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aaa vms4002 > Poultry Production + Other > Flashcards

Poultry Production + Other Flashcards

1
Q

Market requirements

A
  • Public defined demand - rotisserie chicken = single meal; whole chicken (nuclear family sized meal); turkey - Christmas holiday period
  • Farm gate sales
  • Butcher sales
  • Supermarket sales
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2
Q

Choices/depending on market

A
  • Consumer - weight, sharing or not, cost/value drives sale
  • Retailer - pack size, storage, margin, popularity drive others
  • Manufacturer - production capacity, sales orders/forecasts, storage drive production
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3
Q

Processor/retailer fears

A
  • News articles - pesticides/insecticides/medication etc
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4
Q

Processor/retailer quality assurance - public health-chickens

A
  • Salmonella status - food chain info report = tested every house within 14 d of slaughter age
  • Campylobacter status - no statutory testing - dec multiple thins - single pre-depletion + depletion within 5 d to prevent contamination
  • AIAO
  • AB usage - use licensed products + adhere to withdrawal periods
  • Farm mortality - indication of recent disease, ND advance warning
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5
Q

FCI (food chain information report)

A

Health certificate
- Mortality
- Colour
- Clinical signs + disease + conditions present
- Indv houses
- Age
- Sex
- Disease
- Vacc program
- Use of product
- Salmonella etc status

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6
Q

Processor requirements - broilers

A
  • Two (or more) weight profiles/farm
  • Pre-depletion = small carcase e.g. 1 kg
  • Deplete = larger e.g. 1.35 kg
  • Speciality range = 0.8 - 2.8 kg
  • Sell £/kg whole bird - broader weight range (wider CV % (coefficient variation)), non-sexed (as hatched) placement
  • Sell £/carcase or fixed price, narrower weight range (narrower CV %), sexed placement
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7
Q

Processor requirements - breed

A

Decided by
Economic model for;
- Least cost £/kg
- Maximum breast meat
yield %
- Minimal carcase
downgrades - Oregon Disease - inner fillet/breast muscle = necrotic associated w/ vasculature -> inc in size, firm; “Wooden breast” - fibrosis of breast muscle, wrong breast texture, problem w/ fast-growing breeds
- Market scheme - supermarket brand - specific breed

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8
Q

Processor requirements - what retailers want + order

A

Want
- Low cost £/bird
- Advertising
- Price comparison
- High sales value £/kg
- Better £ margin
Order
- Smaller carcase weight
- Lower-age birds
- More growing cycles per annum

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9
Q

Planning - retail/wholesales sales demand

A
  • Carcase numbers
  • Carcase weight
  • Estimated rejects/machine
    damage/losses - some genetic traits worsen
    with age
  • Musculoskeletal
  • VHP (vaporised hydrogen peroxide) - salmonella status; (Campylobacter status) - if chlorinated treated then cannot be sold to UK + EU
  • No. + weight of animals to be sent to processing
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10
Q

Planning - farm requirement

A
  • No. + weight of animals to be
    sent to processing
  • Breed targets -Live weight for age; FCR; Mortality; Carcase conformation; Downgrades/rejects
  • Growing cycle length - Standard broiler 38 days, clean out 7 days, 6.5 week cycle
  • Farming space required - 22 chicks placed per sq. metre, max. 38 kg/sq. m
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11
Q

Planning - environment

A
  • 1 nipple drinker per 12 - 15 birds
  • 1 feeders pan per 50 - 60 birds
  • Min ventilation - 1 m^3/kg/h
  • Inlet space proportional to fan capacity
  • Max legal stocking density 38 kg/m^2
  • Maximise weight per sq. m by having 3 diff weight profiles
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12
Q

Breed - market requirements

A
  • 2.4 kg average, 38 days
    broiler
  • Ross 308 or Cobb 500
  • Even flock (80%)
  • Low mortality (3%)
  • Maximum meat yield (67%)
  • Minimal downgrades/processing
    rejects (1%)
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13
Q

Breed - organic broiler requirements

A
  • 2.5 kg average, 70 days
  • Slow growing breed e.g. Hubbard
  • Very restricted fed Ross 308 or
    Cobb 500
  • Low spec ration or feed
    restriction
  • Potential welfare issues re
    mortality, morbidity, carcase
    downgrades -> Cannibalism; Metabolic disease; Back scratching
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14
Q

Breed - male commercial layer chick requirements

A
  • Culled at one day old (liek dairy bull calves)
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15
Q

Defined nutritional requirements vary by

A
  • Breed
  • Age of depletion
  • Growth rates
  • Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
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16
Q

