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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 8 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion involves this

A

breaking down food products so they can be absorbed by the body and be utilized to build and repair our own body systems

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2
Q

The digestive system consists of this tube

A

alumentary canal

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3
Q

The alumentray canal begins here and ends here

A

mouth

anus

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4
Q

T/F: the contents of the alumentary canal is considered inside the body

A

F

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5
Q

Three salivary glands

A

parotid gland
sublingual gland
submandibular gland

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6
Q

This is the largest organ in the body and is considered a gland

A

liver

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7
Q

Two functions of the pancreas

A

exocrine

endocrine

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8
Q

The exocrine function of the pancreas is associated with this

A

digestion

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9
Q

The endocrine function of the pancrease is associated with this

A

regulation of blood sugar levels

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10
Q

Abdominal glands of the digestive tract

A

liver

pancreas

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11
Q

The role of the oral cavity

A

use teeth, tongue, and salvary secretions to masticate food, and prepare it for swallowing

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12
Q

Pathway of swallowed food

A 
Pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestin
anus
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13
Q

most digestive activity takes place here

A

small intestine

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14
Q

This prepares the food/wastes for defecation

A

large intestine

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15
Q

Enzymes in the digestive tract do this

A

assist in all the reactions that reduce molecues to the smallest size so they can be absorbed

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16
Q

Enzymes are this type of molecule

A

protein

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17
Q

The active sites on an enzyme have this

A

specificity

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18
Q

Formula associated with enzyme slide

A

A+B (reactant substrates)—>(enzyme)—->C+D (products)

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19
Q

T/F: Enzymes have a specific optimal temperature

A

T, a certain temperature will be the best for enzyme activity (remember slide)

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20
Q

These have an effect on enzyme activity

A

Temperature
pH
substrate concentration

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21
Q

Pepsin is formed here and has this optimal pH

A

stomach

2 (acidic)

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22
Q

salivary amylase is formed here and has this optimal pH

A

oral cavity

7 (neutral)

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23
Q

trypsin is formed here and has this optimal pH

A

small intestine

9 (basic)

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24
Q

T/F: Enzymes only work in one pH environment

A

F

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25
Q

Explain reaction rate vs substrate concentration when an enzyme is present

A

Reaction rate increases slowly until a saturation point which becomes the maximum rate of reaction given a set number of enzymes
Gentle uphill slope that flattens out.

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26
Q

Structures in the digestive canal speed digestion by doing this

A

increasing surface area

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27
Q

Structures of the small intestine that increase surface area

A

Plicae circularis
villi
microvilli

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28
Q

In the stomach this increases surface area

A

gastric rugae

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29
Q

The villi of the small intestine are covered in this

A

brush boarder

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30
Q

Enzymes are imbedded here in the small intestine

A

Microvilli

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31
Q

Peristalsis does this

A

Through coordinated muscle movements or peristaltic waves, food is moved through the alumentary canal

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32
Q

Peristaltic waves consists of contractions of these types of muscles

A

circular

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33
Q

This is moved by peristaltic waves

A

bolus

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34
Q

Food is moved before, or after the peristaltic wave

A

before, or in front of

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35
Q

Three enzymes we will look at in lab

A

amylase
pepsinogen (pepsin)
lipase

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36
Q

Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Amylase (ptyalin)

A

Pancrease,
salivary glands
startch
6.8 maltose and dextrin

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37
Q

Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Pepsinogen (pepsin)

A

chief cells
protein
1.6-2.4
shorter polypeptides

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38
Q

Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Lipase

A

pancreas
triglycerides
8.0
fatty acids and monoglycerides

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39
Q

Maltose is this type of molecule

A

two-chain sugar

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40
Q

The gastric gland of the stomach consists of these parts (bottom to top)

