Postlab quiz 7 Flashcards
Primary sex organs: male, females
testes
ovaries
Sperm and ovum are these types of cells and are denoted in this manor
gamates, haploid(n)
Fertilization results in this
zygot
Sex chromosomes: male, female
XY
XX
The zygot grows through
mitosis
These develop in early male embryo
seminiferous tubules
intersitial cells
Indifferent gonads are found at this stage
early embryonic
This determines if indifferent gonads will form testes or ovaries, and results from this
TDF, testes determining factory.
SRY gene on Y chromosome
When do the ovaries develop in the embryo
follicles do not develop until third trimester
Testes produce these two things
testosterone
Mullerian inhibition factor (MIF)
MIF degenerates this
Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct
The paramesonephric (mullerian) duct becomes this in men, and this in woman
Degenerates in men
froms uterus and uterine tubes in females
Epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts are formed from this in the presence of this
mesonephric (wolffian) duct
estosterone
This happens to the mesonephric (wolffian) duct in females
degenerates because there is no testosterone
other embryonic structures in the presence of testosterone become these
prostate
penis
scrotum
other embryonic structures without the presence of testosterone become these
vagina
labia
clitoris
At this time an ultrasound can be used to determine the sex of an embryo/child
12-13 week
Two structures that regulate gonadal function
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
THis is released by the hypothalamust and affects this organ
gonadaltropic releasing hormone (GnRH)
anterior pituitary
THis is released by the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH
Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
FSH stands for
folical stimulating hormone
LH stands for
Leutinizing hormone
T/F: FSH and LH are found in only females
F, found in both males and females
Gonadotropins act on this
gonads
What are the sex steroids
testosterone
estrogen
In the presence of gonadotropins the gonads release/produce this
sex steroids
inhibin
gamets
Sex steroids have this type of affect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
negative
primary sex organ in the male
testis
testes produce this
sperm
maturation of the sperm takes place in this structure
epididymis
the ampulla, seminal vesicle and prostate form this
ejaculatory duct
Important glands in the male reproductive tract
seminal vesicle
prostate
bulbourethral gland
The external urethral orifice is associated with this part of the penis
glans penis
Hormonally the imporant part of the male reproductive tract is his
testes
Testes contain this important structures
seminferous tubules
intersitital (leydig) cells
sperm is produced in this structure
seminiferous tubles
injected testosterone does this
negatively effects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary causing FSH and LH to stop being released
shrinks testes
Process of producing sperm is known as
spermatogenesis
Steps of sperm production in the testes
some spermatogonia undergo mitosis
other spermatogonia undergo meiosis and form primary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocyes undergo meiosis and from secondary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and form spermatids
Spermatids mature into spermatezoa
The maturation from spermatids to spermatezoa is know as
spermiogenesis
Primary female sex organ
ovary
Important female reproductive structures
vagina
uterus
overy
uterine tubes
Eggs are release from the overies into this structure
uterine tube towards the uterus
Fertilization takes place here
uterine tube
The zygote develops here
uterus
How long is the egg viable after ovulation
24 hours
Sperm can live this long
36-48 hours within the female reproductive tract
Layers of the uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
perimetrium tissue type and function
connective tissuesite of attachement to peritoneal cavity
myometrium tissue type and function
smooth musclecontractions during labor to assist in delivery of fetus
endometrium tissue type and function
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium; two layers stratum basale and stratum functionale
stratum functionale grows and sheds cyclically. site for implantation of zygote
Female has a limited number of these, that run out at about this time
oogonium
50 years old
Process of oogonium becoming a oocyte
oogonium becomes a primary oocyte
primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to from a polar body (degenerates) and a secondary oocyte
The secondary oocyte only becomes an ovum if this occurs
fertilization
Organ responsible for the formation of the ovum is know as
the follicle
This happens during each menstrual cycle to the follicle
8-10 grow in each overy
This many follicles will ovulate each menstral cycle
1
This hormone stimulates follicles to grow
FSH
When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle (days after the onset of bleeding)
day foeteen
Changes in the overy are mimicked by this
changes in the uterus (thickening in the stratum functionale)
This day is when implantation in the uterus will general take place
day 20
Endometriosis is
when the epithelial tissue is not shed from the vagina, but passes back into the uterine tube and back into the abdominal pelvic cavity then some endometral tissue may attach
Birth control: pill
some contain two hormones: estrogen and progestin called comination pills
some are progestin only pill.
