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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 3 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is glomerulonephritis

A

A group of diseases that refers to the injury to the glomeruli

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2
Q

What is the glomeruli

A

part of the kidney that filters excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from blood and pass them into urine)

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3
Q

Can glomerulonephritis be chronic and acute

A

yes

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4
Q

What are the signs of acute glomerulonephritis (how does it come on)

A

sudden attack of inflammation

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5
Q

What are the signs of chronic glomerulonephritis (how does it come on)

A

comes on gradually

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6
Q

What causes glomerulonepheritis

A

infections
immune diseases
vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels)
sometimes hereditary

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7
Q

When does a hereditary case of glomerlonepheritis show up

A

in young men who may also have hearing lose and vision loss

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8
Q

Primary glomerulonephritits can be primary or secondary, what do these terms mean

A

Primary means it shows up on its own

secondary means it is caused by another disease

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonepheritis(5)

A 
Puffiness of face and legs
blood in urine or brown urine
urinating less than usual
short of breath and cough because of extra fluid in lungs
high blood pressure
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10
Q

Signs and symptoms of chronic glomerulonepheritis(5)

A 
blood or protein in urine (hematuria, proteinuria)
high blood pressure
swelling of your ankles or face (edema)
frequent nighttime urination
very bubbly or foamy urine
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11
Q

What does chronic glomerulonepheritis often lead to

A

complete kidney failure

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12
Q

Symptoms of kidney failure (6)

A 
lack of appetite
nausea and vomiting
tiredness
difficulty sleeping
dry and itchy skin
nighttime muscle cramps
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13
Q

Goal of treatment of glomerulonepheritis

A

chronic: protect kidneys from further damage

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14
Q

Treatment options for glomerulonepherits (8)

A 
eat less protein, salt and potassium
control your blood pressure
take diuretics to treat puffiness and swelling
take calcium supplements
corticosteroids and immune-supressing drugs
dialysis
kidney transplant
plasmapheresis
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15
Q

Ways to lower blood pressure

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors
Diuretics
angiotensin II receptor blockers

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16
Q

Prognosis for glomerlonepheritis (acute)

A

if caught early it can be temporary and reversible

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17
Q

Prognosis for glomerlonepheritis (chronic)

A

May be slowed with early treatment

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18
Q

If glomerlonepheritis worsens it could result in (3)

A

reduced kidney function
chronic kidney failure
end-stage renal disease

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19
Q

These are the chief regulators of the internal environment of the body

A

kidney

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20
Q

Kidneys regulate the following

A

concentration of ions
water
pH of various bodily fluids

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21
Q

Two main structures of the kidney

A

glomerulus

renal tubule

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22
Q

What is left out of the ultra filtrate

A

large molecues, MW greater than 70000

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23
Q

What did we use to analyze the abnormal urine

A

labstix

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24
Q

What did we use the urnometer cylinder for

A

determining specific gravity

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25
Q

What is the normal range of urine specific gravity

A

1.0015 to 1.035

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26
Q

What is the urine temperature suppose to be at in the urinometer

A

15 C

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27
Q

What do you do if your samples temperature is above ore below the correct temperature

A

Add 0.001 for each 3C above

subtract 0.001 for each 3c below

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28
Q

These give information about the state of hydration or dehydration of the body

A

volume of urine produced

specific gravity

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29
Q

What is the name of the formula that must be used to standardize the amount of liquid that should be drank by men and women in the study

A

Nadler formula

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30
Q

What does the Nadler formula solve for

A

blood volume

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31
Q

How many ml of liquid should be comsumed per 100ml of blood volume

A

15 ml of liquid per 100 ml of blood volume

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32
Q

Kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids to

A

around 300 mOsm/L

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33
Q

How much ultrafiltrate is formed everyday

A

180 liters

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34
Q

How much urine is produced everyday

A

1.5 liters

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35
Q

What is the mOsm of normal urine

A

1200 mOsm

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36
Q

What did we do to determine NaCl concentration in the urine

A

determined the conductivity

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37
Q

What is it called to have blood in the urine

A

hematuria

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38
Q

what is it called to have protein in the urine

A

protinuria

39
Q

Inflammation of the glomerulus is called this

A

glomerulonephritis

40
Q

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by this

A

sweet tasting urine

sugar in urine

41
Q

How does one get diabetes mellitus

A

pancrease does not produce insulin
or
cells do not respond to insulin

42
Q

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by this

A

tasteless or watery urine
polydipsia (frequent thirst)
polyurea (large amounts of urine)
pH = 7, poor ADH regulators