A

Chief cell
parietal cell
mucous cell

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41
Q

Two layers of the stomach

A

mucosa

submucosa

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42
Q

Parietal cells secrete this

A

HCl

intrinsic factor

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43
Q

This occurs if the mucous layer of the stomach is compromised

A

ulcer formation

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44
Q

This is the only critical secretion of the stomach, and does this

A

intrinsic factor

protects Vit. B12 from being digested

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45
Q

Vit. B12 is responsible for this

A

maturation of red blood cells

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46
Q

Condition that occurs when B12 is not absorbed

A

peinecious anemia

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47
Q

Enzyme pathway of the stomach

A

pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of HCl

Pepsin interacts with ingested proteins and breaks them down into short peptides

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48
Q

Secretions into the small intestine come from these organs

A

liver

pancreas

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49
Q

Main role of the liver is this

A

secreting bile salts that emulsify fat

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50
Q

The pancreas secretes these, what do the various secretions do

A

Pancreatic lipase, breaks down emulsified fat
Pancreatic colipase, assits in breakdown of fat
Trypsin, breaks down protein
Pancreatic amylase, breaks down starch to glucose
sodium bicarbonate, raises pH to about 7.8

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51
Q

Within the villi of the SI there are two types of vessels, what are they

A

Capillaries

lacteal

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52
Q

These are absorbed into the capillaries of the SI

A

simple sugars and amino acids

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53
Q

The lacteal is responsible for this

A

absorbing fats

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54
Q

Pathway of lymph from SI villi to main lymph system

A

lacteal
lymph vessel
thoracic duct

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55
Q

Step 1: fat digestion in the SI

A

emulsification of fat droplets by bile salts secreted from the liver/gallbladder through the bile duct

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56
Q

Step 2: fat digestion in the SI

A

Hydrolysis of triglycerides in emulsified fat droplets into fatty acids and monoglycerides by lipase

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57
Q

Step 3: fat digestion in the SI

A

Dissolving of fatty acids and monoglycerides into micelles to produce “mixed micelles”

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58
Q

Absorption of fat in the SI: pathway

A

Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the epithelius villi.
Reconstitution of the FA and MG into triglycerides inside the cell.
Apoprotein attaches to triglyceride to cause formation of chylomicrons.
Chylomicrons are exocytosed into the lacteal.

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59
Q

What protein will we be testing in lab

A

egg white, and the effects of pepsin on it

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60
Q

Another name for Amylase

A

ptyalin

61
Q

Two types of coordinated muscle contractions in the GI tract

A

peristalsis

segmentation

62
Q

The movement of digested materials across the mucosa of the digestive tract into the blood-stream occurs through this

A

absorption

63
Q

What tests did we use to examine amylase (ptyalin) digestion on starch

A

Benedict’s test

Lugol’s (iodine) solution

64
Q

Benedict’s test, tests for this

A

maltose formation

65
Q

Lugol’s (iodine) solution tests for this

A

starch

66
Q

What is used to test for the presence of musin in saliva

A

When mixed with a 1% acetic acid solution a precipitate will form indication the presence of music

67
Q

what type of molecule is mucin

A

glycoprotein

68
Q

List the rating system for lugol’s solution, and what is it testing for

A

presence of starch (lack of breakdown)
Reddish brown (less amount of starch) to dark purple (no starch digestion)
(+++), (++), (+), (-)
Most to least digestion

69
Q

List the rating system for Benedict’s test, and what is it testing for

A 
presence of maltose (breakdown of starch)
(+++) = red
(++) = orange-yellow
(+) = green
(-) = blue
Red = most starch converted to maltose
Blue = maltose has not been found
70
Q

Function of HCl in the stomach

A

activates pepsin
produces stomach pH of about 2
denaturation of proteins

71
Q

Infection of this or overuse of these can lead to peptic ulcers

A

helicobacter pylori

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

72
Q

Grading scale for protein diegestion

A

(+++) = most digestion

++), (+), (-

73
Q

Why is pancreatic lipase ineffective by itself

A

it is a water soluble enzyme trying to act on large lipid droplets

74
Q

What helps pancreatic lipase breakdown lipids

A

bile salts

75
Q

Bile salts are this type of molecule

A

amphipathic

76
Q

This is needed to displace the bile salts to allow lipase activity within the bile salt coating

