 days
- Slow growing breed e.g. Hubbard
- Very restricted fed Ross 308 or
Cobb 500 - Low spec ration or feed
restriction - Potential welfare issues re
mortality, morbidity, carcase
downgrades -> Cannibalism; Metabolic disease; Back scratching
Breed - male commercial layer chick requirements
- Culled at one day old (liek dairy bull calves)
Defined nutritional requirements vary by
- Breed
- Age of depletion
- Growth rates
- Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
Carcase leanness varies by
- Liveweight - inc fat w/ age
- Sex = inc fat Px > 2 kg
- Genetic strain
- Nutrition - higher energy inc fat; higher protein, leaner
Intensive livestock production % efficiency factors
- FCR
- DLWG = daily live weight gain
– Mortality
– EPEF - % Utilisation - % marketable - give away if sold at fixed
price per pack space, downgraded if too small -> pet food - Min sales/weight
- Max meat yield
- Min FCR
- Min mortality
- Least cost diet
- Meet sales no.
- From available floor space
Confounding factors to % efficiency
- Disease
- Nutrition
- Weather (heat stress)
- Housing design - heating, ventilation, litter, drinkers, feeders, husbandry, stockmanship
- Behaviour - Morbidity/Fever; Inactive/huddling/chilled; Lame/pain; Panting/hot; Inaccessible feeders/drinkers; Bullying; Cannibalism
Welfare issues of intensive production
- Contact dermatoses - hock burn, pododermatitis, breast blister, decubital sores
- Skin abscess
- Wounds
- Hospital pen - disease reservoir, cost of production - medicine, labour
Biosecurity measures
- Site layout - perimeter fence, physical barriers, design - point of disease entry, house barriers, controlled house access
- Fabric of the building
- Vermin control
- Insect control
- Livestock - multi-age/brought in
- PPE
- Footwear policy - Colour-coded boots, plastic overshoes, rigger boots, foot dip
- Hand sanitising policy
- Fallen livestock moving
and disposal - Deliveries
- Maintenance - signing in/out, vehicles, people, equipment
- Clean out - inside + outside, dry, leave disinfectant to dry
- Litter/slurry removal
- Wash water removal
- Monitor - risk assessment, visual, microbiological
- People control - sign-in, hygiene
- Dirty zone -> changing/cleaning zone -> clean zone
Environmental monitoring
Swabs
- Bacteria - General levels e.g. Total viable counts (TVC) - swab; Specific e.g. salmonella - take sample from faeces - in cracks + crevices of building)
- Parasites - Ecto e.g. Red Mite, Mange; Endo e.g. Ascarids, coccidia
- Vectors - E.g. beetle
- Yeast & Moulds
- Viruses - rarely but cause much disease
- Lab - bacterial culture, PCR
- On-site - visual, skin scrapes, 3MATPase (measures ATP levels from swabs - indicative of biofilm)
- Compare to set targets/improvement
- Sample - fabric of building, inputs into shed e.g. feed deliveries, water quality, people
Environmental monitoring - scheduling
- Risk assessment - health, environmental + biosecurity combo
- Disease/health status - Salmonella positive, S. typhimurium positive, avian influenza positive
- Pre-depletion - ‘dirtiest’, defines baseline
- Pre-placement - ‘cleanest’
- Clean out process - observation of processes, informs of success of processes in terms of resulting EM results
- Salmonella - check pre-depletion + re-check pre-placement
Disinfection protocol
- Final dilution of microbial environmental load
- 1). Dry cleaning = biggest dilution
- 2). Wet washing - hot or detergent, next biggest dilution
- 3). Rinsing detergent
- 4). Disinfection
Disinfectants - efficacy factors
- Fabric of surface e.g. brick, metal, porous or not
- % dilution
- Time of activity
- Temp of activity
- pH interactions
- Must identify that disinfectant is active at applied rate, temp, fabric w/ level of soiling likely against target organism
- Contact times + dilution rates vary w/ pathogen
Issues w/ biosecurity processes
- Footdip de-activation - organic matter, UV light, rain dilute
- Hand sanitisers - alcohol based - coccidial oocysts, not as effective - are they full
- People - may not adhere to policies
- Single age sites - AIAO, must clean PPE, same staff for same ages need to be maintained
- Multiple sites/multi-age sites - mixing of ages, always got disease on-site, cycling
Clean-out process
- Clean inside
- Clean outside
- Maintain/repair inside
- Dry inside
- Disinfect inside
- (Fumigate inside) - sterilisation, high temp > 50 C against coccidiosis
- Disinfect outside
- Beware cross over/re-infection
- Disinfectant is left to dry
- Drying is a disinfecting
process - Disinfection is diluted if surfaces are not dry before application
