Postlab quiz 5 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What is a neuron refered to as (video)
A
multipolar neuron (normal)
2
Q
What is used in the video to dtermine resting membrane potential
A
electrode attached to voltmeter
3
Q
What instrument did we use in lab
A
ocilloscope
4
Q
depolarization =
A
stimulation
5
Q
hyper polarization =
A
inhibition
6
Q
RMP in podcast
A
-65 to -95mV
7
Q
What is distrurbed when stimulus takes place
A
RMP
8
Q
Na+ channels: The channel is closed at this point
A
RMP
9
Q
Na+ channels: The channel is opened by this
A
depolarization (AP)
10
Q
Na+ channels: the channel is inativiated during this period
A
refractory period (absolute)
11
Q
Na+ channels: How is the channel inactivated
A
opening blocked by protein
12
Q
Na+ channels: These are this type of channel
A
voltage gated
13
Q
What opens voltage gated channels
A
ambient voltage
14
Q
when is threshold
A
-50 mV
15
Q
What is the top of the spike in the podcast
A
+30Mv
16
Q
What resets RMP
A
Na/K pumps
17
Q
milliseconds per AP
A
4 mS
18
Q
AP frequency is determined by
A
strength of stimulus
19
Q
Strong stimuli are felt more strongly because of this
A
the rate/frequency of the AP
20
Q
During an absolute RP this occurs
A
inactivation of Na+ channels
21
Q
During a relative Rp this occurs
A
hyperpolarizaition due to efflux of K+
22
Q
This is needed to generate a AP during relative RP
A
greater than normal strength of stimulus
23
Q
These types of neurons are mylinated
A
motor
sensory
24
Q
rate of impulse conduction mylinated vs unmylinated
A
300 m/s to 1 m/s
25
Spatial summation:
occurs when excitatory potentials from many different presynaptic neurons cause the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire.
26
Temporal summation:
occurs when a single presynaptic neuron fires many times in succession, causing the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire.
27
unidirectional propagation
AP can only move in one way due to absolute refractory period (can move in either way to start)
28
Chronaxie time
minimum time required for electrical current that is 2x the strength of the rheobase to stimulate neuron
29
What does chronaxie time measure
excitability
30
rheobase voltage
lowest intensity which just stimulated nerves
31
Axis of the graph shown in lab-lec
```
Y = stimulus strength
X = time
```
32
Shape of line on the graph shown in lab-lec
exponentially flattening negative slope
33
What are the names of the two strength of stimulus lines on the graph shown in lab-lec (bottom-top)
Rheobase
| Chronaxie
34
What does temporal summation allow
allows for the post-synaptic neuron to reach threshold faster
35
chronaxie time is dependent on this
density of voltage gated Na+ channels on a cell
36
Temporal summation uses this to generate a response in the post-synaptic cell
high frequency AP that overlap and summate with each other
37
temporal summation is generated by this many neurons
1
38
spatial summation is generated by this many neurons
many
39
These are examples of excitable cells
neurons
| muscles
40
T/F: some synaptic transmissions are inhibitory
T, post-synaptic cell is hyperpolarized
| open ligand gated K+ channels
41
Two major physiologic properties of neurons
irritability
| conductivity
42
Irritability is
the ability to respond to stimuli and conver them into nerve impulses
43
conductivity is
the ability to transmit an impulse
44
This establishes RMP
Na+/K+ pumps
45
These are the main cause of the negative charge inside of the cell
intracellular proteins
46
The AP follows this law
All-or-none law
47
For this lab we would have used these two tools
electronic stimulator
| oscilloscope
48
The action potential on the screen reflects this
the action potentials of many neurons in the nerve bundle
49
T/F: all of the neurons are always stimulated if an action potential is generated
F
50
How does mechanical stimulation create an action potential
pressure opens Na+ channels which begins depolarization of the cell
51
How does thermal stimulation create an action potential
Increases kinetic energy in ions allowing for faster diffusion
52
how does added NaCl stimulate a action potential
increases the concentration gradient of Na+ outside the cell leading to faster diffusion
53
How does HCl stimulate an action potential
Acid denatures the channel proteins
54
How does ether effect nerve transmission
Its a paralyzer that blocks acetylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic neuron/cell
55
How does curare effect nerve transmission
blocks acetylcholine receptors on the post-synaptic neuron/cell
56
What two aspects of the nerve effect conduction velocity
diameter
| myelination
57
What is pain asymbolia
congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrosis (CPA)
58
What does pain asymbolia cause (3)
inability to feel pain and temperature
accidental self-injury leading to spontaneous amputation
heal slowly from skin/bone injuries
59
What are some examples of spontaneous amputation
biting tongue, lips, and fingers
60
What causes pain asympolia
autosomal recessive gene mutation
61
The autosomal recessive gene muation in pain asymbolia leads to this (3)
receptory or sensory neurons cannot transmit signals for growth
apoptosis of neurons
loss of sensory neurons and neurons to sweat glands
62
When does pain asymbolia appear