most common type of pill
combination
Birth control: patch
Same hormones as in the pill
estrogen
progestin
Birth control: depo provera
long acting progestin from of birth control that is injected into the muscle every 11 weeks
Birth control: nuva ring
Over the course of 3 weeks NuvaRing releases a continuous low dose of estrogen and progestin.
Hormone release is activated when contact with the vagina occurs
What is PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
PID is and infection of this
female reproductive organs
T/F, and explain: PID is linked to sexually transmitted diseases
T, one of the most serious complications of STDs in women
PID leads to this (think anatomy)
irreversible damage to uterus, overies, fallopian tubes, and other parts of the female repro. system
This is the primary preventable cause of infertility in women
PID
PID: normally the cervix prevents this
bacteria that enter the vagina from spreading to internal repro organs
PID: this occurs if the cervix is exposed to STD
the cervix becomes infected and less able to prevent spread of organisms to internal organs
PID occurs when this happens
disease causing organisms travel from cervix to upper genital tract
These cause 90% of PID cases
untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia
The remaining 10% of PID cases are caused by (3)
abortion
childbirth
pelvic procedures
Signs and symptoms of PID (7)
Dull pain and or tenderness in stomach or lower abdominal area
pain in right upper abdomen
abnormal vaginal discharge that’s yellow or green in color or has unusual odor
painful urination
chills or high fever
nausea and vomiting
pain during intercourse
Treaments for PID (3)
Antibiotics
Sexual partners may be treated
surgery needed to remove abscesses to prevent rupture
PID: if abscesses are on the uterus or overies this may be required
hysterectomy
oophorectomy
PID: If not treated can lead to (4)
scar tissue
ectopic pregnancy
infertility
long-term pelvic pain
PID: this many women experience an episode each year
> 1 million
This many women with PID will become infertile
1 in 8
Best way to prevent PID
Barrier methods of contraception
T/F: PID is completely preventable
T
The #1 cause of PID is
untreated STDs
Know the ovarian cycle, graphs and what occurs
See handout
The seminiferous tubules are made of these two cell types
sertoli cells
leydig cells
These are formed in the sertoli cells through this process
spermatids
spermatogenesis
Path way of sperm from creation to ejaculation (SEVEN UP)
Semineferous tubules epdidymus vas deferns ejaculatory duct Nothing for N Urethra Penis
This occurs in the epididymus
sperm maturation and storage
process of spermaturation in the epididymus
spermiogenisis
Name of mature sperm cells
spermatozoan
Ejaculatory duct is responsible for this
semen formation
The urethra is for this purpose
tube for sperm
urine pathway
The penis is associated with this structure
glans penis
Whats up with the bulbourethral gland
produces a clear viscous liquid that clears out the urethra
The seminal vesicals produce this
fructose for sperm energy
Whats the purpose of the prostate
produces alkalyne fluid that protects sperm as it moves through the various repro tracts
Estrus
means frenzy
time in rat’s repro cycle when she is receptive to sexual copulation
animal is “in heat”
proestrus
this is a period of increasing levels of follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Vaginal smears contain mainly these during proestrus
nucleated epithelial cells
in the rat proestrus lasts this long
8-12 hours
During estrus high levels for estrogen do this
stimulate mitosis of cells in the uterus and vagina
Vaginal smears contain mainly these during estrus
cornified cells
in the rat estrus lasts this long
9-15 hours
Metestrus
LH and luteotropic hormone (LTH) promote the formation of the corpus luteum
progesterone and estrogens increase
vaginal smears contain this during metestrus
leukocytes and some cornified cells
Diestrus
