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Physiology Lab > Postlab Quiz 12 > Flashcards

Postlab Quiz 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Left lung has this many lobes, and the right lung has this many lobes

A

2

3

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2
Q

Flow of air into the lungs

A 
trachea
primary bronchus
bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs
alveoli
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3
Q

Most gas exhange takes place here

A

alveoli (alveolar sacs)

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4
Q

Some gas exchange takes place here

A

respiratory bronchioles

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5
Q

Conducting zone of respiratory system includes

A 
larynx
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
trachea
carina
right and left primary branchus
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6
Q

Gas exchange takes place in this zone

A

respiratory zone

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7
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells form thsi

A

the wall

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8
Q

type 2 alveolar cells form this

A

surfactant

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9
Q

look up what surfactant is

A

okay

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10
Q

Macrophages do this

A

take out any pathogens or debris inside the alvoli

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11
Q

Flow of O2 and CO2 in the respiratory zone

A

O2 into the capillary from the alveolus

CO2 into the alveolus from the capillary

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12
Q

Two types of breathing

A

normal

forced

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13
Q

These contract in normal breathing and have this affect

A

diaphragm
external intercostals
expansion of the thorasic cavity and lung volume, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure to about -3mmHg

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14
Q

These contract in forced (inhalation) breathing and have this affect

A 
diaphragm
external intercostals
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
parasternal intercostals
expansion of lung capacity over what is considered normal decreases intrapulmonary pressure to about -20 mmHg or lower
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15
Q

These contract in forced (exhalation) breathing and have this affect

A 
internal intercostals
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique 
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
force air out of the lungs, increasing intrapulmonary pressure to +30 mmHg or higher
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16
Q

Review the mechanics of breathign

A

20:30 podcast

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17
Q

What happens during normal expiration

A

relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals, plus elastic recoil of lungs, decreases lung volume and increases intrapulmonary pressure to about +3mmHg

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18
Q

name of the equipment used to determine lung volume, and how it works

A

Transducermeasures/compares pressures on both sides of the diaphragm to calculate lung volume

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19
Q

Use this when doing the lung volume test to reduce pathogens

A

biofilter

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20
Q

Emphysema

A

progressive condition in which alveolar tissue is destroyed resulting in fewer but larger alveoli

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21
Q

emphysema results in this

A

decrease in surface area for gas exchange

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22
Q

asthma

A

an obstruction of airflow through the bronchioles occuring in episodes.

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23
Q

What is the obstruction caused by in asthma

A

inflammation of airway mucosa and bronchoconstriction (conduction zones)

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24
Q

Three experiments of this lab

A

recording respiratory movements
measuring respiratory volume
measuring pulmonary function

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25
Q

What is pleural mesotheliuma

A

rare form of cancer involving tumor formation on the pleura

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26
Q

What is the pleura

A

thin membrane of the mesothelial cells that lines the chest cavity and protects the lungs

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27
Q

Causes of pleural mesotheliuma

A

exposure to asbestos

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28
Q

This percent of people with pleural mesotheliuma have been exposed to asbestos

A

70-80%

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29
Q

What happens after exposure to asbestos

A

inhaled asbestos fibers attach to the pleural membrane

trapped fibers irritate the pleura causing chronic inflammation and scarring

This eventually causes genetic changes in cells leading to cancer

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30
Q

It may take this long for symptoms of pleural mesotheliuma to manifest

A

20-50 years

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31
Q

This can serve as precursors to pleural mesotheliuma

A

pleural plaques

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32
Q

pleural mesotheliuma can be hard to diagnose but these two procedures provide reliable methods of diagnosis

A

Throacoscopy

biopsy

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33
Q

Signs and symptoms of pleural mesotheliuma

A 
diminished lung function
shortness of breath
persistent cough
coughing up blood
pain in lower back or rib area
painful breathing
lumps under the skin on the chest
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34
Q

Another name for shortness of breath

A

dyspnea

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35
Q

another name for coughing up blood

A

hemoptysis

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36
Q

Treatments for pleural mesotheliuma

A 
pleurectomy/decortication - remove tumor
extrapleural pneumonectomy - remove lung
chemotherapy
radiation
palliative care
clinical trials
alternative therapies
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37
Q

clinical trials for pleural mesotheliuma may incluce

A 
new chemotherapies
immunotherapies
phototherapy
genetic therapy
tomotherapy
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38
Q

examples of alternative therapies

A

massage
acupuncture
meditation

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39
Q

Prognosis for pleural mesotheliuma

A

best rate of survival among types of mesothelioma

often not diagnosed until later stages which makes is harder to treat, and lowers chance of survival

average survival length 10-11 months
one-year survival rate 40%
Five-year survival rate 10%

