Postlab Quiz 12 Flashcards
Left lung has this many lobes, and the right lung has this many lobes
2
3
Flow of air into the lungs
trachea primary bronchus bronchial tree terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar sacs alveoli
Most gas exhange takes place here
alveoli (alveolar sacs)
Some gas exchange takes place here
respiratory bronchioles
Conducting zone of respiratory system includes
larynx thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage trachea carina right and left primary branchus
Gas exchange takes place in this zone
respiratory zone
Type 1 alveolar cells form thsi
the wall
type 2 alveolar cells form this
surfactant
look up what surfactant is
okay
Macrophages do this
take out any pathogens or debris inside the alvoli
Flow of O2 and CO2 in the respiratory zone
O2 into the capillary from the alveolus
CO2 into the alveolus from the capillary
Two types of breathing
normal
forced
These contract in normal breathing and have this affect
diaphragm
external intercostals
expansion of the thorasic cavity and lung volume, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure to about -3mmHg
These contract in forced (inhalation) breathing and have this affect
diaphragm external intercostals sternocleidomastoid scalenes parasternal intercostals expansion of lung capacity over what is considered normal decreases intrapulmonary pressure to about -20 mmHg or lower
These contract in forced (exhalation) breathing and have this affect
internal intercostals external abdominal oblique internal abdominal oblique transversus abdominis rectus abdominis force air out of the lungs, increasing intrapulmonary pressure to +30 mmHg or higher
Review the mechanics of breathign
20:30 podcast
What happens during normal expiration
relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals, plus elastic recoil of lungs, decreases lung volume and increases intrapulmonary pressure to about +3mmHg
name of the equipment used to determine lung volume, and how it works
Transducermeasures/compares pressures on both sides of the diaphragm to calculate lung volume
Use this when doing the lung volume test to reduce pathogens
biofilter
Emphysema
progressive condition in which alveolar tissue is destroyed resulting in fewer but larger alveoli
emphysema results in this
decrease in surface area for gas exchange
asthma
an obstruction of airflow through the bronchioles occuring in episodes.
What is the obstruction caused by in asthma
inflammation of airway mucosa and bronchoconstriction (conduction zones)
Three experiments of this lab
recording respiratory movements
measuring respiratory volume
measuring pulmonary function
What is pleural mesotheliuma
rare form of cancer involving tumor formation on the pleura
What is the pleura
thin membrane of the mesothelial cells that lines the chest cavity and protects the lungs
Causes of pleural mesotheliuma
exposure to asbestos
This percent of people with pleural mesotheliuma have been exposed to asbestos
70-80%
What happens after exposure to asbestos
inhaled asbestos fibers attach to the pleural membrane
trapped fibers irritate the pleura causing chronic inflammation and scarring
This eventually causes genetic changes in cells leading to cancer
It may take this long for symptoms of pleural mesotheliuma to manifest
20-50 years
This can serve as precursors to pleural mesotheliuma
pleural plaques
pleural mesotheliuma can be hard to diagnose but these two procedures provide reliable methods of diagnosis
Throacoscopy
biopsy
Signs and symptoms of pleural mesotheliuma
diminished lung function shortness of breath persistent cough coughing up blood pain in lower back or rib area painful breathing lumps under the skin on the chest
Another name for shortness of breath
dyspnea
another name for coughing up blood
hemoptysis
Treatments for pleural mesotheliuma
pleurectomy/decortication - remove tumor extrapleural pneumonectomy - remove lung chemotherapy radiation palliative care clinical trials alternative therapies
clinical trials for pleural mesotheliuma may incluce
new chemotherapies immunotherapies phototherapy genetic therapy tomotherapy
examples of alternative therapies
massage
acupuncture
meditation
Prognosis for pleural mesotheliuma
best rate of survival among types of mesothelioma
often not diagnosed until later stages which makes is harder to treat, and lowers chance of survival
average survival length 10-11 months
one-year survival rate 40%
Five-year survival rate 10%
emphysema is this type of condition, and affects this
restrictive lung volume (x-axis)
asthma is this type of condition, and effects this
obstructive flow rate (y-axis)
three aspects of physical fitness
muscular strength and endurance
flexability
cardiorespiratory fitness
inhalation and exhalation call for pressure changes in these structures
alveoli
When pressure in the alveoli is greater than atmospheric pressure this occurs
exhalation
when pressure in the alveoli is less than atmosperic pressure this occurs
inhalation
Forced inspiration and expiration typically are observed during this time
physically stressful conditions
These two things are important in oxygen delivery
capacity of the lungs for air intake
ability of the lungs to move air in and out quickly
Respiratory movements are easily recorded by using this
bellows pneumograph or impedance pneumograph around the subjects chest
define eupnea
normal, unlabored breathing
“quite breathing”
define polypnea
increased rate of respiration
define asphyxia
state of being unable to breath
define apnea
suspension of external breathing
define tachypnea
condition of rapid breathing
define dead space
volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange
define hyperpnea
increased depth of breathing when required to meet metabolic demand of body tissues (exercise)
define anoxia
absence of oxygen supply to an organ or a tissue.
define dyspnea
shortness of breath or breathlessness is the feeling or feelings associated with impaired breathing
define hypercapnia
a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood
The impedance pneumograph measures this
the impedance between two plate electrodes applied to the thorax of the subject
Study all graphs and images from the respiration podcast, and lab manuals chapter 18 and 21
okay….
