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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 6 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is stargardt’s disease also known as

A

fundus flavimaculatus

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2
Q

Stargardt’s disease is the most common from of this

A

juvenile macular degeneration

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3
Q

Stargardt’s disease is the loss of this

A

central vision between the ages of 6 and 20

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4
Q

Stargardt’s disease starts as this

A

presence of small, yellow spots in eye

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5
Q

With stargardt’s disease vision loss begins this way then quickly does this

A

slowly

escalates

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6
Q

Causes of stargardt’s disease

A

Very strong genetic component

Mutation of the gene ABCA4 (one of 21 genes coding for the retina)

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7
Q

Stargardt’s disease: 90% of the cases are this

A

autosomal recessive

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8
Q

Stargardt’s disease: Specific cause

A

a dysfunctional protein is made which does not allow normal transport of energy from the photoreceptors centered in the macula lutea

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9
Q

Stargardt’s disease: Lipofuscin build up can result in this

A

an imbalance between formation and disposal mechanisms in the eye, and is related to the muation in the ABCA4 gene

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10
Q

Stargardt’s disease: The gene is also associated with this

A

vitamin A processing

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11
Q

Stargardt’s disease: signs and symptoms

A 
blurry/distorted vision
loss of fine focusing
difficulty recognizing familar faces
can lead to blindness
deterioration of light sensitive cells
color vision affected in late stages
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12
Q

Stargardt’s disease: children with the disease will have difficulty doing this

A

reading

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13
Q

Stargardt’s disease: treatment

A

no cure
little can slow progression
wearing sunglasses may slow progression
avoiding excessive vitamin A and Beta-carotene

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14
Q

Stargardt’s disease: excessive vitamin A and Beta-carotene do this

A

promote accumulation of lipofuscin

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15
Q

Stargardt’s disease: prognosis

A

No cure

eventually leads to blidness in most cases

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16
Q

Stargardt’s disease: affects this many Americans, and has a frequency of this in children

A

25000 Americans

1 in 10000 children

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17
Q

Primary sex organs: male, females

A

testes

ovaries

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18
Q

Sperm and ovum are these types of cells and are denoted in this manor

A

gamates, haploid

n

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19
Q

Fertilization results in this

A

zygot

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20
Q

Sex chromosomes: male, female

A

XY

XX

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21
Q

The zygot grows through

A

mitosis

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22
Q

These develop in early male embryo

A

seminiferous tubules

intersitial cells

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23
Q

Indifferent gonads are found at this stage

A

early embryonic

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24
Q

This determines if indifferent gonads will form testes or ovaries, and results from this

A

TDF, testes determining factory.

SRY gene on Y chromosome

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25
Q

When do the ovaries develop in the embryo

A

follicles do not develop until third trimester

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26
Q

Testes produce these two things

A

testosterone

Mullerian inhibition factor (MIF)

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27
Q

MIF degenerates this

A

Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

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28
Q

The paramesonephric (mullerian) duct becomes this in men, and this in woman

A

Degenerates in men

froms uterus and uterine tubes in females

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29
Q

Epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts are formed from this in the presence of this

A

mesonephric (wolffian) duct

testosterone

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30
Q

This happens to the mesonephric (wolffian) duct in females

A

degenerates because there is no testosterone

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31
Q

other embryonic structures in the presence of testosterone become these

A

prostate
penis
scrotum

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32
Q

other embryonic structures without the presence of testosterone become these

A

vagina
labia
clitoris

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33
Q

At this time an ultrasound can be used to determine the sex of an embryo/child

A

12-13 week

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34
Q

Two structures that regulate gonadal function

A

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

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35
Q

THis is released by the hypothalamust and affects this organ

A

gonadaltropic releasing hormone (GnRH)

anterior pituitary

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36
Q

THis is released by the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH

A

Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

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37
Q

FSH stands for

A

folical stimulating hormone

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38
Q

LH stands for

A

Leutinizing hormone

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39
Q

T/F: FSH and LH are found in only females

A

F, found in both males and females

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40
Q

Gonadotropins act on this

A

gonads

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41
Q

What are the sex steroids

A

testosterone

estrogen

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42
Q

In the presence of gonadotropins the gonads release/produce this

A

sex steroids
inhibin
gamets

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43
Q

Sex steroids have this type of affect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

negative

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44
Q

primary sex organ in the male

A

testis

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45
Q

testes produce this

A

sperm

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46
Q

Sperm moves from the testes to exit the penis through these structures (in order)