A

pancreatic colipase

77
Q

This is produced when dairy fat is digested

A

butyric acid

78
Q

Butyric acid is most easily recognized by this

A

rancid odor

79
Q

Fat digestion produces this

A

acid

80
Q

This color will show if digestion of fat takes place

A

pink

81
Q

this color will show if no fat digestion takes place

A

blue

82
Q

Trypsin does this and is found here

A

small intestine

breaks-down protein into shorter polypeptides

83
Q

Enzyme definition

A

biological catalyst, not changed during use

Active site has substrate specificity

84
Q

Review graphs/diagrams from class

A

…

85
Q

Lipids go from this to these in the presence of lypase

A

triglycerides

2 Fatty acids, 1 monoglyceride

86
Q

What is lactose intolerance

A

deficiency in the enzyme lactase which is responsible for the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose

87
Q

This happens to lactose in the GI tract of someone who is lactose intolerant

A

lactose cannot be absorbed as a disaccharide and will remain undigested and unabsorbed through the digestive tract

88
Q

Lactase deficiency generally develops in one of these three ways

A

Primary
secondary
congenital

89
Q

Lactase deficiency: primary

A

normal decline in lactase production that comes with age

90
Q

Lactase deficiency: secondary

A

result of injury or illness, for example:
crohn’s disease
celiac disease
or after surgery

91
Q

Lactase deficiency: congenital

A

the most rare form, infants can be born with a complete lack of lactase

92
Q

This can effect the sevarity of the symptoms of lactose intolerance

A

how much lactase the body makes

93
Q

Signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance

A

Bloating
pain or cramps in the lower belly
gurgling or rumbling sounds in the lower belly
gas
loose stools or diarrhea (sometimes foamy)
throwing up

94
Q

Symptoms usually begin within this time frame after eating this

A

30 min - 2 hours

eating or drinking milk or milk products

95
Q

Treatment for lactose intolerance

A

no cure
controling symptoms is up to the individual
Limit dairy consumption
eat/drink dairy with other foods
Take products that help individuals digest lactose
Supplement calcium from other sources

96
Q

product to help individuals digest lactose

A

Lactaid

97
Q

Dairy product that is generally easier to digest

A

yogurt

98
Q

Prognosis for lactose intolerance

A

Normal life if dairy intake is limited

many can also eat dairy symptom free with the use of medications/products

99
Q

Two types of metabolic reactions

A

anabolism (endergonic)

catabolism (exergonic)

100
Q

anabolism =

A

synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules
requires energy
endergonic

101
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
releases energy
exergonic

102
Q

Energy is gained form, and stored in this form

A

ATP

Adenosine triphospate

103
Q

Two types of cellular respiration

A 
anaerobic respiration (does not require oxygen)
aerobic respiration (requires oxygen)
104
Q

Another word for anaerobic respiration

A

glycolysis

105
Q

T/F: aerobic respiration is considered the primitive type of respiration

A

F, anaerobic

106
Q

Formula for glycolysis

A

glucose -> 2 pyruvic acid + electron carriers

107
Q

In aerobic respiration pyruvic acid is converted into (full pathway)

A

acetyl CoA -> citric acid + electron carriers

108
Q

Citric acid enters into this cycle

A

krebs cycle

109
Q

All electron carriers enter this chain

A

electron transport chain

110
Q

This combines with acetyl CoA to from this in the krebs cycle

A

Oxaloacetic acid

citric acid

111
Q

These are formed during the krebs cycle (energy)

A

3 NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH2

112
Q

In the electron transport chain these are pumped into this space

A

hydrogen ions

intermembrane space

113
Q

This is needed to activate the hydrogen pumps

A

electron carriers

114
Q

These are imbedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and assist in the electron transport chain

