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Yr 2 - Movement > Posterior Thigh and Knee Anatomy > Flashcards

Posterior Thigh and Knee Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What region is being pointed to?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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2
Q

What muscles originate from the ischial tuberosity?

A

The hamstrings

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3
Q

Is this a left or a righ femur?

A

Left - anterior aspect

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4
Q

What is being pointed to?

A

Medial and lateral lips of linea aspera

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5
Q

What muscles are attached to the linea aspera?

A
  • Some of the quadriceps muscles (anterior)
  • Some of the adductor muscles (medial)
  • Short head of biceps femoris (posterior)
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6
Q

What is being pointed to? What does it articulate with?

A

Femoral condyles (medial and lateral) - articulate with tibial plateaus

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7
Q

What structure is being pointed to? (anterior surface of distal femur)

A

Adductor tubercle

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8
Q

What attaches to the adductor tubercle?

A

Hamstring part of adductor magnus

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9
Q

What is being pointed to?

A

Tibial plateaus

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10
Q

What raised up area of bone is being pointed to?

A

Intercondylar eminence

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11
Q

What is found anterior and posterior to the intercondylar eminence on the tibia?

A

Attachment sites for cruciate ligaments

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12
Q

What is being pointed to? What is this an attachment site for?

A

Tibial tuberosity - attachment site for quads via the patella tendon

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13
Q

Which nerve wraps around the area being pointed to?

A

The common fibular nerve wraps around the fibular neck

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14
Q

Muscles of the posterior thigh generally act as…

A
  • Hip extensors
  • Knee flexors
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15
Q

What is the action of the short head of biceps femoris?

A

Flex the knee

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16
Q

What is the action of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?

A

Extends the hip

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17
Q

What nerves innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh?

A

Tibial nerve and common fibular (this innervates short head of biceps femoris)

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18
Q

What muscle is being pointed to?

A

Gluteus maximus

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19
Q

What is being pointed to?

A

Iliotibial tract (most laterally)

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20
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Gracilis (most medial)

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21
Q

What small triangular muscle in the gluteal region is being pointed to?

A

Piriformis

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22
Q

What bony landmark is being pointed to?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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23
Q

What nerve is being pointed to? How does it emerge in relation to piriformis?

A

Sciatic nerve - emerges inferiorly to piriformis

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24
Q

What ligament is being pointed to?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

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25
Q

What 2 hamstring muscles are found on the medial side of the thigh?

A
  1. Semimembranosus
  2. Semitendinosus
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26
Q

What muscle is being pointed to? How does it lie in relation to the other medial hamstring muscle? Where does it inserts distally?

A

Semimembranosus - lies slightly deeper to semitendinosus - inserts distally onto the medial aspect of the proximal tibia

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27
Q

What muscle is being pointed to here? Where does it insert?

A

Semitendinosus - inserts on proximal aspect of tibia

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28
Q

What innervates semimembranosus and semitendinosus?

A

Tibial aspect of sciatic nerve

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29
Q

What muscle is being pointed to? Where does it lie in the posterior thigh?

A

Long head of biceps femoris - comes across laterally - inserts on the head of the fibula

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30
Q

Where does the tendon of biceps femoris insert?

A

Head of the fibula

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31
Q

What slip of muscle is being pointed to? Where does it originate? Where does it insert?

A

Short head of biceps femoris - originates from linea aspera (doesn’t act on hit) - joins common tendon with long head that inserts on the head of the fibula

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32
Q

What is the long and short head of biceps femoris innervated by?

A

Long head - tibial nerve

Short head - common fibular nerve

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33
Q

Actions of biceps femoris long vs short head?

A

Long - extends hip and flexes knee

Short - flexes knee only

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34
Q

What is the action of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?

A

Extends the hip (but cannot flex the knee as it doesn’t cross it)

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35
Q

What muscle is being pointed to?

A

Adductor magnus - large muscle in the medial thigh

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36
Q

What is being pointed to? Where does it insert?

A

Tendon of hamstring part of adductor magnus that inserts on the adductor tubercle

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37
Q

What is the hamstring part of adductor magnus innervated by?

A

The tibial nerve

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38
Q

What gap is being pointed to? What passes through here?

A

The adductor hiatus - the femoral vessels pass through here and become the popliteal vessels

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39
Q

What forms the adductor hiatus?

A

The hamstring and adductor part of adductor magnus

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40
Q

Where is the sciatic nerve located?

A

Deep in gluteal region - deep to gluteus maximus

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41
Q

Where should IM injections be placed in the buttock? Why?

A

Upper outer quadrant to avoid any danger of hitting the sciatic nerve

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42
Q

Danger of IM injection in:

  • Upper medial quadrant
  • Lower lateral quadrant
  • Lower medial quadrant
A
  • Upper medial –> danger of hitting gluteal arteries and nerves
  • Lower medial –> danger of sciatic nerve
  • Lower lateral –> danger of variations of sciatic nerve
43
Q

What are possible variations of sciatic nerve?

A
  • Emerges inferior to piriformis (most common)
  • Can emerge superior to piriformis
  • Can split and emerge both superior and inferior to piriformis
44
Q

What are the nerve roots of sciatic nerve?

45
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into in the mid posterior thigh?

A

Tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

46
Q

Which nerve heads vertically down directly through the popliteal fossa and into the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

47
Q

Where does the common fibular nerve head?