A 
epididymis
ductus (vas) deferens
ampulla
ejaculatory duct
urethra
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47
Q

maturation of the sperm takes place in this structure

A

epididymis

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48
Q

the ampulla, seminal vesicle and prostate form this

A

ejaculatory duct

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49
Q

Important glands in the male reproductive tract

A

seminal vesicle
prostate
bulbourethral gland

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50
Q

The external urethral orifice is associated with this part of the penis

A

glans penis

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51
Q

Hormonally the imporant part of the male reproductive tract is his

A

testes

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52
Q

Testes contain this important structures

A

seminferous tubules

intersitital (leydig) cells

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53
Q

sperm is produced in this structure

A

seminiferous tubles

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54
Q

injected testosterone does this

A

negatively effects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary causing FSH and LH to stop being released
shrinks testes

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55
Q

Process of producing sperm is known as

A

spermatogenesis

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56
Q

Steps of sperm production in the testes

A

some spermatogonia undergo mitosis
other spermatogonia undergo meiosis and form primary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocyes undergo meiosis and from secondary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and form spermatids
Spermatids mature into spermatezoa

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57
Q

The maturation from spermatids to spermatezoa is know as

A

spermiogenesis

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58
Q

Primary female sex organ

A

ovary

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59
Q

Important female reproductive structures

A

vagina
uterus
overy
uterine tubes

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60
Q

Eggs are release from the overies into this structure

A

uterine tube towards the uterus

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61
Q

Fertilization takes place here

A

uterine tube

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62
Q

The zygote develops here

A

uterus

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63
Q

How long is the egg viable after ovulation

A

24 hours

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64
Q

Sperm can live this long

A

36-48 hours within the female reproductive tract

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65
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

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66
Q

perimetrium tissue type and function

A

connective tissue

site of attachement to peritoneal cavity

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67
Q

myometrium tissue type and function

A

smooth muscle

contractions during labor to assist in delivery of fetus

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68
Q

endometrium tissue type and function

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium; two layers stratum basale and stratum functionale
stratum functionale grows and sheds cyclically. site for implantation of zygote

69
Q

Female has a limited number of these, that run out at about this time

A

oogonium

50 years old

70
Q

Process of oogonium becoming a oocyte

A

oogonium becomes a primary oocyte

primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to from a polar body (degenerates) and a secondary oocyte

71
Q

The secondary oocyte only becomes an ovum if this occurs

A

fertilization

72
Q

Organ responsible for the formation of the ovum is know as

A

the follicle

73
Q

This happens during each menstrual cycle to the follicle

A

8-10 grow in each overy

74
Q

This many follicles will ovulate each menstral cycle

A

1

75
Q

This hormone stimulates follicles to grow

A

FSH

76
Q

When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle (days after the onset of bleeding)

A

day foeteen

77
Q

Changes in the overy are mimicked by this

A

changes in the uterus (thickening in the stratum functionale)

78
Q

This day is when implantation in the uterus will general take place

A

day 20

79
Q

Endometriosis is

A

when the epithelial tissue is not shed from the vagina, but passes back into the uterine tube and back into the abdominal pelvic cavity then some endometral tissue may attach

80
Q

Birth control: pill

A

some contain two hormones: estrogen and progestin called comination pills
some are progestin only pill.