The test for respiratory movements can cause this
cardiovascular stress, and should not be done by students who have any cardiovascular difficulties
Obstructive pulmonary disorder is a term that describes this
a number of conditions that reduce ventilation capacity, including:
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
emphysema and chronic bronchitis are conditions generally known as this
COPD
COPD stands for
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders
Patients with emphysema experience reduced lung ventilation caused by this
a loss of elasticity and an increase in compliance of the lungs
Chronic bronchitis is a medical condition characterized by
a persistent inflammation of the bronchi, which thickens the airway lining and increases resistance to the flow of air into and out of the lungs
Asthma is an acute condition that occurs at this time
when a patient inhales allergens and the smooth muscle lining of the respiratory passage contracts in response
What might physicians do to alleviate the symptoms of obstructive disorders
prescribe various bronchodilators
The amount of air ones lungs can hold can be subdivided into these four volumes
tidal volume (TV)
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
residual volume (RV)
Tidal volume (TV) is
the amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration.
Inspiratory reserve volume (ERV) is
the amount of air that can be forcefully inspired beyond that taken in during abnormal inspiration
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is
the amount of air that can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration
Residual volume (RV) is
the amount of air that remains trapped in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort
Which volume cannot be measured using a spirometer
residual volume
What are the four lung capacities which are combinations of two or more volumes
total lung capacity (TLC) vital capacity (VC) functional residual capacity (FRC) inspiratory capacity (IC)
Total lung capacity (TLC) is, and is this combination of volumes
the total amount of air the lungs can contain
the sum of all four volumes
Vital capacity (VC) is
the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully expired after maximal inspiration
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is
the maximal amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is generally this much lower in women then men (%)
20-25%
Respiratory volumes can be measured with a simple insturment called a
spirometer
the spirometer used in class works in this fashion
use a pneumotachometer to measure slight differences in pressure as air is blown through a fine mesh
The small pressure difference on each side of the fine mesh of the pneumotachomter is proportional to this
flow rate
How is the heymer test of respiratory reserve conducted, and what does it test for
take 5 deep breaths and then hold your breath as long as possible after the last inspiration.
the breath-holding time gives and indication of your functional respiratory reserve and the efficiency of your respiratory system
Vital capacity is found to decrease in patients with these diseases
left heart disease, and paralytic polio
The decrease in vital capacity due to left heart disease is due to
decrease is due to blood congestion in the lung capillaries which in turn leads to pulmonary edema and a decrease in VC
The decrease in vital capacity due to paralytic polio is due to
partial paralysis of respiratory muscles
The heymer test is often a better index of respiratory reserve than this
traditional vital capacity measurements
MVV stands for
maximal voluntary ventilation
MBC stands for
maximal breathing capacity
MVV and MBC are a measurement of this
the maximal volume of air that can be moved through the lungs in one minute
How to test for MVV and MBC
clamp your nose and breathe as rapidly and deeply as possible for 15 seconds through a low resistance respiratory valve
collect the expired air in a douglas bag
The volume of air forced out is determined by connecting the douglas bag to a flow meeter and squeezing the bag to push all of the air collected through the flow meter
multiply the volume of air colleced in 15 seconds by four to convert to liters per minute
For college-aged men the normal MVV is
140-180 L/min
For college-aged women the normal MVV is
80-120 L/min
The MVV is a good test for this
the ability to move air rapidly
The disadvantage of the MVV test is this
requires strenuous effort, so that considerable coaching and motiviation are needed to obtain valid results
FEV stands for
Forced expiratory volume
TVC stantds for
times vital capacity
The test for FEV/TVC measures this
volume of air expired in 1, 2, or 3 sec duration of maximal exertion
The volume of air expired during the FEV/TVC test is changed to this
to percent of total vital capacity expired during the entire expiratory period
A normal person should be able to exhale this percent of their VC forcefully in 1 second, 2 second, 3 second
83%
94%
97%
What is the correlation coefficints between the one seoncd FEV and MVV measurements
0.88-0.92
typically MVV is about this many times greater than FEV1
30-40 times
This can also be used to measure FEV
a timed vitalometer or recording vitalometer
These two variables must be taken into account when calculating FEV
age
height
the decrease of fitness in recent generations is likely owning to
the increase mechanization of our age
For our purposes we will define fitness as this
the capacity to meet the physical stresses encountered in life
Obesity is a negative aspect of fitness because (from the manual)
it adversely affects human health and body systems that contribute to our overall fitness
Muscle tone plays an important role in these
