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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 10 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle does this

A

works with the skeletal system (bone) to produce movement

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2
Q

Connective tissue surrounding muscle

A

epimysium

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3
Q

A bundle of muscle cells is called this, and is surrounded in this

A

fasical

perimysium

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4
Q

Muscle cell name, and what it is surrrounded by

A

muscle fiber

endomysium

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5
Q

T/F: connective tissue is continuous with the tendon

A

t

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6
Q

Striations in the skeletal muscle reflect this

A

the arangement of the microfilaments within the muscle

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7
Q

T/F: skeletal muscles are multinucliate

A

T

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8
Q

Single muscle cells fuse togeather to form this type of structure

A

syncytium

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9
Q

T/F: muscle fibers are usually short

A

F, they can be very long (up to feet long)

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10
Q

T/F: skeletal muscle is involuntary

A

F

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11
Q

This provides the stimulus for skeletal movement

A

motor neurons from motor areas of the brain

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12
Q

Name for the synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibers

A

neuromuscular junction

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13
Q

The termiinus of the axon attaches to this on the muscle fiber

A

motor end plate

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14
Q

Neurotransmitter present in vesicles at the axon terminus

A

acetycholine

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15
Q

All muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron are called this

A

motor unit

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16
Q

Small motor units have this

A

very precise contractions

weak strength

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17
Q

large motor units have this

A

imprecise contractions

greater strength of contraction

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18
Q

Functional unit of the muscle fiber

A

sarcomere

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19
Q

The ends of the sarcomere are know as this

A

z lines (discs)

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20
Q

Thin filaments are known as

A

actin

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21
Q

thick filaments are known as

A

myosin

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22
Q

This is where only actin is present

A

I band

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23
Q

This is where we have both action and myosin

A

a band

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24
Q

This is where there is only myosin

A

h zone

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25
Q

myosin attaches to eachother at this spot

A

m line

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26
Q

This is known as the sliding filament theory

A

when the muscle contracts the z disks come closer togeather as a result of the actin and myosin sliding past eachother

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27
Q

The name for the connection between actin and myosin

A

crossbridge

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28
Q

During the power stroke this occurs

A

myosin head bend towards the m line

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29
Q

This provides energy for myosin to move from a relaxed state to a contracted state

A

ATP

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30
Q

This occurs when a person dies for this reason

A

Rigor Mortis

loss of ATP

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31
Q

These overlap the G-actin

A

Tropomyosin

troponin complex

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32
Q

The G-actin has this

A

active sights for attactment to myosin

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33
Q

this moves the tropmyosin complex to allow access to the active sights on G-actin to the myosin head and results in this

A

Ca++

contraction

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34
Q

Pathway of a stimulus to a muscle cell

A

stimulus starts in sarcolema
enter through T-tubules
T-tubules trigger the sarcplasmic reticulum to release Ca++
Ca++ triggers the myosin to bind the new revealed active sites on the actin

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35
Q

Summation

A

closer the stimuli the greater the “piggy backing” effect

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36
Q

Incomplete tetanus

A

Stimuli are summed together to create a contration

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37
Q

complete tenanus

A

The fiber is said to be fuse and there is no relaxation between contractions
Eventually the muscle will fatigue causing relaxation

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38
Q

Review videos (pod casts for information over figures)

A

okay

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39
Q

Level of actin/myosin overlap with the strongest contraction capability (most contraction)

A

intermediate levels of overlap

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40
Q

What full is most used in the first 30 min of exercise (mild exercise)

A

free fatty acids

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41
Q

this occurs as exercise intensity is increased

A

more and more muscle glycogen is used, and less free fatty acids are used

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42
Q

If you want to use free fatty acids as a primary source of energy you need to exercise in this manor

A

mild intensity

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43
Q

Three types of muscle fibers

A

Slow (type 1)
Fast (type IIA)
Fast (type IIX)

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44
Q

Slow type 1 muscle fibers use this type of respiration

A

aerobic

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45
Q

Fast muscle fiber types are also known as this

A

white muscle fiber

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46
Q

Fast type muscle fibers use this type of respiration

A

anaerobic

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47
Q

Specific types of exercise can do this

A

create hypertrophy in the desired muscle type

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48
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the muscles under voluntary control

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49
Q

Myasthenia gravis is caused by

A

breakdown in the transfer of nerve impulses to muscles

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50
Q

With myasthenia gravis this occurs if the muscle is used repeatedly

A

weakness worsens

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51
Q

Direct cause of myasthenia gravis (what causes the breakdown in the transfer of nerve impulses to muscles)

A

production of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors

production of antibobodies to a muscle specific receptor thyrosine kinase (MuSK)

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52
Q

MuSK is responsible for this

A

the recruitment of acetylcholine receptors to the neuromuscular junction

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53
Q

Myasthenia gravis is less commonly caused by this, and is known by this name when caused by the aforementioned problem

A

antibodies to lipoprotein-related protein 4

antibody negative myasthnia gravis

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54
Q

The rarest form of myasthenia gravis is caused by this, and is known by this name