81
Q

most common type of pill

A

combination

82
Q

Birth control: patch

A

Same hormones as in the pill
estrogen
progestin

83
Q

Birth control: depo provera

A

long acting progestin from of birth control that is injected into the muscle every 11 weeks

84
Q

Birth control: nuva ring

A

Over the course of 3 weeks NuvaRing releases a continuous low dose of estrogen and brogestin.
Hormone release is activated when contact with the vagina occurs

85
Q

6 muscles of the eye

A

Superior/inferior rectus
lateral/medial rectus
superior/inferior oblique

86
Q

Layers of the eye outside to in

A

Sclera
choroid
retina

87
Q

The choroid is coated in this

A

melanin to prevent after images

88
Q

Rods are responsible for this

A

dark vs light

89
Q

cones are responsible for this

A

detail and color vision

90
Q

This part of the eye is an extension of the brain

A

retina

91
Q

this part of the eye contains all of the rods and cones

A

retina

92
Q

What is the back portion of the eye by the optic nerve called

A

optic disk

93
Q

There is no vision or blind spot here

A

optic disk

94
Q

Layers of the eye through which light passes (out to in)

A

corneapupillensretina

95
Q

colored portion of the eye

A

iris

96
Q

this is in the middle of the iris

A

pupil

97
Q

What helps us focus, and what is it made of

A

lensprotein

98
Q

These attach the lens to the ciliary body

A

zonular fibers

99
Q

What are the two chambers of the eye, relative to this structure

A 
anterior chamber (infront)
posterior chamber (behind)iris
100
Q

This is in the anterior cavity and maintains the shape of the cornea

A

aqueous humor

101
Q

This is the name of the fluid behind the lens, and has this physical property

A

vitreous humor

gel like to maintain shape behind the lens

102
Q

T/F: the cornea is not a type of lens

A

F, its shape defracts lights towards the midline

103
Q

If the object is close the lens tends to be

A

thicker

104
Q

if the object is far the lens tends to be

A

flatter

105
Q

accomadation is this process

A

the process by which we regulate the thickness of the lens

106
Q

This ciliary muscle is this type of muscle

A

sphincter

107
Q

The ciliary muscle is reponsablie for this

A

adjusting the conformation of the lens

108
Q

Relaxation of the ciliary muscle does this to the lens

A

flattens

109
Q

constrictuion of the ciliary muscle does this

A

makes the lens fatter

110
Q

T/F:Looking at close objects far away fatigues the eye

A

F, close objects fatigue the eye

111
Q

This is typically concidered far away for vision

A

15ft

112
Q

The areas of greatest visual acuity occur at these 2 locations. These receptors are most present here

A

fovea centralis
macula lutea
cones

113
Q

The iris does this

A

limits the amount of light that enters the eye

114
Q

The iris is composed of these two types of muscles

A

radially and circulalry arranged smooth muscle fibers

115
Q

Contraction of the radial muscles of the iris does this

A

opens (diolates) iris to allow more light in

116
Q

circular muscles contracting int he iris do this

A

shrink the pupil allowing less light inot the eye

117
Q

This nerve will constrict the radial muscles of the eye

A

postganglionic sympathetic axon from the superior cervical ganglion

118
Q

this nerve will constrict the circular muscles of the eye

A

postganglionic parasympathetic axon from the oculomotor nerve

119
Q

This happens to the image as it passes through the strucutres of the eye

A

its is flipped upside down, and left to right

120
Q

Emmetropia =

A

normal visionrays focus on retina

121
Q

Myopia =

A

nearsightedness

eye is to largerays focus infront of the retina

122
Q

What corrects myopia

A

concave lens,
(-) diopter
diverging lens

123
Q

Hyperopia =

A

farsightedness

eye is to smallrays focus behind retina

124
Q

What corrects hyperopia

A

convex lens,
(+) diopter
converging lens

125
Q

Astigmatism =

A

cornea is unevenly curvedrays do not focus

126
Q

This causes patches of vision in focus and out of focus

A

astigmatism

127
Q

What corrects astigmatism

A

uneven lens

128
Q

This is used to discribe the direction in which the correction should be made for astigmatism