good posutre helping prevent lower back problems better performance in sports improving our figures psychological boost
And increase in muscular strength results when
fast-twitch muscle fibers develop more myofilaments, which provides more cross bridges to produce tension
Exercises such as this is a good way of producing muscle hypertrophy and increase muscle strength
weight lifting
muscular endurance is this
the ability to contract muscles repeatedly or sustain a single contraction for an extended period
Endurance is a property of these
slow twitch muscle fibers, which increase their concentration of oxidative enzymes and capillaries with isotonic training
Isotonic training of slow-twitch muscles allows fibers to do this
contract repeatedly with greatly prolonged fatigue time
T/F: muscular endurance is often tied to increase in muscle hypertrophy
F
How did we test muscular strength and endurance in lab
grip tester
Flexability is the ability to do this
move the limbs through their normal range of motion
Movement is limited by this
connective tissue that covers the muscles and by the tendons that link the muscles to bone
with increasing age or inactivity connective tissue and tendons have this occur
these tissues lose their elasticity, range of motion decreases, and we become susceptible to muscle and joint injuries
Static stretching exercises help maintain this
flexability if they are performed on a daily basis
The proper technique for stretching involves this
a slow movement until the limit of the range of motion is reached, holding of the position for 10 sec, and then relaxation
Stretching should not be done in this fashion
jerky, rhythmic fashion that can damage tissues
Athletes who train their muscles without doing stretching exercises might find this
range of limb motion so limited that they appear to be muscle bound
This many people in the US are classified as obease
80 million
Define obesity
excess accumulation of fat beyond what is considered normal for a person’s age and sex
T/F: overweight and obesity are the same thing
F, excess weight can be muscle rather than fat
How much fat classifies a person as obese
> 20% for men
>30% for women
Fat can compromise these
muscle strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory endurance
Fat is a good form of this
storage form of energy
Excess fat contributes to the development of four of our most serious health problems:
cardiovascular disease
hypertension
diabetes
cerebral vascular accident (stroke)
This is an example of an very accurate method of determining lean and fat weight
underwater weighing
compares weight in air to weight underwater
New techniques for determining body composition include, and are now concidered this
X-ray absorptiometry
DXA scanning
the standard for measuring body fat content
this is the tool we used in lab to determine body fat %
skin fold calipers
Skin fold calipers are used to do this
measure the thickness of skin and fat at representative sites around the body
This percent of body fat is subcutaneous
50%
This is the keystone to any fitness program
aerobic fitness
Define aerobic fitness
the ability of the body to use oxygen, an activity that involves the cardiovascular, respiratory, blood, and cellular enzyme system.
THis is needed for any sustained activity that requires a high expenditure of energy
aerobic metabolism
These strengthen the organ systems involved in aerobic respiration, and increase the ability to use oxygen for energy production
rhythmic endurance types of exercise
To achieve and maintain adequate aerobic fitness, an exercise program that requires exercise of this duration, frequency, and intensity is recommended
30 min
5 times a week
heart rate of 70-80% max
Best measure of aerobic fitness (test)
maximum O2 consumption (VO2 max)
How is VO2 max determined
while the person is exercising at peak load and rate on a treadmill or bicycle ergometer
Having an untrained person do a VO2 max test is difficult because
increase potential for injory, and lack of motivation for true peak performance
VO2 max of an average untrained, and trained male
45 ml/kg/min
75 ml/kg/min
VO2 max of a trained female
70 ml/kg/min
After this heart rate, the heart rate and O2 consumption increase at the same rate as work load increases
120 beats/min
Aerobic fitness can be measured using either of these to heart rates for this reason
exercise heart rate
recovory heart rate
trained people have lower heart rate at a given work load, and return to normal faster than untrained people
This can be used by older individuals to test cardiovascualr fitness
Forest service fitness test
The harvard step test measures this
general endurance or physical condition that might be considered desirable for the average citizen
What does the harvard step test consist of
subject steps up and down on a bench (20in for men, 16 in for women) for 5 min and then determine the heart rate during the pose-exercise recovery period
T/F: the time of the stepping during the harvard step test is related to a person’s endurance and is part of the scoring
T
This can be used to normalize the work for persons of different height when doing the harvard step test
change bench height according to the height of the subject
The forest service fitness test consists of the following
stepping up and down on a bench at a rate of 22.5 steps per minute. After 5 min the subject sits down, and a 15 second recovery pulse count is taken from 15 to 30 sec after the test
A pound of fat has this many calories
3500
How can we lose a pound of fat a week
consume or use an additional 500 calories/day
In addition to aiding in weight loss, regular exercise offers numerous other benefits such as
cardiovascular fitness, better moods, lower blood pressure, and better sexual performance