A

Heads out laterally along the edge of biceps femoris towards the lateral and anterior aspect of the leg. Wraps around the neck of the fibula.

48
Q

What does the tibial nerve innervate in the lower leg?

A

Posterior muscles and muscles in sole of foot

49
Q

What does the common fibular innervate in the lower leg?

A

Lateral and anterior compartment

50
Q

What muscle is being hovered over?

51
Q

What ligament is being pointed to?

A

Patella ligament

52
Q

What structure is being hovered over?

A

Medial femoral condyle

53
Q

What ligament is being pointed to?

54
Q

What muscle is mainly being hovered over?

55
Q

What structure is being pointed to?

A

Lateral meniscus - sat between the tibial plateau and the femoral condyle

56
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery and vein, tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve runs along superolateral boundary alongside biceps femoris

57
Q

How can the popliteal artery be palpated?

A

In the popliteal fossa - gently press the popliteal artery onto the posterior aspect of femur. This can be difficult as it is deep.

58
Q

What is the patella embedded within?

A

The quadriceps tendon

59
Q

Anterior view of knee (patella has been reflected)

60
Q

In flexion, what can you see the femoral condyles covered by?

A

Articular cartilage

61
Q

What is being pointed to? Where does it lie?

A

Lying between the femoral condyel and the tibial plateau –> an important area of fibrocartilage –> the lateral miniscus

62
Q

Where are the menisci thicker?

A

At the external margins (wedge shape)

63
Q

How can a torn meniscus affect the knee?

A

Can lock the knee when debris from meniscus gets trapped inside the joint.

Locking implies that the torn part of the meniscus has displaced into a part of the knee where it doesn’t belong or fit.

64
Q

What ligament is being pointed to?

A

Fibular / lateral collateral ligament –> this is found outside the joint capsule

65
Q

Is the fibular collateral ligament attached to the lateral meniscus?

A

No –> therefore not commonly injured together

66
Q

What ligament is being pointed to? What is it attached to?

A

Medial/tibial collateral ligament - attached to the medial meniscus

67
Q

Knee in extension

A

Larger region of articulation –> more stable

68
Q

Knee in flexion

A

Less articulation

69
Q

What ligament is being pointed to?

70
Q
A

Arises from the anterior intercondylar area, and travels to medial aspect of lateral femoral condyle

71
Q

Function of the ACL?

A
  • Prevents hyperextension of the knee
  • Preventing anterior movement of the tibia relative to the femur
72
Q

What is being pointed to?

73
Q

Where does the PCL arise from? Where does it travel?

A

Posterior part of intercondylar area on the tibia and travels up towards medial femoral condyle

74
Q

Function of PCL?

A
  • Helps to prevent posterior movement of the tibia relative to the femur
  • Keeps knee stable when the knee is flexed but weight bearing (e.g. walking downhill)
75
Q

What muscle can be seen here?

76
Q

How does the femur rotate during knee extension?

A

As full extension of the knee is approached, the femur undergoes a small amount of medial rotation on the tibia –> this locks the knee.

77
Q

What is the purpose of this ‘locking’ during full extension?

A

Gives stability to the knee (muscles can temp relax)

78
Q

How is the knee ‘unlocked’? What muscle allows this?

A

Small degree of lateral rotation as knee goes back towards flexion –> popliteus contracts to allow this

79
Q

What movements do lateral/medial collateral ligaments prohibit?

A
  • Limit sideways movement of joint (medial and lateral dislocation)
  • Strong stabilisers
80
Q

What movements do the cruciate ligaments prohibit?

A

Forwards and backwards

81
Q

What movement often ruptures an ACL?

A

Twisting a flexed knee

82
Q

What is osteoscarcoma?

A
  • Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that begins in the cells that form bones.
  • Often prevents with problems around knees –> affects young people
83
Q

What is muscle 6? What are its actions? What is it innervated by?

A

Long head of biceps femoris: extends hip and flexes knee, innervated by tibial nerve

84
Q

What bony landmark is 3?

A

Ischial tuberosity

85
Q

What is muscle 5?

A

Semitendinosus

86
Q

Identify the nerve indicated by the number 8.

A

Common fibular nerve

87
Q

Action of short head of biceps femoris?

A

Flexor of knee

88
Q

Which muscle(s) form the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus and semitendinosus

89
Q

Action of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?

A

Extends the hip joint

90
Q

Is this a right or left popliteal fossa? Identify nerve 6.

A

Right

Tibial nerve

91
Q

What is muscle 4? Where does muscle 6 insert?

A

Semimembranosus

Biceps femoris inserts on proximal fibula

92
Q

Which muscle(s) form the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

93
Q

If a patient had a thombus in the popliteal vein, which signs would be expected in the affected limb?

A

Warmth, redness, swelling of the leg, tenderness

94
Q

What is structure A?

A

Tibial collateral ligament

95
Q

Muscle D is involved with which movement at the knee joint?

A

Lateral rotation of the femur

96
Q

An injury to structure A is often associated with injury to the medial collateral ligament. Is this statement true or false?

97
Q

If there is a normal response to the examination shown below, which of the following spinal segments are intact?

98
Q

What is A?

99
Q

What are A and B?

100
Q

What inserts on A?

A

Patella tendon (quads)

101
Q

What is A?

102
Q

Muscle D is innervated by which nerve?

103
Q

When the patella dislocates, it almost always dislocates…?

Yr 2 - Movement (39 decks)

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