A

cylinder

129
Q

Rods are most dense here

A

in the edges of the retina

130
Q

cones are most dense here

A

fovea centralis

131
Q

The cylinder discribes distortions in astigmatism at these points

A

distinct angles from the center of vision

132
Q

cones use this to transmit detail

A

temporal summation

133
Q

temporal summation requires this (eye)

A

higher light intensity

134
Q

Rods use this to transmit signals

A

spatial summation

135
Q

spatial summation requires this (eye)

A

lower light intensity

136
Q

amacrine cells appear here

A

between bi-polar and ganglion cells

137
Q

horizontal cells appear here

A

between photoreceptor and bi-polar cells

138
Q

Amacrine and horizontal cells do this

A

modify synapses to enhance contrast associated with vison

139
Q

Fibers of the optic nerve are formed by this

A

axons of ganglion cells

140
Q

On this visible light spectrum red is here

A

700

141
Q

on the viable light spectrum violet is here

A

400

142
Q

ROYGBIV =

A 
red
orange
yellow
green
blue
indigo
violet
143
Q

Three types of cones

A

S (blue) cone
M (green) cone
L (red) cone

144
Q

missing one of these types of cones is a condtion called

A

color blind

145
Q

This test, tests for color blindness

A

ishihara test

146
Q

The negative image test shows us this about photoreceptors

A

they adapt to stimulishows us the chemistry of rods and cones

147
Q

These are the color compensations for a negative image test (3)

A

black -> white
Red -> green
blue -> yellow

148
Q

Tapedum lucidem

A

refracts light to expose photorecpetors to more light

night vision in animals

149
Q

accommodation

A

changes in optical power to maintain clear image or focus

150
Q

Distance, light, zonular fiber, ciliary body, lens, and fatigue: Dilated pupil

A 
Far distance
Dim light
tight zonular fibers
relaxed ciliary body
flat lens
no fatigue
151
Q

Distance, light, zonular fiber, ciliary body, lens, and fatigue: constricted pupil

A 
close up
bright light
loose zonular fibers
contracted cilliary body
thicker lens
high fatigue
152
Q

Pathway of light entering the eye

A 
cornea
aqueous humor
pupil
lens
vitreous humor
retina
153
Q

PHBAG

A 
photoreceptors
horizontal cells
bipolar cells
amacrine cells
ganglion cells
fibers of optic nerve
154
Q

Negatvie afterimage is caused by this

A

over stimulation of the photoreceptors which lead to bleaching (light adapted)

155
Q

diopters are this

A

the measurement of the refractive power of a lens

156
Q

formula for diopters

A

1/focal length (m)

157
Q

near point

A

closest distance at which one can see an object in sharp focus

158
Q

Formula for a persons visual acuity

A 
V = d/D
d = distance at which the person can read the letters
D = distance at which a normal eye can read the letters
159
Q

Normal vision is rated at this

A

20/20

160
Q

a person with less than average vision will have a rating such as

A

20/25

161
Q

Snellen test

A

standard eye chart test

162
Q

The instrument used to map the field of vision is call this

A

a perimeter

163
Q

These are a continuation of the choroid

A

Suspensory ligaments that are attached marginally to ciliary bodies

164
Q

This can provide important information about the anatomy of the inner eyeball

A

opthalmoscope

165
Q

The view of the retina seen with an opthalmoscope is call this

A

fundus oculi

166
Q

photopic vision

A

bright light - color vision

167
Q

scotopic vision

A

dim light - night vision

168
Q

This color spot is best used with an ophthalmoscope for these reasons

A

less irritating to the eye and displays the blood vessels more clearly

169
Q

when using the ophtalmoscope a 0 appears on the windo if this occurs

A

subject and examiner are both normal (emmetropic) vision

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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