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Populations and Sustainability Flashcards

1
Q

State the 3 stages of a sigmoidal population growth curve

A

Slow growth
Rapid growth
Stable state - carrying capacity

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2
Q

State the features of slow growth in a sigmoidal population growth curve

A

small number of organisms

slow increase

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3
Q

State the features of rapid growth in a sigmoidal population growth curve

A

exponential increase

no constraints to limit population increase

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4
Q

State the features of stable state in a sigmoidal population growth curve

A

reached carrying capacity
further increase prevented by external constraints
birth rate approx. = death rate

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5
Q

Define carrying capacity

A

size of a population that an ecosystem can support

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6
Q

Define limiting factor

A

A factor that prevents a population from increasing above carrying capacity

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7
Q

Name 3 biotic limiting factors

A

predators
disease
competition

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8
Q

Name 5 abiotic limiting factors

A 
temperature
water
soil
ph
light intensity
space
humidity
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9
Q

Describe the 3 stages of how intraspecific competition changes population size

A

1- population increases
food and resources plentiful
more individuals survive and breed

2- population decreases
increasing intraspecific competition for food and resources
death rate > birth rate

3 - population increases
fewer organisms now competing
more individuals survive and breed

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10
Q

Define immigration

A

Individuals moving into an area

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11
Q

Define emigration

A

Individuals moving out of an area

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12
Q

Define density-independent factors

A

tend to be physical
have major effect regardless of population size
eg. fire/flood/light intensity

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13
Q

Define density-dependent factors

A

impact is proportional to size of population

eg. disease, competition

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14
Q

define the competitive exclusion principle

A

If 2 species are competing for the same resources, that which is less well-adapted will be outcompeted

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15
Q

Define conservation

A

Maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management

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16
Q

Define reclamation

A

restoring ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed

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17
Q

Give an example of reclamation

A

controlled burning, halts succession - increases biodiversity

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18
Q

State 3 aims of conservation

A

maintains:

  • diversity between species
  • genetic diversity within a species
  • habitats
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19
Q

Define preservation

A

restricting or banning human interference so ecosytsmes are kept in their original states

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20
Q

Give an example of a preservation technique and where it could be used

A

No visitation eg. nautire reserves or marine conservation zones

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21
Q

Give one social, economic and ethical importance of conservation/preservation

A

economic - maintains resources and sources of income over a long period of time

social - able to continue enjoying natural beauty 0 benefits to wellbeing

ethical - we should not have a right to interfere and destroy ecosystems - moral responsibility for the future

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22
Q

Outline a small scale sustainable timber production technique

A

Coppicing/pollarding
cut back trees to stump/ trunk
trees re grow in 7 - 20 years
done on rotation

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23
Q

why is rotational coppicing/pollarding beneficial?