Carcase leanness varies by

A
  • Liveweight - inc fat w/ age
  • Sex = inc fat Px > 2 kg
  • Genetic strain
  • Nutrition - higher energy inc fat; higher protein, leaner
17
Q

Intensive livestock production % efficiency factors

A
  • FCR
  • DLWG = daily live weight gain
    – Mortality
    – EPEF
  • % Utilisation - % marketable - give away if sold at fixed
    price per pack space, downgraded if too small -> pet food
  • Min sales/weight
  • Max meat yield
  • Min FCR
  • Min mortality
  • Least cost diet
  • Meet sales no.
  • From available floor space
18
Q

Confounding factors to % efficiency

A
  • Disease
  • Nutrition
  • Weather (heat stress)
  • Housing design - heating, ventilation, litter, drinkers, feeders, husbandry, stockmanship
  • Behaviour - Morbidity/Fever; Inactive/huddling/chilled; Lame/pain; Panting/hot; Inaccessible feeders/drinkers; Bullying; Cannibalism
19
Q

Welfare issues of intensive production

A
  • Contact dermatoses - hock burn, pododermatitis, breast blister, decubital sores
  • Skin abscess
  • Wounds
  • Hospital pen - disease reservoir, cost of production - medicine, labour
20
Q

Biosecurity measures

A
  • Site layout - perimeter fence, physical barriers, design - point of disease entry, house barriers, controlled house access
  • Fabric of the building
  • Vermin control
  • Insect control
  • Livestock - multi-age/brought in
  • PPE
  • Footwear policy - Colour-coded boots, plastic overshoes, rigger boots, foot dip
  • Hand sanitising policy
  • Fallen livestock moving
    and disposal
  • Deliveries
  • Maintenance - signing in/out, vehicles, people, equipment
  • Clean out - inside + outside, dry, leave disinfectant to dry
  • Litter/slurry removal
  • Wash water removal
  • Monitor - risk assessment, visual, microbiological
  • People control - sign-in, hygiene
  • Dirty zone -> changing/cleaning zone -> clean zone
21
Q

Environmental monitoring

A

Swabs
- Bacteria - General levels e.g. Total viable counts (TVC) - swab; Specific e.g. salmonella - take sample from faeces - in cracks + crevices of building)
- Parasites - Ecto e.g. Red Mite, Mange; Endo e.g. Ascarids, coccidia
- Vectors - E.g. beetle
- Yeast & Moulds
- Viruses - rarely but cause much disease
- Lab - bacterial culture, PCR
- On-site - visual, skin scrapes, 3MATPase (measures ATP levels from swabs - indicative of biofilm)
- Compare to set targets/improvement
- Sample - fabric of building, inputs into shed e.g. feed deliveries, water quality, people

22
Q

Environmental monitoring - scheduling

A
  • Risk assessment - health, environmental + biosecurity combo
  • Disease/health status - Salmonella positive, S. typhimurium positive, avian influenza positive
  • Pre-depletion - ‘dirtiest’, defines baseline
  • Pre-placement - ‘cleanest’
  • Clean out process - observation of processes, informs of success of processes in terms of resulting EM results
  • Salmonella - check pre-depletion + re-check pre-placement
23
Q

Disinfection protocol

A
  • Final dilution of microbial environmental load
  • 1). Dry cleaning = biggest dilution
  • 2). Wet washing - hot or detergent, next biggest dilution
  • 3). Rinsing detergent
  • 4). Disinfection
24
Q

Disinfectants - efficacy factors

A
  • Fabric of surface e.g. brick, metal, porous or not
  • % dilution
  • Time of activity
  • Temp of activity
  • pH interactions
  • Must identify that disinfectant is active at applied rate, temp, fabric w/ level of soiling likely against target organism
  • Contact times + dilution rates vary w/ pathogen
25
Q

Issues w/ biosecurity processes

A
  • Footdip de-activation - organic matter, UV light, rain dilute
  • Hand sanitisers - alcohol based - coccidial oocysts, not as effective - are they full
  • People - may not adhere to policies
  • Single age sites - AIAO, must clean PPE, same staff for same ages need to be maintained
  • Multiple sites/multi-age sites - mixing of ages, always got disease on-site, cycling
26
Q

Clean-out process

A
  • Clean inside
  • Clean outside
  • Maintain/repair inside
  • Dry inside
  • Disinfect inside
  • (Fumigate inside) - sterilisation, high temp > 50 C against coccidiosis
  • Disinfect outside
  • Beware cross over/re-infection
  • Disinfectant is left to dry
  • Drying is a disinfecting
    process
  • Disinfection is diluted if surfaces are not dry before application

aaa vms4002 (15 decks)

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