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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 5 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron refered to as (video)

A

multipolar neuron (normal)

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2
Q

What is used in the video to dtermine resting membrane potential

A

electrode attached to voltmeter

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3
Q

What instrument did we use in lab

A

ocilloscope

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4
Q

depolarization =

A

stimulation

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5
Q

hyper polarization =

A

inhibition

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6
Q

RMP in podcast

A

-65 to -95mV

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7
Q

What is distrurbed when stimulus takes place

A

RMP

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8
Q

Na+ channels: The channel is closed at this point

A

RMP

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9
Q

Na+ channels: The channel is opened by this

A

depolarization (AP)

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10
Q

Na+ channels: the channel is inativiated during this period

A

refractory period (absolute)

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11
Q

Na+ channels: How is the channel inactivated

A

opening blocked by protein

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12
Q

Na+ channels: These are this type of channel

A

voltage gated

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13
Q

What opens voltage gated channels

A

ambient voltage

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14
Q

when is threshold

A

-50 mV

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15
Q

What is the top of the spike in the podcast

A

+30Mv

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16
Q

What resets RMP

A

Na/K pumps

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17
Q

milliseconds per AP

A

4 mS

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18
Q

AP frequency is determined by

A

strength of stimulus

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19
Q

Strong stimuli are felt more strongly because of this

A

the rate/frequency of the AP

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20
Q

During an absolute RP this occurs

A

inactivation of Na+ channels

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21
Q

During a relative Rp this occurs

A

hyperpolarizaition due to efflux of K+

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22
Q

This is needed to generate a AP during relative RP

A

greater than normal strength of stimulus

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23
Q

These types of neurons are mylinated

A

motor

sensory

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24
Q

rate of impulse conduction mylinated vs unmylinated

A

300 m/s to 1 m/s

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25
Q

Spatial summation:

A

occurs when excitatory potentials from many different presynaptic neurons cause the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire.

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26
Q

Temporal summation:

A

occurs when a single presynaptic neuron fires many times in succession, causing the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire.

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27
Q

unidirectional propagation

A

AP can only move in one way due to absolute refractory period (can move in either way to start)

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28
Q

Chronaxie time

A

minimum time required for electrical current that is 2x the strength of the rheobase to stimulate neuron

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29
Q

What does chronaxie time measure

A

excitability

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30
Q

rheobase voltage

A

lowest intensity which just stimulated nerves

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31
Q

Axis of the graph shown in lab-lec

A 
Y = stimulus strength
X = time
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32
Q

Shape of line on the graph shown in lab-lec

A

exponentially flattening negative slope

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33
Q

What are the names of the two strength of stimulus lines on the graph shown in lab-lec (bottom-top)

A

Rheobase

Chronaxie

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34
Q

What does temporal summation allow

A

allows for the post-synaptic neuron to reach threshold faster

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35
Q

chronaxie time is dependent on this

A

density of voltage gated Na+ channels on a cell

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36
Q

Temporal summation uses this to generate a response in the post-synaptic cell

A

high frequency AP that overlap and summate with each other

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37
Q

temporal summation is generated by this many neurons

A

1

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38
Q

spatial summation is generated by this many neurons

A

many

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39
Q

These are examples of excitable cells

A

neurons

muscles

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40
Q

T/F: some synaptic transmissions are inhibitory

A

T, post-synaptic cell is hyperpolarized

open ligand gated K+ channels

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41
Q

Two major physiologic properties of neurons

A

irritability

conductivity

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42
Q

Irritability is

A

the ability to respond to stimuli and conver them into nerve impulses

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43
Q

conductivity is

A

the ability to transmit an impulse

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44
Q

This establishes RMP

A

Na+/K+ pumps

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45
Q

These are the main cause of the negative charge inside of the cell

A

intracellular proteins

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46
Q

The AP follows this law

A

All-or-none law

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47
Q

For this lab we would have used these two tools

A

electronic stimulator

oscilloscope

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48
Q

The action potential on the screen reflects this

A

the action potentials of many neurons in the nerve bundle

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49
Q

T/F: all of the neurons are always stimulated if an action potential is generated

A

F

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50
Q

How does mechanical stimulation create an action potential

A

pressure opens Na+ channels which begins depolarization of the cell

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51
Q

How does thermal stimulation create an action potential

A

Increases kinetic energy in ions allowing for faster diffusion

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52
Q

how does added NaCl stimulate a action potential

A

increases the concentration gradient of Na+ outside the cell leading to faster diffusion

53
Q

How does HCl stimulate an action potential

A

Acid denatures the channel proteins

54
Q

How does ether effect nerve transmission

A

Its a paralyzer that blocks acetylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic neuron/cell

55
Q

How does curare effect nerve transmission

A

blocks acetylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic neuron/cell

56
Q

What two aspects of the nerve effect conduction velocity

A

diameter

myelination

57
Q

What is pain asymbolia

A

congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrosis (CPA)

58
Q

What does pain asymbolia cause (3)

A

inability to feel pain and temperature
accidental self-injury leading to spontaneous amputation
heal slowly from skin/bone injuries

59
Q

What are some examples of spontaneous amputation

A

biting tongue, lips, and fingers

60
Q

What causes pain asympolia

A

autosomal recessive gene mutation

61
Q

The autosomal recessive gene muation in pain asymbolia leads to this (3)

A

receptory or sensory neurons cannot transmit signals for growth
apoptosis of neurons
loss of sensory neurons and neurons to sweat glands

62
Q

When does pain asymbolia appear

A

at birth or during infancy

63
Q

anhydrosis

A

decreased or absense of sweating

64
Q

Signs and symptoms of pain asymbolia (8)

