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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 9 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 9 Flashcards

1
Q

anabolism =

A

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules
requires energy
endergonic

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2
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
releases energy
exergonic

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3
Q

Energy is gained form, and stored in this form

A

ATP

Adenosine triphospate

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4
Q

Two types of cellular respiration

A 
anaerobic respiration (does not require oxygen)
aerobic respiration (requires oxygen)
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5
Q

Another word for anaerobic respiration

A

glycolysis

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6
Q

T/F: aerobic respiration is considered the primitive type of respiration

A

F, anaerobic

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7
Q

Formula for glycolysis

A

glucose -> 2 pyruvic acid + electron carriers

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8
Q

In aerobic respiration pyruvic acid is converted into (full pathway)

A

acetyl CoA -> citric acid + electron carriers

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9
Q

Citric acid enters into this cycle

A

krebs cycle

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10
Q

All electron carriers enter this chain

A

electron transport chain

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11
Q

This combines with acetyl CoA to from this in the krebs cycle

A

Oxaloacetic acid

citric acid

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12
Q

These are formed during the krebs cycle (energy)

A

3 NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH2

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13
Q

In the electron transport chain these are pumped into this space

A

hydrogen ions

intermembrane space

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14
Q

This is needed to activate the hydrogen pumps

A

electron carriers

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15
Q

These are imbedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and assist in the electron transport chain

A

enzyme systems

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16
Q

As electrons move from one enzyme system to the next this occurs

A

hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space

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17
Q

These two things are used to produce ATP in the electron transport chain

A 
High H+ concentration
ATP Synthase (ADP + Pi = ATP)
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18
Q

This much ATP is produced through aerobic respiration

A

30

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19
Q

This many ATP are produce by the krebs cycle and glycolysis

A

4

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20
Q

This many ATP are produce by the electron transport chain

A

26

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21
Q

Acetyl CoA can be converted into this four things

A

Citric acid (krebs cycle)
fatty acids
ketone bodies
cholesterol

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22
Q

Energy source preference: brain

A

glucose

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23
Q

Energy source preference: skeletal muscles (resting)

A

Fatty acids

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24
Q

Energy source preference: liver

A

fatty acids

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25
Q

Energy source preference: Heart

A

fatty acids

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26
Q

Insulin facilitates this

A

uptake of glucose into cells from the blood

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27
Q

Insulin increase does this

A

reduces blood sugar levels

increases uptake of glucose into cells

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28
Q

Two types of cells in the pancreatic islets

A

alpha cells

beta cells

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29
Q

Beta cells produce this

A

insulin

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30
Q

alpha cells produce this

A

glucagon

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31
Q

Insulin surge happens at this time

A

just after eating

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32
Q

Starving in terms of physiology occurs at this time

A

approx 4 hours after eating

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33
Q

Glucagon surge happens at this time

A

starvation

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34
Q

When blood glucose levels go down this occurs

A

alpha cells secrete more glucagon (reduced insulin secretion)reduces cellualar uptake of glucose
increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
blood glucose levels increase

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35
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen is broken down and glucose is released into the blood

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36
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose

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37
Q

Both insulin and glucagon have this effect on blood glucose

A

negative

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38
Q

How is insulin secreted

A 
Stimulus: increase in blood glucose
GLUT4 receptor (on beta cell) allows glucose into the cell
Leads to insulin being released into the blood
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39
Q

You are considered diabetic if you have a blood glucose level above this about 2 hours after eating

A

200 mg/dl

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40
Q

Review blood glucose/ plasma insulin slide from the podcast

A

…

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41
Q

When plasma insulin levels do not increase after a meal the person is said to have this type of diabetes

A

Type 1

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42
Q

Metabolism as he relates to glucose after absorption of a meal

A

Glucose (+)
Insulin (+),
glucagon (-)
Insulin/glucagon ratio (+)
anabolic formation of glycogen, fat, and protein
Blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and ketone bodies (-)

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43
Q

Metabolism as it relates to glucose after fasting

A

glucose (-)
insulin (-) glucagon (+)
insulin/glucagon ratio (-)
catabolic hydrolysis of glycogen, fat, and protein + gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis
Blood glucose, amino acids fatty acids, and ketone bodies (+)

