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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 4 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

AIED =

A

Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease

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2
Q

What is autoimmune inner ear disease (3)

A

Progressive hearing loss and/or dizziness
Reduced hearing w/tinnitus
Attacks of dizziness (normal blood tests for antibodies)

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3
Q

What does autoimmune inner ear disease resemble

A

Meniere’s disease

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4
Q

Affects this many of the X million Americans with hearing loss

A

<1%, 28 million

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5
Q

Causes of autoimmune inner ear disease (5)

A 
Antibodies/immune cells damage inner ear
bystander damage
cross-reactions
intolerance
genetic factors
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6
Q

What causes bystander damage

A

cytokines provoke extra immune reactions

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7
Q

What causes cross reactions

A

antibodies cause accidental damage

ear shares common antigens with potential pathogens

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8
Q

What causes intolerance

A

ear may only be a partially immune privileged locus

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9
Q

What effect do genetic factors have on AIED

A

possible increased susceptibility to hearing disorders

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10
Q

Signs and symptoms of AIED (4)

A

Hearing loss in one ear and rapid progression to second ear (can progress slowly)
Fullness in the ear
vertigo
tinnitus, hissing, or roaring sound

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11
Q

What is AIED often mistaken for

A

Otitis media

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12
Q

What are treatments for AIED (5)

A

Steroids like prednisone ore dexamethasone (short-term)
Cytotoxic agents like cytoxan or methotrexate (short-term)
Plasmapheresis
cochlear implant
cell and gene therapy

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13
Q

Exteroceptors

A

receptors that recieve stimuli from outside the body

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14
Q

interoceptors

A

receptors that receive stimuli from inside the body

Detect changes within the body

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15
Q

Where are interoceptors located

A

deep within muscles, tendons, and other structures

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16
Q

Exteroceptors are located

A

on the surface of the body (usually)

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17
Q

Our senses are comprised of these types of receptors

A

exteroceptors

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18
Q

Weber’s law states this

A

the size of the just noticeable difference, dI, is a constant proportion of the original stimulus, I

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19
Q

Weber’s fraction

A

The ratio of intensity difference to the initial weight intensity

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20
Q

Just noticeable difference or intensity difference is

A

the amount of stimuli needed to have a noticeable difference in our current stimulation state.

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21
Q

What is referred pain

A

pain that originates in one area of the body, but is perceived in another (ex. Heart attack)

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22
Q

What is done for the weber test (hearing)

A

The handle tip of a struck tuning fork is placed against the middle of the subjects forehead to determine if one ear is more deaf than the other

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23
Q

When doing the weber test for hearing what is the result if one ear hears the fork better than the other: sensorineural

A

The sound will be heard better in the normal ear because neural activity is essential for hearing

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24
Q

When doing the weber test for hearing what is the result if one ear hears the fork better than the other: conductive

A

The ear that hears the fork louder is the ear that is more deaf, due to the good ear having the sound masked by environmental noise

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25
Q

Conduction deafness can be simulated by doing this simple thing

A

plugging one ear with cotton

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26
Q

The Rinne test compares this

A

air conduction of sound with bone conduction of sound

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27
Q

The weber test for hearing should be conducted in a room with this level of noise

A

normal room noise

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28
Q

The Rinne test for hearing should be conducted in a room with this level of noise

A

A quiet room

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29
Q

What is done for the Rinne test (hearing)

A

Place the end of the handle of a struck tuning fork on the mastoid process. As soon as the sound is no longer audible through the bone hold the fork about 1 inch from the ear. The subject should be able to hear again.