A 
anhydrosis
recurrent high fever
seizures from high temp
thick, leathery skin on palms
misshapen findernails/toenails
areas on scalp with no hair growth
weak muscles when young, that can become stronger with age
emotional instability
65
Q

Treatment for pain asymbolia (4)

A

no cure
management of symptoms
prevention of injury
occupational therapy

66
Q

6 muscles of the eye

A

Superior/inferior rectus
lateral/medial rectus
suberior/inferior oblique

67
Q

Layers of the eye outside to in

A

Sclera
choroid
retina

68
Q

The choroid is coated in this

A

melanin to prevent after images

69
Q

Rods are responsible for this

A

dark vs light

70
Q

cones are responsible for this

A

detail and color vision

71
Q

This part of the eye is an extension of the brain

A

retina

72
Q

this part of the eye contains all of the rods and cones

A

retina

73
Q

What is the back portion of the eye by the optic nerve called

A

optic disk

74
Q

There is no vision or blind spot here

A

optic disk

75
Q

Layers of the eye through which light passes (out to in)

A

cornea
pupil
lens
retina

76
Q

colored portion of the eye

A

iris

77
Q

this is in the middle of the iris

A

pupil

78
Q

What helps us focus, and what is it made of

A

lens

protein

79
Q

These attach the lens to the ciliary body

A

zonular fibers

80
Q

What are the two chambers of the eye, relative to this structure

A 
anterior chamber (infront)
posterior chamber (behind)
iris
81
Q

This is in the anterior cavity and maintains the shape of the cornea

A

aqueous humor

82
Q

This is the name of the fluid behind the lens, and has this physical property

A

vitreous humor

gel like to maintain shape behind the lens

83
Q

T/F: the cornea is not a type of lens

A

F, its shape defracts lights towards the midline

84
Q

If the object is close the lens tends to be

A

thicker

85
Q

if the object is far the lens tends to be

A

flatter

86
Q

accomadation is this process

A

the process by which we regulate the thickness of the lens

87
Q

This ciliary muscle is this type of muscle

A

sphincter

88
Q

The ciliary muscle is reponsablie for this

A

adjusting the conformation of the lens

89
Q

Relaxation of the ciliary muscle does this to the lens

A

flattens

90
Q

constrictuion of the ciliary muscle does this

A

makes the lens fatter

91
Q

T/F:Looking at close objects far away fatigues the eye

A

F, close objects fatigue the eye

92
Q

This is typically concidered far away for vision

A

15ft

93
Q

The areas of greatest visual acuity occur at these 2 locations. These receptors are most present here

A

fovea centralis
macula lutea
cones

94
Q

The iris does this

A

limits the amount of light that enters the eye

95
Q

The iris is composed of these two types of muscles

A

radially and circulalry arranged smooth muscle fibers

96
Q

Contraction of the radial muscles of the iris does this

A

opens (diolates) iris to allow more light in

97
Q

circular muscles contracting int he iris do this

A

shrink the pupil allowing less light inot the eye

98
Q

This nerve will constrict the radial muscles of the eye

A

postganglionic sympathetic axon from the superior cervical ganglion

99
Q

this nerve will constrict the circular muscles of the eye

A

postganglionic parasympathetic axon from the oculomotor nerve

100
Q

This happens to the image as it passes through the strucutres of the eye

A

its is flipped upside down, and left to right

101
Q

Emmetropia =

A

normal vision

rays focus on retina

102
Q

Myopia =

A

nearsightedness
eye is to large
rays focus infront of the retina

103
Q

What corrects myopia

A

concave lens

104
Q

Hyperopia =

A

farsightedness
eye is to small
rays focus behind retina

105
Q

What corrects hyperopia

A

convex lens

106
Q

Astigmatism =

A

cornea is unevenly curved

rays do not focus

107
Q

This causes patches of vision in focus and out of focus

A

astigmatism

108
Q

What corrects astigmatism

A

uneven lens

109
Q

This is used to discribe the direction in which the correction should be made for astigmatism

A

cylinder

110
Q

Rods are most dense here

A

in the edges of the retina

111
Q

cones are most dense here

A

fovea centralis

112
Q

The cylinder discribes distortions in astigmatism at these points

A

distinct angles from the center of vision

113
Q

cones use this to transmit detail

A

temporal summation

114
Q

temporal summation requires this (eye)

A

higher light intensity

115
Q

Rods use this to transmit signals

A

spatial summation

116
Q

spatial summation requires this (eye)

A

lower light intensity

117
Q

amacrine cells appear here

A

between bi-polar and ganglion cells

118
Q

horizontal cells appear here

A

between photoreceptor and bi-polar cells

119
Q

Amacrine and horizontal cells do this

A

modify synapses to enhance contrast associated with vison

120
Q

Fibers of the optic nerve are formed by this

A

axons of ganglion cells

121
Q

On this visible light spectrum red is here

A

700

122
Q

on the viable light spectrum violet is here

A

400

123
Q

ROYGBIV =

A 
red
orange
yellow
green
blue
indigo
violet
124
Q

Three types of cones

A

S (blue) cone
M (green) cone
L (red) cone

125
Q

missing one of these types of cones is a condtion called

A

color blind

126
Q

This test, tests for color blindness

A

ishihara test

127
Q

The negative image test shows us this about photoreceptors

A

they adapt to stimuli

shows us the chemistry of rods and cones

128
Q

These are the color compensations for a negative image test (3)

A

black -> white
Red -> green
blue -> yellow

129
Q

This allows us to create impulses

A

photo-pigments

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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