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40
Q

emphysema is this type of condition, and affects this

A 
restrictive
lung volume (x-axis)
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41
Q

asthma is this type of condition, and effects this

A 
obstructive
flow rate (y-axis)
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42
Q

three aspects of physical fitness

A

muscular strength and endurance
flexability
cardiorespiratory fitness

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43
Q

inhalation and exhalation call for pressure changes in these structures

A

alveoli

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44
Q

When pressure in the alveoli is greater than atmospheric pressure this occurs

A

exhalation

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45
Q

when pressure in the alveoli is less than atmosperic pressure this occurs

A

inhalation

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46
Q

Forced inspiration and expiration typically are observed during this time

A

physically stressful conditions

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47
Q

These two things are important in oxygen delivery

A

capacity of the lungs for air intake

ability of the lungs to move air in and out quickly

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48
Q

Respiratory movements are easily recorded by using this

A

bellows pneumograph or impedance pneumograph around the subjects chest

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49
Q

define eupnea

A

normal, unlabored breathing

“quite breathing”

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50
Q

define polypnea

A

increased rate of respiration

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51
Q

define asphyxia

A

state of being unable to breath

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52
Q

define apnea

A

suspension of external breathing

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53
Q

define tachypnea

A

condition of rapid breathing

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54
Q

define dead space

A

volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange

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55
Q

define hyperpnea

A

increased depth of breathing when required to meet metabolic demand of body tissues (exercise)

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56
Q

define anoxia

A

absence of oxygen supply to an organ or a tissue.

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57
Q

define dyspnea

A

shortness of breath or breathlessness is the feeling or feelings associated with impaired breathing

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58
Q

define hypercapnia

A

a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood

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59
Q

The impedance pneumograph measures this

A

the impedance between two plate electrodes applied to the thorax of the subject

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60
Q

Study all graphs and images from the respiration podcast, and lab manuals chapter 18 and 21

A

okay….

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61
Q

The test for respiratory movements can cause this

A

cardiovascular stress, and should not be done by students who have any cardiovascular difficulties

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62
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disorder is a term that describes this

A

a number of conditions that reduce ventilation capacity, including:
emphysema
chronic bronchitis

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63
Q

emphysema and chronic bronchitis are conditions generally known as this

A

COPD

64
Q

COPD stands for

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders

65
Q

Patients with emphysema experience reduced lung ventilation caused by this

A

a loss of elasticity and an increase in compliance of the lungs

66
Q

Chronic bronchitis is a medical condition characterized by

A

a persistent inflammation of the bronchi, which thickens the airway lining and increases resistance to the flow of air into and out of the lungs

67
Q

Asthma is an acute condition that occurs at this time

A

when a patient inhales allergens and the smooth muscle lining of the respiratory passage contracts in response

68
Q

What might physicians do to alleviate the symptoms of obstructive disorders

A

prescribe various bronchodilators

69
Q

The amount of air ones lungs can hold can be subdivided into these four volumes

A

tidal volume (TV)
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
residual volume (RV)

70
Q

Tidal volume (TV) is

A

the amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration.

71
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (ERV) is

A

the amount of air that can be forcefully inspired beyond that taken in during abnormal inspiration

72
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is

A

the amount of air that can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration

73
Q

Residual volume (RV) is

A

the amount of air that remains trapped in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort

74
Q

Which volume cannot be measured using a spirometer

A

residual volume

75
Q

What are the four lung capacities which are combinations of two or more volumes

A 
total lung capacity (TLC)
vital capacity (VC)
functional residual capacity (FRC)
inspiratory capacity (IC)
76
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC) is, and is this combination of volumes

A

the total amount of air the lungs can contain

the sum of all four volumes

77
Q

Vital capacity (VC) is

A

the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully expired after maximal inspiration

78
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC) is

A

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration

79
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC) is

A

the maximal amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

80
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC) is generally this much lower in women then men (%)

A

20-25%

81
Q

Respiratory volumes can be measured with a simple insturment called a

A

spirometer

82
Q

the spirometer used in class works in this fashion

A

use a pneumotachometer to measure slight differences in pressure as air is blown through a fine mesh