A

heredity

congenital myasthetic syndrome

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55
Q

Signs and symptoms of myasthenia gravis (8)

A 
drooping of one or both eyelids (ptosis)
double vision (diplopia) which improves with one eye closed
altered speech
difficulty swallowing
limited facial expression
trouble holding up your head
waddling while walking
difficulty lifting or raising arms
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56
Q

Treatment for myasthenia gravis (5)

A 
cholinesterase inhibitors (Mestinon)
corticosteroids (prednisone)
Immuno-suppressents
plasmapheresis
intravenous immunoglobulin
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57
Q

Prognosis for myasthenia gravis (3)

A

symptoms progress to highest severity within 3 years
after 3 years symptoms usually stabilize
can live a fairly normal life with regular medical treatment

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58
Q

What are the essentials of a reflex mechanism

A

receptor organ
effector organ
some type of communications network connecting the two

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59
Q

Reflex action is initiated by this and results in this

A

input response

output response

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60
Q

Reflex activity ranges from this to this

A

simple axon reflex

complex reflexes in which the cerebrum participates

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61
Q

Many reflexes might be regarded as being this (explain)

A

programmed. Meaning the appropriate response to the stimulus has been built into the nervous system

62
Q

Reflex action often does not require this

A

action by the central nervous system

63
Q

These reflexes require integration by action centers in the brain

A

eye reflexes

labyrinthine reflexes

64
Q

Reasons some reflexes are integrated in the brain

A

appropriate response is determined after several inputs have been evaluated

65
Q

Three spinal reflexes tested in class

A

Patellar reflex
achilles reflex
biceps and triceps reflex

66
Q

What is the plantar/babinski reflex (explain results also)

A

a stroking stimulus is applied to the sole of the foot near the inner side using a blunt object.
Normal response is a downwards flexion or curling of toes
If the toes fan out with big toe flexed dorsally the response is a positive babinski reflext

67
Q

What is the babinski response associated with

A

damage to the pyramidal tract fibers, or children in their first year because the nerves are still undergoing myelination

68
Q

The time required for a person to react to a stimulus depends on several factors, including:

A 
responsiveness of receptor
nerve conduction velocity
synaptic delay
number of neurons and synapses involved
nerve distance traveled
efficiency of neuromuscular transmission
speed of muscle contraction
69
Q

In an automatic reflex this many synapses are traversed over this length of time

A

few

short

70
Q

In a response that requires though, decision making and choice require this many neural pathways and require this much time

A

more

longer

71
Q

What did the reaction time apparatus consist of

A

operator’s initiate console
subject’s response panel
stop clock

72
Q

T/F: the intact skeletal muscles of humans can be stimulated directly through the skin if a fairly strong stimulus is employed

A

T

73
Q

This can be used to diagnose certain neuromuscular disorders and prevent muscle atrophy during temporary paralysis

A

Simulation of motor points

74
Q

Spots on the muscle that are more sensitive to electrical stimulation than the rest of the muscle are called

A

motor points

75
Q

The motor points usually lie over the point where the nerve enters this

A

the muscle

76
Q

Most motor points are located over this

A

belly of the muscle

77
Q

When stimulating motor points muscle contraction is produced through stimulation of this

A

the innervating nerve

78
Q

Muscle function in humans can be evaluated by examining contraction strengths using this or by doing this

A

dynamometer

examining the depolarization of contracting muscles using surface electrodes connected through bioamplifiers

79
Q

Two tools that where used to measure muscle recruitment and fatigue

A

hand dynamometer

surface electrodes

80
Q

Strength of contraction is correlated with this

A

the number of motor units being stimulated

81
Q

We could expect to seen an increase in this as contraction strength increases

A

electrical activity

82
Q

Know the muscle diagram from the podcast

A

okay

83
Q

Ridges in the epimysium are called this

A

Fascia

84
Q

Neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholine

85
Q

Type of receptor found on muscles

A

Nicotinic Cholnergic receptor

86
Q

Be able to draw and label everything associated with the image of the sarcomere from the podcast

A

okay

87
Q

Three steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. influx of Ca++ triggers exposure binding sites of actin by binding troponin
  2. Myosin binds actin - forms crossbridge
  3. Power stroke of crossbridge causes sliding of filaments
88
Q

Three steps of muscle relaxation

A
  1. ATP binds to cross bridge resulting in disconnection of myosin to actin
  2. hydrolysis of ATP re-energizes myosin
  3. Ca++ ions re-enter the sarcoplasmic reticulum
89
Q

More muscle recruitment = a bigger this

A

muscle contraction

90
Q

In a large motor unit a single neuron innervates this many muscle fibers for this reason

A

thousands

stimulate greater muscle contraction

91
Q

Another name for the Right atrium/ventricular valve

A

Tricuspid valve

92
Q

Another name for the left atrium/ventricular valve

A

Mitral valve (bicuspid)

93
Q

Review the anatomy of the heart

A

okay

94
Q

T/F: the right and left sides of the heart operate as separate pumps

A

T

95
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A 
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
lungs
Left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
96
Q