Longest stage, (lasts 60-70 hours)
corpus luteum regresses and the uterus is small and poorly vascularized
levels of gonado tropic and sexual hormones are at low levels
Vaginal smears contain this during diestrus
mainly leukocytes
Order of the estrus cycle
proesturs
estrus
metestrus
diestrus
Pregnancy tests are based on the detection of this hormone
chorionic gonadotropin
When is chorionic gonadotropin produced
early pregnancy
This increases sharply as the placenta develops and reachs a peak level approximately eight weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period
human chorionic gonadotropin
Two classes of pregnancy tests
biological
immunological
biological pregnancy tests depend on this
the effect of chorionic gonadotropin from the woman being tested
The ascheim-zondek test is based on this
the fact that human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates immature ovaries to cause ovulation and secrete hormones that stimulate uterine growth
The animal becomes immune to the chorionic gonadotropin by producing antichorinoic gonadotropin these
antibodies
The blood serum of the injected animal will contain these antibodies which are, therefore called this
antiserum
Study the shit ton of paperwork we got in lab
yeah….
What is the pathway after the following hormone is released from the hypothalamus: (Thyroid releasing hormone, TRH)
anterior pituitary
(thyroid stimulation hormone, TSH)
Thyroid
(Thyroid hormones, T3 + T4)
What is the pathway after the following hormone is released from the hypothalamus: (cortico releasing hormone, CRH)
anterior pituitary
(atrenocortotropin hormone, ACTH)
adrenal cortex
(cortisol)
What is the pathway after the following hormone is released from the hypothalamus: (gonadotropin releasing hormone, GnRH)
anterior pituitary (follical stimulating hormone, FSH) (lutenizing hormone, LH) testes/overies (testosterone/estrogen)
Digestion involves this
breaking down food products so they can be absorbed by the body and be utilized to build and repair our own body systems
The digestive system consists of this tube
alumentary canal
The alumentray canal begins here and ends here
mouth
anus
T/F: the contents of the alumentary canal is considered inside the body
F
Three salivary glands
parotid gland
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
This is the largest organ in the body and is considered a gland
liver
Two functions of the pancreas
exocrine
endocrine
The exocrine function of the pancreas is associated with this
digestion
The endocrine function of the pancrease is associated with this
regulation of blood sugar levels
Abdominal glands of the digestive tract
liver
pancreas
The role of the oral cavity
use teeth, tongue, and salvary secretions to masticate food, and prepare it for swallowing
Pathway of swallowed food
Pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestin anus
most digestive activity takes place here
small intestine
This prepares the food/wastes for defecation
large intestine
Enzymes in the digestive tract do this
assist in all the reactions that reduce molecues to the smallest size so they can be absorbed
Enzymes are this type of molecule
protein
The active sites on an enzyme have this
specificity
Formula associated with enzyme slide
A+B (reactant substrates)
—>(enzyme)—->
C+D (products)
T/F: Enzymes have a specific optimal temperature
T, a certain temperature will be the best for enzyme activity (remember slide)
These have an effect on enzyme activity
Temperature
pH
Pepsin is formed here and has this optimal pH
stomach
2 (acidic)
salivary amylase is formed here and has this optimal pH
oral cavity
7 (neutral)
trypsin is formed here and has this optimal pH
small intestine
9 (basic)
T/F: Enzymes only work in one pH environment
F
Explain reaction rate vs substrate concentration when an enzyme is present
Reaction rate increases slowly until a saturation point which becomes the maximum rate of reaction given a set number of enzymes
Gentle uphill slope that flattens out.
