Poultry Common Diseases + Testing Flashcards

1
Q

Deep intestinal scrapes (PME)

A
  • Eimeria maxima
  • Cocci deep in intestinal mucosa + villus crypts
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2
Q

Superficial intestinal scrapes (PME)

A
  • Eimeria acervulina
  • Superficial - cocci found in tips of villi
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3
Q

Intestinal smears (PME)

A
  • Motile protozoa - histomoniasis, spironucleosis, or motile bacteria e.g. brachyspira
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4
Q

Electron microscopy (PME)

A
  • Intestinal viruses on gut content
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5
Q

Cloacal swab (PME)

A
  • IBV PCR
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6
Q

Gut histopathology (PME)

A
  • Evidence of viruses, coccidiosis or brachyspira
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7
Q

Live bird (pet/backyard) gut Dx tests

A
  • Faecal smear (cocci, overgrowth of bacteria e.g. clostridia)
  • Worm eggs
  • Brachyspira
  • Cloacal swab for IBV PCR
  • Biochemistry - liver parameters
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8
Q

Eimeria acervulina

A
  • Duodenum
  • Lighter infection - whitish round lesions sometimes in ladder-like streaks
  • Heavy infection - plaques coalescing, thickened intestinal wall
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9
Q

Eimeria brunetti

A
  • Ileum + moves down caecum
  • Coagulation necrosis mucoid, bloody enteritis in lower intestine
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10
Q

Eimeria maxima

A
  • Jejunum
  • Thickened walls, mucoid, blood - tinged exudate, petechiae
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11
Q

Eimeria mitis

A
  • Ileum
  • No discrete lesions in intestine, mucoid exudate
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12
Q

Eimeria mivati

A
  • Duodenum
  • Light infection - rounded plaques of oocytes
  • Heavy infection - thickened walls, coalescing plaques
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13
Q

Eimeria necartrix

A
  • Jejunum + ileum
  • Ballooning, white spots (schizonts), petechiae, mucoid blood - filled exudate
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14
Q

Eimeria praecox

A
  • Duodenum
  • No lesions, mucoid exudate
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15
Q

Eimeria tenella

A
  • Caecum
  • Onset - haemorrhage into lumen
  • Later - thickening, whitish mucosa, cores clotted blood
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16
Q

Eimeria hagani

A
  • Duodenum
  • Pinhead haemorrhages, petechiae
17
Q

Vacc/health monitoring - antigen (lab = swabs)

A
  • PCR
  • EM = electron microscopy
  • Oocysts - for coccidiosis
  • VI = virus isolation (uncommon) - risk of identifying a notifiable disease
18
Q

Vacc/health monitoring - Ab (serology)

A
  • RPAT (rapid plate agglutination test)
  • ELISA
  • HAI - haemagglutination inhibition test, tests IgM + IgG
19
Q

Health monitoring - non-specific inflam markers

A
  • APP = acute phase proteins - Marker of inflammation
20
Q

PME

A
  • Immediate result from gross observations - coccidiosis lesion scoring
  • Worms
  • Gumboro
  • Histopathological sampling
21
Q

In-house testing on site

A
  • Snap test antigen kit
  • AI (avian influenza)
  • Campylobacter
22
Q

Lab tests

A
  • Lab processing = 1 - 5 d, quantitative/semi=quantitative results, min/max limit of detection
  • 1). Environmental microbiology:
  • Total viable count (TVT)/E. coli/Y&M (yeast + mould) - of water + surfaces
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter - faeces
  • 2). Parasitology:
  • Oocysts
  • Worms - faeces
  • 3). Antigen - must be sampled at same time when antigen still detectable, persistent; transient (7 - 14 d), dependent on disease/organ
  • 4). Ab - Ig-specific
  • 5). Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) - mainly used in research, for IgG/igM
23
Q

Lab Ab test - IgA

A
  • Rapidly produced, hours
  • Mucosal surfaces
24
Q

Lab Ab test - IgG/IgM

A
  • Max titre 21 dpi
  • Blood + tissues
25
Salmonella testing - Lion Code requirements in layers
- Flocks must be tested for salmonella under the National Control Plan - Two pairs of boot swabs (per house) or composite faeces must be taken at day old, 2 weeks prior to transfer then every 15 weeks from 22-26 weeks of age - Pre-placement specified environmental sample - Tested in a Government approved laboratory
26
Vacc monitoring admin on batch animals
- Dye - tongue, eye, nares, GIT - Spillage of vacc on animal - Observe technique - Lab/biological response - antigen, Ab (serology)
27
Resp Dx
- Oropharyngeal / choanal cleft swab for bacteriology (Mycoplasma, Pasturella, Avibacterium paragallinarum, E.coli) or PCR (IBV, Mycoplasma, ILT) or microscopy for Trichomonas - Tracheal swab for bacteriology or PCR - Serology (paired serum samples or single sample) – ILT, Mycoplasma - Bacteriology from tissue sample on PME - Aspergillus PCR on a blood sample - Environmental assessment - Fluorescein staining of the eye to rule out ulcer in cases of ocular swelling
28
Endoparasites Dx
- McMaster FEC
29
Pasteurella multocida (Fowl cholera)
- C&S - Resp swab if alive - PME - lungs + liver
30
Erysipelos
- C&S - Alive = blood - PME = liver
31
Investigating poultry nutritional disorders
- Site visit - Post mortem (if not a pet) -> histopathology - Radiography (if cannot PME) - Mycoplasma investigations - serology Vs PCR Vs culture - Feed analysis - test a minimum of: Moisture, amino acids, total fat, crude protein, phosphorus, calcium) Compare to nutritional information at the back of the packet and to the most relevant commercial nutritional supplement. - CONTACT A NUTRITIONIST