Two characteristics of blood in the aorta

A

O2 rich

nutrient rich

97
Q

4 areas that stethoscopes are placed to listen to particular valves of the heart (clockwise starting at the top left)

A

Aortic area
pulmonic area
bicuspid (mitral) area
tricuspid area

98
Q

Heart contractions are know as

A

systole

99
Q

Heart relaxactions are known as

A

diastole

100
Q

This is ventricular systole

A

contraction of the ventricle

101
Q

This is atrial systole

A

contraction of the atrium

102
Q

Systole when used without clarification describes this

A

ventricular systole

103
Q

Duration of systole and diastole

A
  1. 3

0. 5

104
Q

Cardiac cycle characteristics (3)

A

less than 1 second normally
contraction faster than relaxation
atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction

105
Q

Normal heart rate

A

72 beats per minute

106
Q

Cardiac cycle (start to finish)

A

Atria contracting
Blood flows into ventricles
Ventricles contract
Blood flows into atria

107
Q

Review how pressure changes in the ventricle correlate to volume changes in the ventricle (podcast, approximately 4 min. in)

A

okay

108
Q

This is used to measure pressures associated with the heart and is measured at this location on the body

A

blood pressure

biceps

109
Q

This type of blood flow creates sound

A

turbulent

110
Q

This type of blood flow does not create sound

A

Laminar

111
Q

Starting blood pressure cuff pressure

A

140 mmHg

112
Q

The first korotkoff sound signals this pressure

A

systolic pressure (maximum pressure the ventricle would produce)

113
Q

The last korotkoff sounds signals this pressure

A

diastolic pressure

114
Q

Average systolic and diastolic pressures

A

Systolic 120 mmHg

Diastolic 80 mmHg

115
Q

The pressure of the blood in the veinus portion of circulation is essentially this

A

0 mmHg

116
Q

The mean pressure of blood is this

A

100 mmHg

117
Q

The skeletal muscle pump does this

A

utilizes blood vessels being compressed by the muscles they lie between
as they compress blood is driven towards the heart

118
Q

Veins have these structures within them

A

valves

119
Q

pulse pressure =

A

P(systolic) - P(diastolic)

120
Q

Normal pulse pressure

A

40 mm Hg

121
Q

Exercise pulse pressure may go as high as this

A

100 mmHg

122
Q

When we exercise this happens to our systolic and diastolic pressures

A

Increase

decrease

123
Q

Very low pulse pressure can be suggestive of this

A

congestive heart failure

aortic stenosis

124
Q

Reason for low pulse pressure with congestive heart failure

A

weak heart contractions

125
Q

reason for low pulse pressure with aortic stenosis

A

Low blood volume caused by narrowing of aortic semilunar valve

126
Q

The electrodes on the body during an electrocardiogram do this

A

investigate the change in potential of the heart muscle as it progressively contracts

127
Q

What do the 3 leads compare in an electrocardiogram

A

I - Right arm to left arm
II - Right arm to left leg
III - Left arm to left leg

128
Q

The typical ECG in lab utilizes this lead

A

II

129
Q

Each wave of an ECG represents this

A

changes in polarity in the cardiac musculature

130
Q

The P wave represents this

A

depolarization of the atria

131
Q

The QRS wave represents thsi

A

depolarization of the ventricle

132
Q

The T wave represents this

A

Re polarization of the ventricle

133
Q

Repolarization of the atria takes places here

A

QRS phase

134
Q

This is associated with ventricular contraction

A

Right after the QRS

135
Q

This follows depolarization

A

contraction of the associated portion of the heart

136
Q

The first heart sound is associated with this

A

the closing of the atrial ventricular valve

137
Q

The Atrial/ventricular valve will close at this time

A

when the pressure in the ventricle is greater than the pressure in the atria

138
Q

The second heart sound is associated with this

A

the closing of the semilunar valve

139
Q

The semilunar valve will close at this time

A

when the pressure in the aorta is greater than the pressure in the ventricle

140
Q

Wiggers diagram (4)

A

Correlates pressures in aorta, ventrical, atria
idetifies part of the graph where AV and semilunar valves open and close
Correlates with ECG
Identifies when the first and second heart sounds occur

141
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced blood flow to the ventricle

142
Q

Bradycardia means

A

slow heart rate

143
Q

sinus means

A

origin is in the sinal/atrial node

144
Q

Tachycardia means

A

fast heart rate

145
Q

ventricular means (ECG)

A

Everything on the ECG is originated in the ventricles

146
Q

Tachycardia means a heart rate over this

A

140 beats per minute

147
Q

In sinus tachycardia we see this on the ECG

A

Normal P, QRS, T waves happening very quickly

148
Q

In ventricular fibrillation we see this on the ECG

A

The ventricle is not contracting in any sort of coordinated manor

149
Q

How does cholesterol effect us

A

formation of plaques that can block blood vessels

May also ulcerate and release a piece of tissue that may cause a blockage elsewhere in the body

150
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

151
Q

Two common areas of blockage in the heart

A

left anterior descending

right coronary artery

Physiology Lab (10 decks)

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