Postlab quiz 9 Flashcards
anabolism =
synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules
requires energy
endergonic
catabolism
breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
releases energy
exergonic
Energy is gained form, and stored in this form
ATP
Adenosine triphospate
Two types of cellular respiration
anaerobic respiration (does not require oxygen) aerobic respiration (requires oxygen)
Another word for anaerobic respiration
glycolysis
T/F: aerobic respiration is considered the primitive type of respiration
F, anaerobic
Formula for glycolysis
glucose -> 2 pyruvic acid + electron carriers
In aerobic respiration pyruvic acid is converted into (full pathway)
acetyl CoA -> citric acid + electron carriers
Citric acid enters into this cycle
krebs cycle
All electron carriers enter this chain
electron transport chain
This combines with acetyl CoA to from this in the krebs cycle
Oxaloacetic acid
citric acid
These are formed during the krebs cycle (energy)
3 NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH2
In the electron transport chain these are pumped into this space
hydrogen ions
intermembrane space
This is needed to activate the hydrogen pumps
electron carriers
These are imbedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and assist in the electron transport chain
enzyme systems
As electrons move from one enzyme system to the next this occurs
hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space
These two things are used to produce ATP in the electron transport chain
High H+ concentration ATP Synthase (ADP + Pi = ATP)
This much ATP is produced through aerobic respiration
30
This many ATP are produce by the krebs cycle and glycolysis
4
This many ATP are produce by the electron transport chain
26
Acetyl CoA can be converted into this four things
Citric acid (krebs cycle)
fatty acids
ketone bodies
cholesterol
Energy source preference: brain
glucose
Energy source preference: skeletal muscles (resting)
Fatty acids
Energy source preference: liver
fatty acids
Energy source preference: Heart
fatty acids
Insulin facilitates this
uptake of glucose into cells from the blood
Insulin increase does this
reduces blood sugar levels
increases uptake of glucose into cells
Two types of cells in the pancreatic islets
alpha cells
beta cells
Beta cells produce this
insulin
alpha cells produce this
glucagon
Insulin surge happens at this time
just after eating
Starving in terms of physiology occurs at this time
approx 4 hours after eating
Glucagon surge happens at this time
starvation
When blood glucose levels go down this occurs
alpha cells secrete more glucagon (reduced insulin secretion)reduces cellualar uptake of glucose
increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
blood glucose levels increase
glycogenolysis
glycogen is broken down and glucose is released into the blood
gluconeogenesis
conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose
Both insulin and glucagon have this effect on blood glucose
negative
How is insulin secreted
Stimulus: increase in blood glucose GLUT4 receptor (on beta cell) allows glucose into the cell Leads to insulin being released into the blood
You are considered diabetic if you have a blood glucose level above this about 2 hours after eating
200 mg/dl
Review blood glucose/ plasma insulin slide from the podcast
…
When plasma insulin levels do not increase after a meal the person is said to have this type of diabetes
Type 1
Metabolism as he relates to glucose after absorption of a meal
Glucose (+)
Insulin (+),
glucagon (-)
Insulin/glucagon ratio (+)
anabolic formation of glycogen, fat, and protein
Blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and ketone bodies (-)
Metabolism as it relates to glucose after fasting
glucose (-)
insulin (-) glucagon (+)
insulin/glucagon ratio (-)
catabolic hydrolysis of glycogen, fat, and protein + gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis
Blood glucose, amino acids fatty acids, and ketone bodies (+)
Type 1 diabetes is caused by the reduction of this, is this type of disease
beta cells
auto-immune
type 1 diabetes: age of onset, development of symptoms, percent of diabetic population, development of ketoacidosis, associating with obesity, beta cells of islets, insulin secretion, autoantibodies to islet cells, associated with particular MHC antigens, treatment
under 20 rapid about 10% common rare destroyed decreased present yes insulin injections
Type 2 diabetes: age of onset, development of symptoms, percent of diabetic population, development of ketoacidosis, associating with obesity, beta cells of islets, insulin secretion, autoantibodies to islet cells, associated with particular MHC antigens, treatment
over 40 slow about 90% rare common not destroyed normal or increased absen unclear diet and exercise or oral stimulators of insulin sensitivity
