Postlab quiz 3 Flashcards
What is glomerulonephritis
A group of diseases that refers to the injury to the glomeruli
What is the glomeruli
part of the kidney that filters excess fluid, electrolytes and waste from blood and pass them into urine)
Can glomerulonephritis be chronic and acute
yes
What are the signs of acute glomerulonephritis (how does it come on)
sudden attack of inflammation
What are the signs of chronic glomerulonephritis (how does it come on)
comes on gradually
What causes glomerulonepheritis
infections
immune diseases
vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels)
sometimes hereditary
When does a hereditary case of glomerlonepheritis show up
in young men who may also have hearing lose and vision loss
Primary glomerulonephritits can be primary or secondary, what do these terms mean
Primary means it shows up on its own
secondary means it is caused by another disease
Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonepheritis(5)
Puffiness of face and legs blood in urine or brown urine urinating less than usual short of breath and cough because of extra fluid in lungs high blood pressure
Signs and symptoms of chronic glomerulonepheritis(5)
blood or protein in urine (hematuria, proteinuria) high blood pressure swelling of your ankles or face (edema) frequent nighttime urination very bubbly or foamy urine
What does chronic glomerulonepheritis often lead to
complete kidney failure
Symptoms of kidney failure (6)
lack of appetite nausea and vomiting tiredness difficulty sleeping dry and itchy skin nighttime muscle cramps
Goal of treatment of glomerulonepheritis
chronic: protect kidneys from further damage
Treatment options for glomerulonepherits (8)
eat less protein, salt and potassium control your blood pressure take diuretics to treat puffiness and swelling take calcium supplements corticosteroids and immune-supressing drugs dialysis kidney transplant plasmapheresis
Ways to lower blood pressure
Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors
Diuretics
angiotensin II receptor blockers
Prognosis for glomerlonepheritis (acute)
if caught early it can be temporary and reversible
Prognosis for glomerlonepheritis (chronic)
May be slowed with early treatment
If glomerlonepheritis worsens it could result in (3)
reduced kidney function
chronic kidney failure
end-stage renal disease
These are the chief regulators of the internal environment of the body
kidney
Kidneys regulate the following
concentration of ions
water
pH of various bodily fluids
Two main structures of the kidney
glomerulus
renal tubule
What is left out of the ultra filtrate
large molecues, MW greater than 70000
What did we use to analyze the abnormal urine
labstix
What did we use the urnometer cylinder for
determining specific gravity
What is the normal range of urine specific gravity
1.0015 to 1.035
What is the urine temperature suppose to be at in the urinometer
15 C
What do you do if your samples temperature is above ore below the correct temperature
Add 0.001 for each 3C above
subtract 0.001 for each 3c below
These give information about the state of hydration or dehydration of the body
volume of urine produced
specific gravity
What is the name of the formula that must be used to standardize the amount of liquid that should be drank by men and women in the study
Nadler formula
What does the Nadler formula solve for
blood volume
How many ml of liquid should be comsumed per 100ml of blood volume
15 ml of liquid per 100 ml of blood volume
Kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids to
around 300 mOsm/L
How much ultrafiltrate is formed everyday
180 liters
How much urine is produced everyday
1.5 liters
What is the mOsm of normal urine
1200 mOsm
What did we do to determine NaCl concentration in the urine
determined the conductivity
What is it called to have blood in the urine
hematuria
what is it called to have protein in the urine
protinuria
Inflammation of the glomerulus is called this
glomerulonephritis
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by this
sweet tasting urine
sugar in urine
How does one get diabetes mellitus
pancrease does not produce insulin
or
cells do not respond to insulin
Diabetes insipidus is characterized by this
tasteless or watery urine
polydipsia (frequent thirst)
polyurea (large amounts of urine)
pH = 7, poor ADH regulators
These materials are secreted into the filtrate
ions
sugars
hormones
These materials are reabsorbed
ions
H2O
nutrients
The filtrate contains the following
wastes
urine is this type of tonicity
hypertonic
What makes urine hypertonic
ions
urea
What does ADH stand for
anti-diaretic hormone
What is the anti-diaretic hormone pathway
Receptors in the hypothalamus sense increase in blood osmolarity
Hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary
ADH is released
ADH acts on the collecting duct to add aquaporins
Increase in water reabsorption into the peritubular capillaries
Another name for ADH
vasopressin
Overall affect of ADH on the body
increase in blood volume, pressure
decrease in blood osmolarity
ADH operates on this type of feedback system
Negative feedback system
What is the aldosterone pathway
Macula densa sense a decrease in sodium ions
granular cells produce renin
angiotensinogen + renin become angiotensin I
Angiotensin converting enzyme forms angiotensin II
effects the adrenal cortex
aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex
sodium ions are reabsorbed which increases blood pressure
What does the anti-diaretic hormone pathway respond to
high blood osmolarity
What does the aldosterone pathway respond to
low blood pressure, and sodium
What part of the nephron does aldosterone act on
distal convoluted tubule
what is the overall effect of aldosterone on the body
osmolarity stays the same since water follows the sodium
Increase in blood pressure and volume
How much resorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
65%
Alcohol does this to the workings of the nephron
suppresses ADH (vasopressin) acts as a dieretic
Where does active transport occur in the nephron
proximal convoluted tubule
asending loop of henly
distal convoluted tubule
where does passive transport occur in the nephron
proximal convoluted tubule
decending loop of henly
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
What is actively transported out of the proximal convoluted tubule
glucose
amino acids
sodium
potassium
The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule is this type of tonicity
isotonic
the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule is this type of tonicity
hypotonic
The filtrate at the end of the collecting duct is this type of tonicity
hypertonic (1200 mOsm)
This feeds blood to the glomulerulus, and this directs blood away
afferent arteriolle, efferent arteriolle
This occurs in the decending loop of henly
resorption of water
this occurs in the acending loop of henly
resorption of Na+
This part of the nephron is inpenetrable to water
accending loop of henly
What organ is responsible for secretion
kidney
This feeds blood to the kidney
renal artery
this directs blood away from the kidney
renal vein
Body fluid compartment consist of
intracellular fluid
interstitial fluid
blood
This servers as the conduit for moving various substances through the body
blood
This is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
Filtration occurs through the
filtration membrane
Another name for the peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
what are the peritubular capillaries
blood vessels around the nephron
Where do we find true urine
end of the collecting duct
Define homeostasis
dynamic constancy of the internal environment
The kidny works to do this
filter the blood of excess ions, metabolic by-products. Water is excreted to to dissolve wastes
how many mls of waste everyday
400 mL
3 major processes in the nephron
filtration
reabsorption
secretion
The ultrafiltrate is
the filtrate at the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule
Consequences of the basic functions of the kidney
regulate volume and osmolarity of the blood
removal of wastes
reculate ion concentration
regulate pH
what is the average glomerular filtartion rate
115mL/min in woman\
125mL/min in men
How much is filtered through the glomulerus
180L/day
How much of the filtrate is returned to the vascular system
99%
Water is always moved by this
osmosis
Substances which are filtered and secreted are excreted through urine ______ then those that are not secreted
more rapidly
The consequences of filtration, reabsorption and secrtion is the
urine
How much urine is excreted per day
1.5 L
Important substances in urine formation include
Na+
K+
Cl-
Urea
Occastionally we will see this substances in the urine
glucose
protein
blood