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44
Q

Type 1 diabetes is caused by the reduction of this, is this type of disease

A

beta cells

auto-immune

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45
Q

type 1 diabetes: age of onset, development of symptoms, percent of diabetic population, development of ketoacidosis, associating with obesity, beta cells of islets, insulin secretion, autoantibodies to islet cells, associated with particular MHC antigens, treatment

A 
under 20
rapid
about 10%
common
rare
destroyed
decreased
present
yes
insulin injections
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46
Q

Type 2 diabetes: age of onset, development of symptoms, percent of diabetic population, development of ketoacidosis, associating with obesity, beta cells of islets, insulin secretion, autoantibodies to islet cells, associated with particular MHC antigens, treatment

A 
over 40
slow
about 90%
rare
common
not destroyed
normal or increased
absen
unclear
diet and exercise or oral stimulators of insulin sensitivity
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47
Q

Review glucose and insulin graphs towards end of post cast

A

…

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48
Q

the most severe type 2 diabetics may need this

A

insulin

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49
Q

What do me measure to determine the resting metabolic rate of a human (indirect)

A

O2 consumption

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50
Q

PKU stands for

A

Phenylketonuria

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51
Q

What is phenylketonuria

A

Autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the inability to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine

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52
Q

T/F: PKU is a food allergy

A

F

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53
Q

What happens to ingested phenylalanine in someone with PKU

A

it stays in the body and accumulates over time

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54
Q

Causes of PKU

A

Insufficient amounts of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylaxe (PAH) results in high accumulations of phenylalanine in the body

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55
Q

Phenylalanine accumulations are very damaging to these

A

neurons, and cause irreversible damage to the brain

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56
Q

Signs and symptoms of PKU

A

Intellectual disability/delayed development
psychological problems (social behavior, emotional)
psychiatric disorders
neurological disorders
musty odor as a side effect of excess phenylalanine in the body

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57
Q

What is the time frame for newborns in the US to take a PKU screeening, and where is the blood drawn from

A

24-72 hours after birth, blood is drawn via heel

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58
Q

Phenylalanine is found here

A 
meat
cheese
milk
aspartame (artificial sweetener, should be avoided)
(high protein foods)
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59
Q

PKU positive individuals consume this

A

a diet with no to little phenylalanine

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60
Q

What is done for PKU positive individuals to get proper protein intake

A

special protein formulas are common

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61
Q

Children born with PKU (blank in blank)

A

1 in 15000

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62
Q

Prognosis of PKU

A

normal life if caught early and diet is free of phenylalanine

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63
Q

How does PKU affect pregnancy

A

pregnant women with PKU have increased risk of miscarriage

babies of mothers with PKU may experience developmental problems

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64
Q

Relationship between surface area and volume and how it relates to metabolism

A

Higher metabolism = (higher surface area:volume)

Lower metabolism = (lower surface area:volume)

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65
Q

Factors that alter metabolic rate (10)

A 
Age
Sex
sleep
climate
fever
malnutrition
specific dynamic action of foods (SDA effect)
hormones
physical activity
mental activity
66
Q

Study the worksheet on factors altering metabolic rate

A

okay…

67
Q

Absorptive state

A

3-4 hours after a meal which food that has been consumed is processed by the digestive tract and absorbed into our tissues
linked to insulin levels rising, glucagon levels falling

68
Q

Post absorptive state

A

occurs between meals when our energy intake is lower than our use of energy
linked to glucagon levels rising, insulin levels falling

69
Q

This occurs during the postabsorptive state

A

complex molecules such as fats and glycogen stored in adipocytes and muscle are broken down and released into the blood to meet the energetic demands of cellular metabolic activities

70
Q

Two hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose

A

insulin

glucagon

71
Q

This is the preferred energy source for most of our cells

A

glucose

72
Q

Insulin and glucagon are this type of hormone

A

peptide

73
Q

Insulin is secreted by this cells

A

Beta-cells in the pancreas

74
Q

Normal concentration of blood glucose

A

90-100 mg/dl (of blood)