43
Q

These materials are secreted into the filtrate

A

ions
sugars
hormones

44
Q

These materials are reabsorbed

A

ions
H2O
nutrients

45
Q

The filtrate contains the following

A

wastes

46
Q

urine is this type of tonicity

A

hypertonic

47
Q

What makes urine hypertonic

A

ions

urea

48
Q

What does ADH stand for

A

anti-diaretic hormone

49
Q

What is the anti-diaretic hormone pathway

A

Receptors in the hypothalamus sense increase in blood osmolarity
Hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary
ADH is released
ADH acts on the collecting duct to add aquaporins
Increase in water reabsorption into the peritubular capillaries

50
Q

Another name for ADH

A

vasopressin

51
Q

Overall affect of ADH on the body

A

increase in blood volume, pressure

decrease in blood osmolarity

52
Q

ADH operates on this type of feedback system

A

Negative feedback system

53
Q

What is the aldosterone pathway

A

Macula densa sense a decrease in sodium ions
granular cells produce renin
angiotensinogen + renin become angiotensin I
Angiotensin converting enzyme forms angiotensin II
effects the adrenal cortex
aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex
sodium ions are reabsorbed which increases blood pressure

54
Q

What does the anti-diaretic hormone pathway respond to

A

high blood osmolarity

55
Q

What does the aldosterone pathway respond to

A

low blood pressure, and sodium

56
Q

What part of the nephron does aldosterone act on

A

distal convoluted tubule

57
Q

what is the overall effect of aldosterone on the body

A

osmolarity stays the same since water follows the sodium

Increase in blood pressure and volume

58
Q

How much resorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

65%

59
Q

Alcohol does this to the workings of the nephron

A 
suppresses ADH (vasopressin)
acts as a dieretic
60
Q

Where does active transport occur in the nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule
asending loop of henly
distal convoluted tubule

61
Q

where does passive transport occur in the nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule
decending loop of henly
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

62
Q

What is actively transported out of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

glucose
amino acids
sodium
potassium

63
Q

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is this type of tonicity

A

isotonic

64
Q

the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule is this type of tonicity

A

hypotonic

65
Q

The filtrate at the end of the collecting duct is this type of tonicity

A

hypertonic (1200 mOsm)

66
Q

This feeds blood to the glomulerulus, and this directs blood away

A

afferent arteriolle, efferent arteriolle

67
Q

This occurs in the decending loop of henly

A

resorption of water

68
Q

this occurs in the acending loop of henly

A

resorption of Na+

69
Q

This part of the nephron is inpenetrable to water

A

accending loop of henly

70
Q

What organ is responsible for secretion

A

kidney

71
Q

This feeds blood to the kidney

A

renal artery

72
Q

this directs blood away from the kidney

A

renal vein

73
Q

Body fluid compartment consist of

A

intracellular fluid
interstitial fluid
blood

74
Q

This servers as the conduit for moving various substances through the body

A

blood

75
Q

This is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

76
Q

Filtration occurs through the

A

filtration membrane

77
Q

Another name for the peritubular capillaries

A

vasa recta

78
Q

what are the peritubular capillaries

A

blood vessels around the nephron

79
Q

Where do we find true urine

A

end of the collecting duct

80
Q

Define homeostasis

A

dynamic constancy of the internal environment

81
Q

The kidny works to do this

A

filter the blood of excess ions, metabolic by-products. Water is excreted to to dissolve wastes

82
Q

how many mls of waste everyday

A

400 mL

83
Q

3 major processes in the nephron

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

84
Q

The ultrafiltrate is

A

the filtrate at the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule

85
Q

Consequences of the basic functions of the kidney

A

regulate volume and osmolarity of the blood
removal of wastes
reculate ion concentration
regulate pH

86
Q

what is the average glomerular filtartion rate

A

115mL/min in woman\

125mL/min in men

87
Q

How much is filtered through the glomulerus

A

180L/day

88
Q

How much of the filtrate is returned to the vascular system

A

99%

89
Q

Water is always moved by this

A

osmosis

90
Q

Substances which are filtered and secreted are excreted through urine ______ then those that are not secreted

A

more rapidly

91
Q

The consequences of filtration, reabsorption and secrtion is the

A

urine

92
Q

How much urine is excreted per day

A

1.5 L

93
Q

Important substances in urine formation include

A

Na+
K+
Cl-
Urea

94
Q

Occastionally we will see this substances in the urine

A

glucose
protein
blood

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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