Review glucose and insulin graphs towards end of post cast
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the most severe type 2 diabetics may need this
insulin
What do me measure to determine the resting metabolic rate of a human (indirect)
O2 consumption
PKU stands for
Phenylketonuria
What is phenylketonuria
Autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the inability to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine
T/F: PKU is a food allergy
F
What happens to ingested phenylalanine in someone with PKU
it stays in the body and accumulates over time
Causes of PKU
Insufficient amounts of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylaxe (PAH) results in high accumulations of phenylalanine in the body
Phenylalanine accumulations are very damaging to these
neurons, and cause irreversible damage to the brain
Signs and symptoms of PKU
Intellectual disability/delayed development
psychological problems (social behavior, emotional)
psychiatric disorders
neurological disorders
musty odor as a side effect of excess phenylalanine in the body
What is the time frame for newborns in the US to take a PKU screeening, and where is the blood drawn from
24-72 hours after birth, blood is drawn via heel
Phenylalanine is found here
meat cheese milk aspartame (artificial sweetener, should be avoided) (high protein foods)
PKU positive individuals consume this
a diet with no to little phenylalanine
What is done for PKU positive individuals to get proper protein intake
special protein formulas are common
Children born with PKU (blank in blank)
1 in 15000
Prognosis of PKU
normal life if caught early and diet is free of phenylalanine
How does PKU affect pregnancy
pregnant women with PKU have increased risk of miscarriage
babies of mothers with PKU may experience developmental problems
Relationship between surface area and volume and how it relates to metabolism
Higher metabolism = (higher surface area:volume)
Lower metabolism = (lower surface area:volume)
Factors that alter metabolic rate (10)
Age Sex sleep climate fever malnutrition specific dynamic action of foods (SDA effect) hormones physical activity mental activity
Study the worksheet on factors altering metabolic rate
okay…
Absorptive state
3-4 hours after a meal which food that has been consumed is processed by the digestive tract and absorbed into our tissues
linked to insulin levels rising, glucagon levels falling
Post absorptive state
occurs between meals when our energy intake is lower than our use of energy
linked to glucagon levels rising, insulin levels falling
This occurs during the postabsorptive state
complex molecules such as fats and glycogen stored in adipocytes and muscle are broken down and released into the blood to meet the energetic demands of cellular metabolic activities
Two hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose
insulin
glucagon
This is the preferred energy source for most of our cells
glucose
Insulin and glucagon are this type of hormone
peptide
Insulin is secreted by this cells
Beta-cells in the pancreas
Normal concentration of blood glucose
90-100 mg/dl (of blood)
Fasting blood glucose levels are in this range
70-110 mg/dl (of blood)
A normal persons blood glucose levels rarely exceed this value
170 mg/dl
Hyperglycemia
low rate of glucose transport into cells which leads to high concentrations of glucose in the blood
Hypoglycemia
excess of insulin causes a decrease in the level of blood glucose
also depends on the individuals dietary intake of glucose
Glucagon is secreted by these cells
alpha-cells of the pancreas
Glucagon facilitates these
processes of the post absorptive state
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
inhibiting synthesis of glycogen and fat
Diabetes mellitus
a lack of or reduction of insulin (type 1)
cellular resistance to insulin (type 2)
Type 1 diabetes occurs when this happens
beta-cells are destroyed due to an autoiummune attack
Increased metabolism of fats associated with diabetes mellitus does this
increases the amount of ketone bodies (acetone), which are intermediate products of fat breakdown into the blood
Excessive ketone bodies in the blood can lead to this condition
acidosis (acidotic)
Reduction of these dietary componet can result in lower effects of type 2 diabetes
carbohydrates
Glucosuria
urinary excretion of glucose that results when concentration of blood glucose exceeds the threshold level for total reabsorption by the kidney
Polyuria
excretion of large quantites of water in urine caused by elevated osmolarity of urine
Polydipsia
excessive water intake
Three major characterisitcs of diabetes mellitus
Glucosuria
polyuria
polydipsia
Review the normal vs diabetic blood glucose chart on page 126 of the lab manual
okay…
Review blood glucose/plasma insulin/ time graphs
okay..
review circular path (figure 8) graph in pod cast
okay..
