Postlab quiz 11 Flashcards
What is hypoplasic left heart syndrome
Congenital birth defect that affects normal blood flow through the heart
What occurs in hypoplastic left heart syndrome
left side of fetal heart doesn’t form properly during pregnancy
What is affected in hypoplastic left heart syndrome
left ventricle mitral valve aortic valve ascending aorta atrial septal defect present
Causes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Causes among babies are unknown, however, could be related to genetics or a combination of genes and other risk factors
In addition to genes what are some examples of risk factors that may cause hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Things the mother comes in contact with
surrounding environment
maternal food, drink, medication
Signs and symptoms of hypoplasic left heart syndrome (8)
bluish or poor skin color cold hands and feet lethargy poor pulse poor feeding pounding heart rapid breathing shortness of breath
When is hypoplastic left heart syndrome found
before birth via ultrasound
first few hours of life to a few days after birth
Treatments for hypoplastic left heart syndrome
medication to strengthen heart muscle, lower blood pressure, and remove extra fluid
high-calorie formula because infants fatigue while feeding
surgery to increase blood flow and bypass poorly functioning side of heart
right ventricle becomes main pumping chamber after surgery
Prognosis for hypoplastic left heart syndrome
if left untreated it is fatal
surgeries do not cure syndrome but help restore heart function
can have lifelong complications
need regular follow up visits with cardiologist
if requires heart transplant, have to take medicine for rest of life to prevent rejection (immuno suppressives)
Another name for the Right atrium/ventricular valve
Tricuspid valve
Another name for the left atrium/ventricular valve
Mitral valve (bicuspid)
Review the anatomy of the heart
okay
T/F: the right and left sides of the heart operate as separate pumps
F
Flow of blood through the heart
Vena cava Right atrium tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary artery lungs pulmenary veins Left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta
Two characteristics of blood in the aorta
O2 rich
nutrient rich
4 areas that stethoscopes are placed to listen to particular valves of the heart (clockwise starting at the top left)
Aortic area
pulmonic area
bicuspid (mitral) area
tricuspid area
Heart contractions are know as
systole
Heart relaxactions are known as
diastole
This is ventricular systole
contraction of the ventricle
This is atrial systole
contraction of the atrium
Systole when used without clarification describes this
ventricular systole
Duration of systole and diastole
- 3
0. 5
Cardiac cycle characteristics (3)
less than 1 second normally
contraction faster than relaxation
atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction
Normal heart rate
72 beats per minute
Cardiac cycle (start to finish)
Atria contracting
Blood flows into ventricles
Ventricles contract
Blood flows into atria
Review how pressure changes in the ventricle correlate to volume changes in the ventricle (podcast, approximately 4 min. in)
okay
This is used to measure pressures associated with the heart and is measured at this location on the body
blood pressure
biceps
This type of blood flow creates sound
turbulent
This type of blood flow does not create sound
Laminar
Starting blood pressure cuff pressure
140 mmHg
The first korotkoff sound signals this pressure
systolic pressure (maximum pressure the ventricle would produce)
The last korotkoff sounds signals this pressure
diastolic pressure
Average systolic and diastolic pressures
Systolic 120 mmHg
Diastolic 80 mmHg
The pressure of the blood in the veinus portion of circulation is essentially this
0 mmHg
The mean pressure of blood is this
100 mmHg
The skeletal muscle pump does this
utilizes blood vessels being compressed by the muscles they lie betweenas they compress blood is driven towards the heart
Veins have these structures within them
valves
pulse pressure =
P(systolic) - P(diastolic)
Normal pulse pressure
40 mm Hg
Exercise pulse pressure may go as high as this
100 mmHg
When we exercise this happens to our systolic and diastolic pressures
Increasedecrease
Very low pulse pressure can be suggestive of this
congestive heart failure
aortic stenosis
Reason for low pulse pressure with congestive heart failure
weak heart contractions
reason for low pulse pressure with aortic stenosis
Low blood volume caused by narrowing of aortic semilunar valve
The electrodes on the body during an electrocardiogram do this
investigate the change in potential of the heart muscle as it progressively contracts
What do the 3 leads compare in an electrocardiogram
I - Right arm to left arm
II - Right arm to left leg
III - Left arm to left leg
The typical ECG in lab utilizes this lead
II
Each wave of an ECG represents this
changes in polarity in the cardiac musculature
The P wave represents this
depolarization of the atria
The QRS wave represents thsi
depolarization of the ventricle
The T wave represents this
Re polarization of the ventricle
Repolarization of the atria takes places here
QRS phase
This is associated with ventricular contraction
Right after the QRS
This follows depolarization
contraction of the associated portion of the heart
The first heart sound is associated with this
the closing of the atrial ventricular valve
The Atrial/ventricular valve will close at this time
when the pressure in the ventricle is greater than the pressure in the atria
The second heart sound is associated with this
the closing of the semilunar valve
The semilunar valve will close at this time
when the pressure in the aorta is greater than the pressure in the ventricle
Wiggers diagram (4)
Correlates pressures in aorta, ventrical, atria
Identifies part of the graph where AV and semilunar valves open and close Correlates with ECG
Identifies when the first and second heart sounds occur
Ischemia
Reduced blood flow to the ventricle
Bradycardia means
slow heart rate
sinus means
origin is in the sinal/atrial node
Tachycardia means
fast heart rate
ventricular means (ECG)
Everything on the ECG is originated in the ventricles
Tachycardia means a heart rate over this
140 beats per minute
In sinus tachycardia we see this on the ECG
Normal P, QRS, T waves happening very quickly
In ventricular fibrillation we see this on the ECG
The ventricle is not contracting in any sort of coordinated manor
How does cholesterol effect us
formation of plaques that can block blood vessels
May also ulcerate and release a piece of tissue that may cause a blockage elsewhere in the body