75
Q

Fasting blood glucose levels are in this range

A

70-110 mg/dl (of blood)

76
Q

A normal persons blood glucose levels rarely exceed this value

A

170 mg/dl

77
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

low rate of glucose transport into cells which leads to high concentrations of glucose in the blood

78
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

excess of insulin causes a decrease in the level of blood glucose
also depends on the individuals dietary intake of glucose

79
Q

Glucagon is secreted by these cells

A

alpha-cells of the pancreas

80
Q

Glucagon facilitates these

A

processes of the post absorptive state
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
inhibiting synthesis of glycogen and fat

81
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

a lack of or reduction of insulin (type 1)

cellular resistance to insulin (type 2)

82
Q

Type 1 diabetes occurs when this happens

A

beta-cells are destroyed due to an autoiummune attack

83
Q

Increased metabolism of fats associated with diabetes mellitus does this

A

increases the amount of ketone bodies (acetone), which are intermediate products of fat breakdown into the blood

84
Q

Excessive ketone bodies in the blood can lead to this condition

A

acidosis (acidotic)

85
Q

Reduction of these dietary componet can result in lower effects of type 2 diabetes

A

carbohydrates

86
Q

Glucosuria

A

urinary excretion of glucose that results when concentration of blood glucose exceeds the threshold level for total reabsorption by the kidney

87
Q

Polyuria

A

excretion of large quantites of water in urine caused by elevated osmolarity of urine

88
Q

Polydipsia

A

excessive water intake

89
Q

Three major characterisitcs of diabetes mellitus

A

Glucosuria
polyuria
polydipsia

90
Q

Review the normal vs diabetic blood glucose chart on page 126 of the lab manual

A

okay…

91
Q

Review blood glucose/plasma insulin/ time graphs

A

okay..

92
Q

review circular path (figure 8) graph in pod cast

A

okay..

93
Q

aerobic respiration as described in the lecture portion of class

A

acetyl CoA - citric acid - krebs cycle - electron transport

94
Q

Key points of type 1 diabetes (4)

A

juvenille
less common
autoimmune (beta-cells)
mainly genetic

95
Q

key points of type 2 diabetes (3)

A

more common
cells become unresponsive to insulin
causes are obesity, family history

96
Q

Traits of insulin 3

A

produced in beta cells of pancreas
released when blood glucose is high
Increase in reuptake of glucose

97
Q

traits of glucagon

A

produced in alpha islet cells of pancreas
released when blood glucose is low
decreases reuptake of glucose
increases glyconeolysis, glyconeogenesis

98
Q

metabolic rate

A

measures the amount of energy used by a person’s body per unit of time

99
Q

Units for metabolic rate

A

Kcal/kg/hour or Kcal/m^2 (body surface area)/hour

100
Q

Nearly all the energy the body uses is eventually convered to this

A

heat

101
Q

What is not converted to heat

A

external work

102
Q

Calorimetry

A

measure of heat produced by organisms when not doing work

103
Q

Calorimeter

A

insulated chamber contained a water jacket that absorbs heat coming from the body

104
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

measuring the heat evolved from the body to determine metabolic rate

105
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

measuring the amount of oxygen used by the body to determine metabolic rate

106
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

resting (awake) metabolic rate

107
Q

Instrument used in class to measure oxygen consumption

A

respirometer

108
Q

Exhaled carbon dioxide is captured by this substance

A

soda lime

109
Q

STPD factor

A

standard temperature pressure dry factor

110
Q

Surface area law

A

law that states the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to its surface area

111
Q

Surface area is roughly proportional to this value

A

weight ^ 0.67 for objects of similar geometry and specific gravity

112
Q

These where based on the surface area law

A

DuBois studies

113
Q

Formula to determine metabolic rate

A 
M = aW^b
Log M = log a + b log W
M = metabolic rate
a = metabolic rate/unit weight
W = body weight
b = rate at which metabolism changes with size
114
Q

