Poultry Common Diseases + Testing Flashcards
1
Q
Deep intestinal scrapes (PME)
A
- Eimeria maxima
- Cocci deep in intestinal mucosa + villus crypts
2
Q
Superficial intestinal scrapes (PME)
A
- Eimeria acervulina
- Superficial - cocci found in tips of villi
3
Q
Intestinal smears (PME)
A
- Motile protozoa - histomoniasis, spironucleosis, or motile bacteria e.g. brachyspira
4
Q
Electron microscopy (PME)
A
- Intestinal viruses on gut content
5
Q
Cloacal swab (PME)
A
- IBV PCR
6
Q
Gut histopathology (PME)
A
- Evidence of viruses, coccidiosis or brachyspira
7
Q
Live bird (pet/backyard) gut Dx tests
A
- Faecal smear (cocci, overgrowth of bacteria e.g. clostridia)
- Worm eggs
- Brachyspira
- Cloacal swab for IBV PCR
- Biochemistry - liver parameters
8
Q
Eimeria acervulina
A
- Duodenum
- Lighter infection - whitish round lesions sometimes in ladder-like streaks
- Heavy infection - plaques coalescing, thickened intestinal wall
9
Q
Eimeria brunetti
A
- Ileum + moves down caecum
- Coagulation necrosis mucoid, bloody enteritis in lower intestine
10
Q
Eimeria maxima
A
- Jejunum
- Thickened walls, mucoid, blood - tinged exudate, petechiae
11
Q
Eimeria mitis
A
- Ileum
- No discrete lesions in intestine, mucoid exudate
12
Q
Eimeria mivati
A
- Duodenum
- Light infection - rounded plaques of oocytes
- Heavy infection - thickened walls, coalescing plaques
13
Q
Eimeria necartrix
A
- Jejunum + ileum
- Ballooning, white spots (schizonts), petechiae, mucoid blood - filled exudate
14
Q
Eimeria praecox
A
- Duodenum
- No lesions, mucoid exudate
15
Q
Eimeria tenella
A
- Caecum
- Onset - haemorrhage into lumen
- Later - thickening, whitish mucosa, cores clotted blood
16
Q
Eimeria hagani
A
- Duodenum
- Pinhead haemorrhages, petechiae
17
Q
Vacc/health monitoring - antigen (lab = swabs)
A
- PCR
- EM = electron microscopy
- Oocysts - for coccidiosis
- VI = virus isolation (uncommon) - risk of identifying a notifiable disease
18
Q
Vacc/health monitoring - Ab (serology)
A
- RPAT (rapid plate agglutination test)
- ELISA
- HAI - haemagglutination inhibition test, tests IgM + IgG
19
Q
Health monitoring - non-specific inflam markers
A
- APP = acute phase proteins - Marker of inflammation
20
Q
PME
A
- Immediate result from gross observations - coccidiosis lesion scoring
- Worms
- Gumboro
- Histopathological sampling
21
Q
In-house testing on site
A
- Snap test antigen kit
- AI (avian influenza)
- Campylobacter
22
Q
Lab tests
A
- Lab processing = 1 - 5 d, quantitative/semi=quantitative results, min/max limit of detection
- 1). Environmental microbiology:
- Total viable count (TVT)/E. coli/Y&M (yeast + mould) - of water + surfaces
- Salmonella
- Campylobacter - faeces
- 2). Parasitology:
- Oocysts
- Worms - faeces
- 3). Antigen - must be sampled at same time when antigen still detectable, persistent; transient (7 - 14 d), dependent on disease/organ
- 4). Ab - Ig-specific
- 5). Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) - mainly used in research, for IgG/igM
23
Q
Lab Ab test - IgA
A
- Rapidly produced, hours
- Mucosal surfaces
24
Q
Lab Ab test - IgG/IgM
A
- Max titre 21 dpi
- Blood + tissues
25
Salmonella testing - Lion Code requirements in layers
- Flocks must be tested for
salmonella under the National Control Plan
- Two pairs of boot swabs (per house) or composite faeces must be taken at day old, 2 weeks prior to transfer then every 15 weeks from 22-26 weeks of age
- Pre-placement specified
environmental sample
- Tested in a Government
approved laboratory
26
Vacc monitoring admin on batch animals
- Dye - tongue, eye, nares, GIT
- Spillage of vacc on animal
- Observe technique
- Lab/biological response - antigen, Ab (serology)
27
Resp Dx
- Oropharyngeal / choanal cleft swab for bacteriology (Mycoplasma, Pasturella, Avibacterium paragallinarum, E.coli) or PCR (IBV, Mycoplasma, ILT) or microscopy for Trichomonas
- Tracheal swab for bacteriology or PCR
- Serology (paired serum samples or single sample) – ILT, Mycoplasma
- Bacteriology from tissue sample on PME
- Aspergillus PCR on a blood sample
- Environmental assessment
- Fluorescein staining of the eye to rule out ulcer in cases of ocular swelling
28
Endoparasites Dx
- McMaster FEC
29
Pasteurella multocida (Fowl cholera)
- C&S
- Resp swab if alive
- PME - lungs + liver
30
Erysipelos
- C&S
- Alive = blood
- PME = liver
31
Investigating poultry nutritional disorders
- Site visit
- Post mortem (if not a pet) -> histopathology
- Radiography (if cannot PME)
- Mycoplasma investigations - serology Vs PCR Vs culture
- Feed analysis - test a minimum of: Moisture, amino acids, total fat, crude protein, phosphorus, calcium) Compare to nutritional information at the back of the packet and to the most relevant commercial nutritional supplement.
- CONTACT A NUTRITIONIST