83
Q

The small pressure difference on each side of the fine mesh of the pneumotachomter is proportional to this

A

flow rate

84
Q

How is the heymer test of respiratory reserve conducted, and what does it test for

A

take 5 deep breaths and then hold your breath as long as possible after the last inspiration.

the breath-holding time gives and indication of your functional respiratory reserve and the efficiency of your respiratory system

85
Q

Vital capacity is found to decrease in patients with these diseases

A

left heart disease, and paralytic polio

86
Q

The decrease in vital capacity due to left heart disease is due to

A

decrease is due to blood congestion in the lung capillaries which in turn leads to pulmonary edema and a decrease in VC

87
Q

The decrease in vital capacity due to paralytic polio is due to

A

partial paralysis of respiratory muscles

88
Q

The heymer test is often a better index of respiratory reserve than this

A

traditional vital capacity measurements

89
Q

MVV stands for

A

maximal voluntary ventilation

90
Q

MBC stands for

A

maximal breathing capacity

91
Q

MVV and MBC are a measurement of this

A

the maximal volume of air that can be moved through the lungs in one minute

92
Q

How to test for MVV and MBC

A

clamp your nose and breathe as rapidly and deeply as possible for 15 seconds through a low resistance respiratory valve

collect the expired air in a douglas bag

The volume of air forced out is determined by connecting the douglas bag to a flow meeter and squeezing the bag to push all of the air collected through the flow meter

multiply the volume of air colleced in 15 seconds by four to convert to liters per minute

93
Q

For college-aged men the normal MVV is

A

140-180 L/min

94
Q

For college-aged women the normal MVV is

A

80-120 L/min

95
Q

The MVV is a good test for this

A

the ability to move air rapidly

96
Q

The disadvantage of the MVV test is this

A

requires strenuous effort, so that considerable coaching and motiviation are needed to obtain valid results

97
Q

FEV stands for

A

Forced expiratory volume

98
Q

TVC stantds for

A

times vital capacity

99
Q

The test for FEV/TVC measures this

A

volume of air expired in 1, 2, or 3 sec duration of maximal exertion

100
Q

The volume of air expired during the FEV/TVC test is changed to this

A

to percent of total vital capacity expired during the entire expiratory period

101
Q

A normal person should be able to exhale this percent of their VC forcefully in 1 second, 2 second, 3 second

A

83%
94%
97%

102
Q

What is the correlation coefficints between the one seoncd FEV and MVV measurements

A

0.88-0.92

103
Q

typically MVV is about this many times greater than FEV1

A

30-40 times

104
Q

This can also be used to measure FEV

A

a timed vitalometer or recording vitalometer

105
Q

These two variables must be taken into account when calculating FEV

A

age

height

106
Q

the decrease of fitness in recent generations is likely owning to

A

the increase mechanization of our age

107
Q

For our purposes we will define fitness as this

A

the capacity to meet the physical stresses encountered in life

108
Q

Obesity is a negative aspect of fitness because (from the manual)

A

it adversely affects human health and body systems that contribute to our overall fitness

109
Q

Muscle tone plays an important role in these

A 
good posutre
helping prevent lower back problems
better performance in sports
improving our figures
psychological boost
110
Q

And increase in muscular strength results when

A

fast-twitch muscle fibers develop more myofilaments, which provides more cross bridges to produce tension

111
Q

Exercises such as this is a good way of producing muscle hypertrophy and increase muscle strength

A

weight lifting

112
Q

muscular endurance is this

A

the ability to contract muscles repeatedly or sustain a single contraction for an extended period

113
Q

Endurance is a property of these

A

slow twitch muscle fibers, which increase their concentration of oxidative enzymes and capillaries with isotonic training

114
Q

Isotonic training of slow-twitch muscles allows fibers to do this

A

contract repeatedly with greatly prolonged fatigue time

115
Q

T/F: muscular endurance is often tied to increase in muscle hypertrophy

A

F

116
Q

How did we test muscular strength and endurance in lab

A

grip tester

117
Q

Flexability is the ability to do this

A

move the limbs through their normal range of motion

118
Q

Movement is limited by this

A

connective tissue that covers the muscles and by the tendons that link the muscles to bone