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30
Q

If the should is heard through the bone longer the person has this type of deafness

A

conduction deafness

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31
Q

What are the expected results of the weber and rinne test for hearing for the following condition: no hearing loss

A

Weber: no lateralization
Rinne: Sound heard longer through air conduction

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32
Q

What are the expected results of the weber and rinne test for hearing for the following condition: conduction deafness

A

Weber: lateralization to the deaf ear
Rinne: sound heard as long as or longer through bone conduction than air

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33
Q

What are the expected results of the weber and rinne test for hearing for the following condition: sensorineural deafness

A

Weber: lateralization to the normal ear
Rinne: sound heard longer through air conduction

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34
Q

How is hearing loss quantified by an audiogram

A

If there is an increase of 20 dB above normal tone level the subject is sead to have hearing loss of 20dB for that tone

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35
Q

List the classifications of hearing loss in accending order

A 
normal
mild
moderate
severe
profound hearing loss
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36
Q

What is a audiogram

A

an instrument for measuring hearing acuity that consists of an earphone conneted to an electronic oscillator.

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37
Q

Range of hearing tested in both types of audiogram tests

A

250-8000 Hz

500-2000 Hz

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38
Q

Frequency of normal speech

A

500-2000 Hz

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39
Q

What is a receptive field

A

sensory + visual neurons activated by stimuli that fall within a specific physical area (two point test)

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40
Q

Areas with large receptive fields

A

back, thigh

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41
Q

Areas with small receptive fields

A

finger tip

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42
Q

Lateral inhibition does this

A

Increases contrast between activiated receptive fields and inactive neighbors

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43
Q

Benefits of lateral inhibition

A

way of isolating location of stimuls

increase in sensory preception

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44
Q

Generator potentials 2 characteristics

A

caused by adequate stimuli in sensory cells

amplitude proportional to strength of stimulus

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45
Q

Another name for generator potentials

A

receptor potentials

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46
Q

2 characteristics of action potentials

A

all or none event

strength of stimulus determines frequency

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47
Q

Auditory pathway: external ear

A

Pinna

ear canal

48
Q

Auditory pathway: middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

49
Q

Auditory pathway: inner ear

A

vestibular apparatus w/ semicircular canals

cochlea

50
Q

Name of fluid found in inner ear

A

endolymph

51
Q

What is the purpose of the vistibular cochlear nerve

A

Senses sound through the movement of hair cells in the cochlea

52
Q

Characteristic of conduction deafness

A

sound cannot be transmitted through external/middle ear

53
Q

Causes for conduction deafness (4)

A

plugged with earwax
fluid in middle ear
diseases
trauma to middle ear bones

54
Q

characteristics of sensoryneural deafness

A

damage to structures of inner ear

55
Q

Cause of sensoryneural deafness

A

death/damage of hair cells resulting from loud noises

56
Q

What is the mechanism for referred pain

A

unknown

57
Q

Types of receptors (6) (subcatagories)

A 
chemoreceptor
photoreceptor
thermoreceptor
mechanoreceptor
nocireceptor
proprioceptor
58
Q

Types of receptors (2) Main

A

Tonic receptors

phasic recpetors

59
Q

tonic receptors adapt at this speed, and example

A

slow

pain

60
Q

phasic receptors adapt at this speed, and example

A

fast

most sensory receptors

61
Q

Describe the action of tonic receptors

A

action potentials occur at a constant rate from the application of the stimuls to the removal

62
Q

Describe the action of phasic receptors

A

Rate of the action potentials reduces after initial application of the stimulus
Once the stimulus is withdrawn we notice the absense of the stimuls

63
Q

Describe chemoreceptor

A

senses chemical stimuli in the environment or blood

64
Q

Describe photoreceptors

A

rods and cones in the retina of the eye

65
Q

Describe thermoreceptors

A

respond to heat and cold

Different receptors for heat and cold

66
Q

Describe mechanoreceptors

A

stimulated by mechanical deformation of the receptor cell membrane

67
Q

Describe nocireceptors

A

pain receptors

68
Q

describe proprioceptors

A

provide sense of body position and allow fine control of skeletal movements
hold balance

69
Q

What is the law of specific nerve energies

A

the sensation characteristic of each sensory neuron is that produced by it’s normal stimulus, or adequate stimulus