Structures in the digestive canal speed digestion by doing this
increasing surface area
Structures of the small intestine that increase surface area
Plicae circularis
villi
microvilli
In the stomach this increases surface area
gastric rugae
The villi of the small intestine are covered in this
brush boarder
Enzymes are imbedded here in the small intestine
Microvilli
Peristalsis does this
Through coordinated muscle movements or peristaltic waves, food is moved through the alumentary canal
Peristaltic waves consists of contractions of these types of muscles
circular
This is moved by peristaltic waves
bolus
Food is moved before, or after the peristaltic wave
before, or in front of
Three enzymes we will look at in lab
amylase
pepsinogen (pepsin)
lipase
Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Amylase
Pancrease, salivary glands
startch
6.7-7.0
maltose and short chain glucose molecules
Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Pepsinogen (pepsin)
chief cells
protein
1.6-2.4
shorter polypeptides
Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Lipase
pancreas
triglycerides
8.0
fatty acids and monoglycerides
Maltose is this type of molecule
two-chain sugar
The gastric gland of the stomach consists of these parts (bottom to top)
Chief cell
parietal cell
mucous cell
Two layers of the stomach
mucosa
submucosa
Parietal cells secrete this
HCl
intrinsic factor
This occurs if the mucous layer of the stomach is compromised
ulcer formation
This is the only critical secretion of the stomach, and does this
intrinsic factor
protects Vit. B12 from being digested
Vit. B12 is responsible for this
maturation of red blood cells
Condition that occurs when B12 is not absorbed
peinecious anemia
Enzyme pathway of the stomach
pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of HCl
Pepsin interacts with ingested proteins and breaks them down into short peptides
Secretions into the small intestine come from these organs
liver
pancreas
Main role of the liver is this
secreting bile salts that emulsify fat
The pancreas secretes this, what does the secretion do
lipase
breaks down emulsified fat
Within the villi of the SI there are two types of vessels, what are they
Capillaries
lacteal
These are absorbed into the capillaries of the SI
simple sugars and amino acids
The lacteal is responsible for this
absorbing fats
Pathway of lymph from SI villi to main lymph system
lacteal
lymph vessel
thoracic duct
Step 1: fat digestion in the SI
emulsification of fat droplets by bile salts secreted from the liver/gallbladder through the bile duct
Step 2: fat digestion in the SI
Hydrolysis of triglycerides in emulsified fat droplets into fatty acids and monoglycerides by lipase
Step 3: fat digestion in the SI
Dissolving of fatty acids and monoglycerides into micelles to produce “mixed micelles”
Absorption of fat in the SI: pathway
Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the epithelius villi.
Reconstitution of the FA and MG into triglycerides inside the cell.
Apoprotein attaches to triglyceride to cause formation of chylomicrons.
Chylomicrons are exocytosed into the lacteal.
What protein will we be testing in lab
egg white, and the effects of pepsin on it
Genetic sex depends on this
combination of sex chromosomes
gonadal sex is determined by this
presence or absence of SRY gene
Phenotypic sex is determined by
presence or absence of masculinity hormones
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (the shot)
Stops egg from being released, thickens cervical mucus
Injected progestin shot every 3 months
99.7%
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (male condom)
physical barrier to sperm entering vagina
physically place on penis, check expiration date
98%
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (IUD)
Thickens cervical mucus so sperm can’t travel
T-shaped device inserted that secretes progestin
99.8%
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (birth control pills)
prevents release of egg so fertillization cannot occur, cervical mucus thickens
Take pill at same time every day, may be at risk if skip dose
99.7%
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (vaginal ring)
Ring inserted and releases flow of low dose hormones, stops egg release, cervical mucus thicker
once a month and left in for 3 weeks then taken out on 4th week for period and replace 7 days after last one
99.7%
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (patch)
prevent egg from releasing and thickens cervical mucus
stick patch on skin, same hormones as in pill, absorbed in skin, place on skin every three weeks, 4th week no patch for period, put new one on
99.7%