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
Two common areas of blockage in the heart
left anterior descending
right coronary artery
Be able to draw and label the blood pressure images from lecture
okay
Be able to draw and label wiggers diagram
okay
Be able to draw and describe heart blocks
okay
Be able to draw and label ECG
okay
Be able to drawn and label the valsalva maneuver (blood pressure to pulse wave) from handout
okay
Be able to draw and label Einthoven’s triangle
okay
Normal axis of the heart
59 degrees
this angle describes a left axis deviation of the heart
<0 degrees
this angle describes a right axis deviation of the heart
> 90 degrees
Atherosclerosis
hardening of arteries
Causes of atherosclerosis
high levels of cholestrol
toxins/cigarettes
hypertension
plaque
cholesterol, fats, calcium(makes hard)
reduce blood flow
ulcerate
rupture of plaque
Thrombus
blood clot
Stethoscope
tool used to hear sounds inside the body
Most useful clinical measurements that can be taken
blood pressure
Blood pressure refers to this
pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls
This blood pressure is the most useful and is the most frequently measured pressure
arterial blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure
highest pressure in the artery produced in the hearts contraction (systolic) phase
Diastolic blood pressure
lowest pressure in the artery, produced in the heart’s relaxation (diastolic) phase
Blood pressure provides us with this information
the heart’s pumping efficiency and the condition of the systemic blood vessels
Systolic blood pressure indicates this
the force of contraction of the heart
diastolic blood pressure indicates this
the condition of the systemic blood vessels
These are some causes of blood pressure increase as we age
loss of elasticity of the vessels
deposits of cholesterol and other lipids on the blood vessel walls
T/F: it is important to get many blood pressure readings to determine if there are any problems
T
Two measurements of blood pressure
direct methood
indirect method
indirect method of measuring blood pressure
pressure is applied externally to the artery and the pressure is determined by listening to arterial sounds
Indirect method of measure blood pressure is also known as
auscultatory method
Instrument used to apply pressure to the artery in indirect measurement of blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
Human blood pressure is most commonly measured here
in the brachial artery of the upper arm
Why is the brachial artery use to measure blood pressure
same level as the heart so pressures are close to the pressure in the aorta leaving the heart
The cold pressor test is used to demonstrate this
the effect of sensory stimulus (cold) on blood pressure
The normal reflex response to a cold stimulus is this on blood pressure
increase in blood pressure (10 mmHg systolic)
The highest blood pressure occurs at this point
when the ventricle contracts forcing blood into the artery
The lowest blood pressure occurs at this point
when the heart is in its relaxation phase and no blood is flowing through the semilunar valves
The dicrotic notch results when this occurs
the aortic semilunar valves close causing the blood in the aorta to rebound against the arterial walls to produce a slight elevation in pressure
ECG stands for
electrocardiogram
This is first rubbed on the skin to remove oil and dead cells this increase conduction
electrolyte jelly (NaCl or KCl)
The ground on the right leg of an ecg serves this purpose
it is a ground connection that prevents unwanted external potential fields from distorting the records
The father of the electrocardiogram
Willem Einthoven
Einthoven’s law
Lead 1 + lead 3 = Lead 2
attempting to exhale forcefully against a close glottis is called this
valsalva maneuver
using einthoven’s triangle and law you can calculate the overall direction and magnitude of the impulses conducted over the heart and is called
electrical axis of the heart
Left lung has this many lobes, and the right lung has this many lobes
2
3
Flow of air into the lungs
trachea primary bronchus bronchial tree terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar sacs alveoli
Most gas exhange takes place here
alveoli (alveolar sacs)
Some gas exchange takes place here
respiratory bronchioles
Conducting zone of respiratory system includes
larynx thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage trachea carina right and left primary branchus
Gas exchange takes place in this zone
respiratory zone
Type 1 alveolar cells form thsi
the wall
type 2 alveolar cells form this
surfactant
look up what surfactant is
okay
Macrophages do this
take out any pathogens or debris inside the alvoli
Flow of O2 and CO2 in the respiratory zone
O2 into the capillary from the alveolus
CO2 into the alveolus from the capillary
Two types of breathing
normal
forced
These contract in normal breathing and have this affect
diaphragm
external intercostals
expansion of the thorasic cavity and lung volume, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure to about -3mmHg
These contract in forced (inhalation) breathing and have this affect
diaphragm external intercostals sternocleidomastoid\ scalenes parasternal intercostals expansion of lung capacity over what is considered normal decreases intrapulmonary pressure to about -20 mmHg or lower
These contract in forced (exhalation) breathing and have this affect
internal intercostals external abdominal oblique internal abdominal oblique transversus abdominis rectus abdominis force air out of the lungs, increasing intrapulmonary pressure to +30 mmHg or higher
Review the mechanics of breathign
20:30 podcast
What happens during normal expiration
relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals, plus elastic recoil of lungs, decreases lung volume and increases intrapulmonary pressure to about +3mmHg
name of the equipment used to determine lung volume, and how it works
Transducer
measures/compares pressures on both sides of the diaphragm to calculate lung volume
Use this when doing the lung volume test to reduce pathogens
biofilter
Emphysema
progressive condition in which alveolar tissue is destroyed resulting in fewer but larger alveoli
emphysema results in this
decrease in surface area for gas exchange
asthma
an obstruction of airflow through the bronchioles occuring in episodes.
What is the obstruction caused by in asthma
inflammation of airway mucosa and bronchoconstriction (conduction zones)
Three experiments of this lab
recording respiratory movements
measuring respiratory volume
measuring pulmonary function