at birth or during infancy
63
anhydrosis
decreased or absense of sweating
64
Signs and symptoms of pain asymbolia (8)
```
anhydrosis
recurrent high fever
seizures from high temp
thick, leathery skin on palms
misshapen findernails/toenails
areas on scalp with no hair growth
weak muscles when young, that can become stronger with age
emotional instability
```
65
Treatment for pain asymbolia (4)
no cure
management of symptoms
prevention of injury
occupational therapy
66
6 muscles of the eye
Superior/inferior rectus
lateral/medial rectus
suberior/inferior oblique
67
Layers of the eye outside to in
Sclera
choroid
retina
68
The choroid is coated in this
melanin to prevent after images
69
Rods are responsible for this
dark vs light
70
cones are responsible for this
detail and color vision
71
This part of the eye is an extension of the brain
retina
72
this part of the eye contains all of the rods and cones
retina
73
What is the back portion of the eye by the optic nerve called
optic disk
74
There is no vision or blind spot here
optic disk
75
Layers of the eye through which light passes (out to in)
cornea
pupil
lens
retina
76
colored portion of the eye
iris
77
this is in the middle of the iris
pupil
78
What helps us focus, and what is it made of
lens
| protein
79
These attach the lens to the ciliary body
zonular fibers
80
What are the two chambers of the eye, relative to this structure
```
anterior chamber (infront)
posterior chamber (behind)
iris
```
81
This is in the anterior cavity and maintains the shape of the cornea
aqueous humor
82
This is the name of the fluid behind the lens, and has this physical property
vitreous humor
| gel like to maintain shape behind the lens
83
T/F: the cornea is not a type of lens
F, its shape defracts lights towards the midline
84
If the object is close the lens tends to be
thicker
85
if the object is far the lens tends to be
flatter
86
accomadation is this process
the process by which we regulate the thickness of the lens
87
This ciliary muscle is this type of muscle
sphincter
88
The ciliary muscle is reponsablie for this
adjusting the conformation of the lens
89
Relaxation of the ciliary muscle does this to the lens
flattens
90
constrictuion of the ciliary muscle does this
makes the lens fatter
91
T/F:Looking at close objects far away fatigues the eye
F, close objects fatigue the eye
92
This is typically concidered far away for vision
15ft
93
The areas of greatest visual acuity occur at these 2 locations. These receptors are most present here
fovea centralis
macula lutea
cones
94
The iris does this
limits the amount of light that enters the eye
95
The iris is composed of these two types of muscles
radially and circulalry arranged smooth muscle fibers
96
Contraction of the radial muscles of the iris does this
opens (diolates) iris to allow more light in
97
circular muscles contracting int he iris do this
shrink the pupil allowing less light inot the eye
98
This nerve will constrict the radial muscles of the eye
postganglionic sympathetic axon from the superior cervical ganglion
99
this nerve will constrict the circular muscles of the eye
postganglionic parasympathetic axon from the oculomotor nerve
100
This happens to the image as it passes through the strucutres of the eye
its is flipped upside down, and left to right
101
Emmetropia =
normal vision
| rays focus on retina
102
Myopia =
nearsightedness
eye is to large
rays focus infront of the retina
103
What corrects myopia
concave lens
104
Hyperopia =
farsightedness
eye is to small
rays focus behind retina
105
What corrects hyperopia
convex lens
106
Astigmatism =
cornea is unevenly curved
| rays do not focus
107
This causes patches of vision in focus and out of focus
astigmatism
108
What corrects astigmatism
uneven lens
109
This is used to discribe the direction in which the correction should be made for astigmatism
cylinder
110
Rods are most dense here
in the edges of the retina
111
cones are most dense here
fovea centralis
112
The cylinder discribes distortions in astigmatism at these points
distinct angles from the center of vision
113
cones use this to transmit detail
temporal summation
114
temporal summation requires this (eye)
higher light intensity
115
Rods use this to transmit signals
spatial summation
116
spatial summation requires this (eye)
lower light intensity
117
amacrine cells appear here
between bi-polar and ganglion cells
118
horizontal cells appear here
between photoreceptor and bi-polar cells
119
Amacrine and horizontal cells do this
modify synapses to enhance contrast associated with vison
120
Fibers of the optic nerve are formed by this
axons of ganglion cells
121
On this visible light spectrum red is here
700
122
on the viable light spectrum violet is here
400
123
ROYGBIV =
```
red
orange
yellow
green
blue
indigo
violet
```
124
Three types of cones
S (blue) cone
M (green) cone
L (red) cone
125
missing one of these types of cones is a condtion called
color blind
126
This test, tests for color blindness
ishihara test
127
The negative image test shows us this about photoreceptors
they adapt to stimuli
| shows us the chemistry of rods and cones
128
These are the color compensations for a negative image test (3)
black -> white
Red -> green
blue -> yellow
129
This allows us to create impulses
photo-pigments