Average value of b

A

0.75

115
Q

Skeletal muscle does this

A

works with the skeletal system (bone) to produce movement

116
Q

Connective tissue surrounding muscle

A

epimysium

117
Q

A bundle of muscle cells is called this, and is surrounded in this

A

fascial

perimysium

118
Q

Muscle cell name, and what it is surrrounded by

A

muscle fiber

endomysium

119
Q

T/F: connective tissue is continuous with the tendon

A

t

120
Q

Striations in the skeletal muscle reflect this

A

the arangement of the microfilaments within the muscle

121
Q

T/F: skeletal muscles are multinucliate

A

T

122
Q

Single muscle cells fuse togeather to form this type of structure

A

syncytium

123
Q

T/F: muscle fibers are usually short

A

F, they can be very long (up to feet long)

124
Q

T/F: skeletal muscle is involuntary

A

F

125
Q

This provides the stimulus for skeletal movement

A

motor neurons from motor areas of the brain

126
Q

Name for the synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibers

A

neuromuscular junction

127
Q

The termiinus of the axon attaches to this on the muscle fiber

A

motor end plate

128
Q

Neurotransmitter present in vesicles at the axon terminus

A

acetycholine

129
Q

All muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron are called this

A

motor unit

130
Q

Small motor units have this

A

very precise contractions

weak strength

131
Q

large motor units have this

A

imprecise contractions

greater strength of contraction

132
Q

Functional unit of the muscle fiber

A

sarcomere

133
Q

The ends of the sarcomere are know as this

A

z lines (discs)

134
Q

Thin filaments are known as

A

actin

135
Q

thick filaments are known as

A

myosin

136
Q

This is where only actin is present

A

I band

137
Q

This is where we have both action and myosin

A

a band

138
Q

This is where there is only myosin

A

h zone

139
Q

myosin attaches to eachother at this spot

A

m line

140
Q

This is known as the sliding filament theory

A

when the muscle contracts the z disks come closer togeather as a result of the actin and myosin sliding past eachother

141
Q

The name for the connection between actin and myosin

A

crossbridge

142
Q

During the power stroke this occurs

A

myosin head bend towards the m line

143
Q

This provides energy for myosin to move from a relaxed state to a contracted state

A

ATP

144
Q

This occurs when a person dies for this reason

A

Rigor Mortis

loss of ATP

145
Q

These overlap the G-actin

A

Tropomyosin

troponin complex

146
Q

The G-actin has this

A

active sights for attactment to myosin

147
Q

this moves the tropmyosin complex to allow access to the active sights on G-actin to the myosin head and results in this

A

Ca++

contraction

148
Q

Pathway of a stimulus to a muscle cell

A

stimulus starts in sarcolemma
enter through T-tubules
T-tubules trigger the sarcplasmic reticulum to release Ca++
Ca++ triggers the myosin to bind the new revealed active sites on the actin

149
Q

Summation

A

closer the stimuli the greater the “piggy backing” effect

150
Q

Incomplete tetanus

A

Stimuli are summed together to create a contration

151
Q

complete tenanus

A

The fiber is said to be fuse and there is no relaxation between contractions
Eventually the muscle will fatigue causing relaxation

152
Q

Review videos (pod casts for information over figures)

A

okay

153
Q

Strongest (most contraction)

A

intermediate levels of overlap

154
Q

What full is most used in the first 30 min of exercise (mild exercise)

A

free fatty acids

155
Q

this occurs as exercise intensity is increased

A

more and more muscle glycogen is used, and less free fatty acids are used

156
Q

If you want to use free fatty acids as a primary source of energy you need to exercise in this manor

A

mild intensity

157
Q

Three types of muscle fibers

A

Slow (type 1)
Fast (type IIA)
Fast (type IIX)

158
Q

Slow type 1 muscle fibers use this type of respiration

A

aerobic

159
Q

Fast muscle fiber types are also known as this

A

white muscle fiber

160
Q

Fast type muscle fibers use this type of respiration

A

anaerobic

161
Q

Specific types of exercise can do this

A

create hypertrophy in the desired muscle type

162
Q

Tubocurarine does this

A

effects the function of muscle

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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