aerobic respiration as described in the lecture portion of class
acetyl CoA - citric acid - krebs cycle - electron transport
Key points of type 1 diabetes (4)
juvenille
less common
autoimmune (beta-cells)
mainly genetic
key points of type 2 diabetes (3)
more common
cells become unresponsive to insulin
causes are obesity, family history
Traits of insulin 3
produced in beta cells of pancreas
released when blood glucose is high
Increase in reuptake of glucose
traits of glucagon
produced in alpha islet cells of pancreas
released when blood glucose is low
decreases reuptake of glucose
increases glyconeolysis, glyconeogenesis
metabolic rate
measures the amount of energy used by a person’s body per unit of time
Units for metabolic rate
Kcal/kg/hour or Kcal/m^2 (body surface area)/hour
Nearly all the energy the body uses is eventually convered to this
heat
What is not converted to heat
external work
Calorimetry
measure of heat produced by organisms when not doing work
Calorimeter
insulated chamber contained a water jacket that absorbs heat coming from the body
Direct calorimetry
measuring the heat evolved from the body to determine metabolic rate
Indirect calorimetry
measuring the amount of oxygen used by the body to determine metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate
resting (awake) metabolic rate
Instrument used in class to measure oxygen consumption
respirometer
Exhaled carbon dioxide is captured by this substance
soda lime
STPD factor
standard temperature pressure dry factor
Surface area law
law that states the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to its surface area
Surface area is roughly proportional to this value
weight ^ 0.67 for objects of similar geometry and specific gravity
These where based on the surface area law
DuBois studies
Formula to determine metabolic rate
M = aW^b Log M = log a + b log W M = metabolic rate a = metabolic rate/unit weight W = body weight b = rate at which metabolism changes with size
Average value of b
0.75
Skeletal muscle does this
works with the skeletal system (bone) to produce movement
Connective tissue surrounding muscle
epimysium
A bundle of muscle cells is called this, and is surrounded in this
fascial
perimysium
Muscle cell name, and what it is surrrounded by
muscle fiber
endomysium
T/F: connective tissue is continuous with the tendon
t
Striations in the skeletal muscle reflect this
the arangement of the microfilaments within the muscle
T/F: skeletal muscles are multinucliate
T
Single muscle cells fuse togeather to form this type of structure
syncytium
T/F: muscle fibers are usually short
F, they can be very long (up to feet long)
T/F: skeletal muscle is involuntary
F
This provides the stimulus for skeletal movement
motor neurons from motor areas of the brain
Name for the synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibers
neuromuscular junction
The termiinus of the axon attaches to this on the muscle fiber
motor end plate
Neurotransmitter present in vesicles at the axon terminus
acetycholine
All muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron are called this
motor unit
Small motor units have this
very precise contractions
weak strength
large motor units have this
imprecise contractions
greater strength of contraction
Functional unit of the muscle fiber
sarcomere
The ends of the sarcomere are know as this
z lines (discs)
Thin filaments are known as
actin
thick filaments are known as
myosin
This is where only actin is present
I band
This is where we have both action and myosin
a band
This is where there is only myosin
h zone
myosin attaches to eachother at this spot
m line
This is known as the sliding filament theory
when the muscle contracts the z disks come closer togeather as a result of the actin and myosin sliding past eachother
The name for the connection between actin and myosin
crossbridge
During the power stroke this occurs
myosin head bend towards the m line
This provides energy for myosin to move from a relaxed state to a contracted state
ATP
This occurs when a person dies for this reason
Rigor Mortis
loss of ATP
These overlap the G-actin
Tropomyosin
troponin complex
The G-actin has this
active sights for attactment to myosin
this moves the tropmyosin complex to allow access to the active sights on G-actin to the myosin head and results in this
Ca++
contraction
Pathway of a stimulus to a muscle cell
stimulus starts in sarcolemma
enter through T-tubules
T-tubules trigger the sarcplasmic reticulum to release Ca++
Ca++ triggers the myosin to bind the new revealed active sites on the actin
Summation
closer the stimuli the greater the “piggy backing” effect
Incomplete tetanus
Stimuli are summed together to create a contration
complete tenanus
The fiber is said to be fuse and there is no relaxation between contractions
Eventually the muscle will fatigue causing relaxation
Review videos (pod casts for information over figures)
okay
Strongest (most contraction)
intermediate levels of overlap
What full is most used in the first 30 min of exercise (mild exercise)
free fatty acids
this occurs as exercise intensity is increased
more and more muscle glycogen is used, and less free fatty acids are used
If you want to use free fatty acids as a primary source of energy you need to exercise in this manor
mild intensity
Three types of muscle fibers
Slow (type 1)
Fast (type IIA)
Fast (type IIX)
Slow type 1 muscle fibers use this type of respiration
aerobic
Fast muscle fiber types are also known as this
white muscle fiber
Fast type muscle fibers use this type of respiration
anaerobic
Specific types of exercise can do this
create hypertrophy in the desired muscle type
Tubocurarine does this
effects the function of muscle