A

enzyme systems

115
Q

As electrons move from one enzyme system to the next this occurs

A

hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space

116
Q

These two things are used to produce ATP in the electron transport chain

A

High H+ concentration
ATP Synthase
(ADP + Pi = ATP)

117
Q

This much ATP is produced through aerobic respiration

A

30

118
Q

This many ATP are produce by the krebs cycle and glycolysis

A

4

119
Q

This many ATP are produce by the electron transport chain

A

26

120
Q

Acetyl CoA can be converted into this four things

A

Citric acid (krebs cycle)
fatty acids
ketone bodies
cholesterol

121
Q

Energy source preference: brain

A

glucose

122
Q

Energy source preference: skeletal muscles (resting)

A

Fatty acids

123
Q

Energy source preference: liver

A

fatty acids

124
Q

Energy source preference: Heart

A

fatty acids

125
Q

Insulin facilitates this

A

uptake of glucose into cells from the blood

126
Q

Insulin increase does this

A

reduces blood sugar levels

increases uptake of glucose into cells

127
Q

Two types of cells in the pancreatic islets

A

alpha cells

beta cells

128
Q

Beta cells produce this

A

insulin

129
Q

alpha cells produce this

A

glucagon

130
Q

Insulin surge happens at this time

A

just after eating

131
Q

Starving in terms of physiology occurs at this time

A

approx 4 hours after eating

132
Q

Glucagon surge happens at this time

A

starvation

133
Q

When blood glucose levels go down this occurs

A

alpha cells secrete more glucagon (reduced insulin secretion)
reduces cellualar uptake of glucose
increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
blood glucose levels increase

134
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen is broken down and glucose is released into the blood

135
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose

136
Q

Both insulin and glucagon have this effect on blood glucose

A

negative

137
Q

How is insulin secreted

A 
Stimulus: increase in blood glucose
GLUT2 receptor (on beta cell) allows glucose into the cell
Leads to insulin being released into the blood
138
Q

You are considered diabetic if you have a blood glucose level above this about 2 hours after eating

A

200 mg/dl

139
Q

Review blood glucose/ plasma insulin slide from the podcast

A

…

140
Q

When plasma insulin levels do not increase after a meal the person is said to have this type of diabetes

A

Type 1

141
Q

Metabolism as he relates to glucose after absorption of a meal

A

Glucose (+)
Insulin (+), glucagon (-)
Insulin/glucagon ratio (+)
anabolic formation of glycogen, fat, and protein
Blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and ketone bodies (-)

142
Q

Metabolism as it relates to glucose after fasting

A 
glucose (-)
insulin (-) glucagon (+)
insulin/glucagon ratio (-)
catabolic hydrolysis of glycogen, fat, and protein + gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis
Blood glucose, amino acids
fatty acids, and ketone bodies (+)
143
Q

Type 1 diabetes is caused by the reduction of this, is this type of disease

A

beta cells

auto-immune

144
Q

type 1 diabetes: age of onset, development of symptoms, percent of diabetic population, development of ketoacidosis, associating with obesity, beta cells of islets, insulin secretion, autoantibodies to islet cells, associated with particular MHC antigens, treatment

A 
under 20
rapid
about 10%
common
rare
destroyed
decreased
present
yes
insulin injections
145
Q

Type 2 diabetes: age of onset, development of symptoms, percent of diabetic population, development of ketoacidosis, associating with obesity, beta cells of islets, insulin secretion, autoantibodies to islet cells, associated with particular MHC antigens, treatment

A 
over 40
slow
about 90%
rare
common
not destroyed
normal or increased
absent
unclear
diet and exerciser: oral stimulators of insulin sensitivity
146
Q

Review glucose and insulin graphs towards end of post cast

A

…

147
Q

the most severe type 2 diabetics may need this

A

insulin

148
Q

What do me measure to determine the resting metabolic rate of a human (indirect)

A

O2 consumption

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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