70
Q

What is a generator potential

A

graded depolarization produced by stimulation of sensory receptors that results in the production of action potentials by a sensory neuron

71
Q

What is an action potential

A

all-or-none electrical event in an axon or muscle fiber in which the polarity of the membrane potential is rapidly reversed and re-established

72
Q

Pathway of a sensation

A

sensory receptor experiences a generator potential
the axon-neuron reaches threshold and generates an action potential
The signal travels to the brain for integration

73
Q

What must happen to generate an action potential

A

a generator potential must reach a depolarization threshold

74
Q

This dictates the strength of the stimulus

A

the frequency of the action potential

more frequent = stronger

75
Q

What do phasic receptors prevent

A

sensory overload

76
Q

What is the typical neuron refered to as

A

multipolar neuron

77
Q

What is used in the video to determine resting membrane potential

A

electrode attached to voltmeter

78
Q

Depolarization =

A

stimulation

79
Q

hyperpolarization =

A

inhibition

80
Q

RMP in podcast is

A

-65 to -95 mV

81
Q

What is disturbed when stimulus takes palce

A

RMP

82
Q

Na+ Channels: The channel is close at this point

A

RMP

83
Q

Na+ Channels: The channel is oppened by this

A

depolarization (AP)

84
Q

Na+ Channels: The channel is inactived during this period

A

refractory period (absolute)

85
Q

Na+ Channels: How is the channel inactiviated

A

opening blocked by a protein

86
Q

Na+ Channels: These are examples of this type of channel

A

voltage gated

87
Q

What opens voltage gated channels

A

ambient voltage

88
Q

What is threshold (mv)

A

-50 mV

89
Q

What is the top of the spike in the movie (mV)

A

+30

90
Q

What resets RMP

A

Na/K pumps

91
Q

Milliseconds per AP

A

4 mS

92
Q

Action potential frequency is determined by

A

strength of stimulus

93
Q

strong stimuli are felt more strongly bcause of this

A

the rate of action potentials (frequency)

94
Q

Druing a absolute RP this occurs

A

incativiation of Na+ channels

95
Q

Druing a relative RP this occurs

A

hyperpolarization due to efflux of K+

96
Q

This would be needed to generate a AP druing a relative RP

A

greater than normal strength of stimulus

97
Q

These types of neurons are mylinated

A

motor

sensory

98
Q

Rate of impulse conduction: mylinated vs unmylinated

A

300 meter/s to 1 meter/s

99
Q

The auditory tube connects with this and does this

A

pharynx

equalizes pressure

100
Q

Pressure on the oval window causes this to the round window

A

causes it to move in and out

101
Q

These muscles reduce vibration to protect from loud sound

A

tensor tympani muscle

stapedius muscle

102
Q

The two scala and where are they in relaction to eachother and what is in them

A

Scala vestibuli
scala tympani
SV above ST
Perilymph

103
Q

What is between the scalas and what does it contain

A

cochlear duct

endolymph

104
Q

Name of the nerve going to the ear (number)

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

105
Q

Where is the spiral organ of corti

A

in the cochlear duct

106
Q

What is the central core of bone (ear)

A

modeolas

107
Q

name of the membrant that effects the hair cells

A

techtorial membrane

causes generator potentials

108
Q

Place principle does this

A

allows us to identify different sound pitch by what ‘Place’ on the organ of corti the hair cells are disturbed

109
Q

low frequency stimulate this region of the cochlear duct

A

distal

110
Q

mid frequency stimulate this region of the cochlear duct

A

middle

111
Q

high frequency stimulate this region of the cochlear duct

A

proximal

112
Q

where is sensitive lost as we age (hearing)

A

high frequency (proximal)

113
Q

Conduction deafness is caused by this

A

stoppage of conduction of sound waves

114
Q

sensorialneural deafness is caused by

A

damage to hair cells / nerve

115
Q

Where is the electrode inserted for a cochlear implat

A

scala tympani

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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