119
Q

with increasing age or inactivity connective tissue and tendons have this occur

A

these tissues lose their elasticity, range of motion decreases, and we become susceptible to muscle and joint injuries

120
Q

Static stretching exercises help maintain this

A

flexability if they are performed on a daily basis

121
Q

The proper technique for stretching involves this

A

a slow movement until the limit of the range of motion is reached, holding of the position for 10 sec, and then relaxation

122
Q

Stretching should not be done in this fashion

A

jerky, rhythmic fashion that can damage tissues

123
Q

Athletes who train their muscles without doing stretching exercises might find this

A

range of limb motion so limited that they appear to be muscle bound

124
Q

This many people in the US are classified as obease

A

80 million

125
Q

Define obesity

A

excess accumulation of fat beyond what is considered normal for a person’s age and sex

126
Q

T/F: overweight and obesity are the same thing

A

F, excess weight can be muscle rather than fat

127
Q

How much fat classifies a person as obese

A

> 20% for men

>30% for women

128
Q

Fat can compromise these

A

muscle strength, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory endurance

129
Q

Fat is a good form of this

A

storage form of energy

130
Q

Excess fat contributes to the development of four of our most serious health problems:

A

cardiovascular disease
hypertension
diabetes
cerebral vascular accident (stroke)

131
Q

This is an example of an very accurate method of determining lean and fat weight

A

underwater weighing

compares weight in air to weight underwater

132
Q

New techniques for determining body composition include, and are now concidered this

A

X-ray absorptiometry
DXA scanning
the standard for measuring body fat content

133
Q

this is the tool we used in lab to determine body fat %

A

skin fold calipers

134
Q

Skin fold calipers are used to do this

A

measure the thickness of skin and fat at representative sites around the body

135
Q

This percent of body fat is subcutaneous

A

50%

136
Q

This is the keystone to any fitness program

A

aerobic fitness

137
Q

Define aerobic fitness

A

the ability of the body to use oxygen, an activity that involves the cardiovascular, respiratory, blood, and cellular enzyme system.

138
Q

THis is needed for any sustained activity that requires a high expenditure of energy

A

aerobic metabolism

139
Q

These strengthen the organ systems involved in aerobic respiration, and increase the ability to use oxygen for energy production

A

rhythmic endurance types of exercise

140
Q

To achieve and maintain adequate aerobic fitness, an exercise program that requires exercise of this duration, frequency, and intensity is recommended

A

30 min
5 times a week
heart rate of 70-80% max

141
Q

Best measure of aerobic fitness (test)

A

maximum O2 consumption (VO2 max)

142
Q

How is VO2 max determined

A

while the person is exercising at peak load and rate on a treadmill or bicycle ergometer

143
Q

Having an untrained person do a VO2 max test is difficult because

A

increase potential for injory, and lack of motivation for true peak performance

144
Q

VO2 max of an average untrained, and trained male

A

45 ml/kg/min

75 ml/kg/min

145
Q

VO2 max of a trained female

A

70 ml/kg/min

146
Q

After this heart rate, the heart rate and O2 consumption increase at the same rate as work load increases

A

120 beats/min

147
Q

Aerobic fitness can be measured using either of these to heart rates for this reason

A

exercise heart rate
recovory heart rate

trained people have lower heart rate at a given work load, and return to normal faster than untrained people

148
Q

This can be used by older individuals to test cardiovascualr fitness

A

Forest service fitness test

149
Q

The harvard step test measures this

A

general endurance or physical condition that might be considered desirable for the average citizen

150
Q

What does the harvard step test consist of

A

subject steps up and down on a bench (20in for men, 16 in for women) for 5 min and then determine the heart rate during the pose-exercise recovery period

151
Q

T/F: the time of the stepping during the harvard step test is related to a person’s endurance and is part of the scoring

A

T

152
Q

This can be used to normalize the work for persons of different height when doing the harvard step test

A

change bench height according to the height of the subject

153
Q

The forest service fitness test consists of the following

A

stepping up and down on a bench at a rate of 22.5 steps per minute. After 5 min the subject sits down, and a 15 second recovery pulse count is taken from 15 to 30 sec after the test

154
Q

A pound of fat has this many calories

A

3500

155
Q

How can we lose a pound of fat a week

A

consume or use an additional 500 calories/day

156
Q

In addition to aiding in weight loss, regular exercise offers numerous other benefits such as

A

cardiovascular fitness, better moods, lower blood pressure, and better sexual performance

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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