A

maintain biodiversity by creating a large range of habitats

allows consistent income

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24
Q

Outline a how a large scale timber production technique can be sustainable

A

logging

  • replace trees
  • cut down biggest trees only
  • don’t replant too close together
  • inspect trees regularly for pests/diseases
  • leave some areas undisturbed
25
Outline the environmental disadvantages to unsustainable timber production
- soil erosion - habitat loss - reduced soil fertility - new roads for trucks - therefore air and noise pollution
26
What is the aim of sustainable timer production
forests managed to provide continuous supply of timber and maintain biodiversity
27
What is the aim of sustainable fishing
catching the maximum fish without a decline in fish population
28
Name 5 techniques used in ensuring sustainable fishing
``` Quotas Permits Mesh sizes Restrictions on unsustainable methods Sanctions/ penalties ```
29
State 2 disadvantages for imposing sustainable fishing practices
Difficult to monitor | Dead fish thrown back into sea so quota not breached
30
State some disadvantages to land based fish farming
disease small gene pool expensive ethical concerns
31
Name the 6 case studies for populations and sustainability
``` Masai Mara Nature Reserve - Kenya Terai Region - Nepal Galapagos Islands - Ecuador The Lake District - England Snowdonia National Park - Wales Peat bogs ```
32
What is the ecosystem like in the Masai Mara?
Savannah regions Fertile regions close to river (rich grass and woodland) Open plains far from rivers - trees and shrubs Zebra, wildebeest, buffalo, elephants, leopards, lions, rhino Acia - but many were removed to reduce habitats for disease vectors and via grazing/fires
33
How has ecotourism affected the masai mara?
ecotourism - sustainable tourism - reduce impact and aid conservation ADVANTAGES: - does not exploit environment or communities - consults locals on developments - ensures infrastructure benefits locals too DISADVANTAGES: -use fo trails and transport - soil erosion and habitat changes
34
Outline a conservation effort in the masai mara
Protection against black rhino poaching - employment of rangers, given communication equipment, vehicles etc. SOC and ECON benefit to locals, ENV benefit to rhinos Population has since increased
35
Outline the human impact to the masai mara via farming activity
``` Live stock grazing -increase in population has led to more cattle - increased soil erosion - now limited to edges Cultivation -increased recently -converts grassland to cropland -reduces nutrients in soil so reliance on fertilisers ```
36
Outline 4 ways the Masai Mara ecosystem is is changing/ being managed
``` elephants - threaten cultivation - trampling/eating -fenced but not good for migration hunting - cull excess animals - maintains populations - but must be constantly monitored livestock - migratory wildlife compete eg. with wildebeest for grass - diseases introduced/spread humans - more homes, cattle, land - wildlife density declines ```
37
What is the ecosystem like in the Terai Region?
subtropical plants - pipal and bamboo bengal tiger, sloth bear and Indian Rhino Large areas have been cleared for agriculture - exacerbated monsoon flooding
38
Outline the forest management in the terai region and its impact
``` conservation of forests steady income - increased development local forestry groups -set prices, rules and rates - FSC ``` - -improvement in conservation and biodiversity - soil and water management - increased retail price, increase econ. input - increased employment - sustainable wood fuel sources provide (3/4 of household needs)
39
Outline the methods for promoting sustainable agriculture in the Terai region
- fruit and veg in hills and mountains - avoids intensifation of terai - irrigation - enhances crop production - cropping - no monocultures - N-fixing crops eg. pulses and legumes enhance fertility - crop varieties - resistant to soil, climatic or biotic changes - Fertilisation techniques - increase yield All create max yield with current space, prevent further loss of biodiversity, allow more econ. income etc.
40
What is the location and significance of the Galapagos islands?
Pacific, ecuador never been connected to mainland, flora and fauna had to survive crossing the ocean Speciation/adaption between islands different
41
Name 5 management techniques in the Galapagos
``` introduction of park rangers limiting human access controlling migration strict control of introduction of animals national park established ```
42
What animals are present in the galapagos
Mostly reptiles Only mammal is the Galapagos rice rat (arrived on floating vegetation) Flightless cormorant - reduced wings - better fishing underwater - no need to fly to escape mainland predators marine iguana - can swim - black and dark grey - heat lots in sun so can swim for food for longer
43
What plants are present in the galapagos
Costal - salt toleretn species eg. mangrove/saltbush Arid - drought tolerent species eg. cacti/carob tree Humid - dense cloud forest - mosses and liverworts
44
How has historic human activity impacted the galapagos
Whaling trade disrupted the ecosystem Islands used as stop over points Domestic animals roamed free Forests chopped down for fires to render whale fat Tortoises removed for food Goats were introduced - outcompete tortoises
45
What are peat bogs and what is their importance?
wet spongy ground made from dead vegation carbon sink - store of co2 preservation important for climate crisis
46
How are peat bogs formed?
Dead material can not decompose acidic and anaerobic conditions wet and boggy areas
47
What animals and plants are present in peat bogs?
Insects - butterflies, moths, dragonflies Few predators - birds often nest Plants adadpted to wet environment with few nutrients: Sphagnum mosses, Bog cotton, Heather, Cotton sedge
48
How do we conserve peat land?
Leave it undisturbed and as wet as possible -- ditch blocking to raise water levels Tree removal -- high water requirement, reduce ability to support bog vegetation Controlled grazing Remove threats -- eg. don not let me drained for agriculture of harvested for gardening RSPB --conserve ecosystem
49
Why has tourism to our UK case studies increased?
Increased awareness from media less access to green spaces obvious tourist routes exercise and wellbeing
50
What the advantages and disadvantages to increased tourism to our UK case studies?
``` AD: economic (local) aware of personal impact on environment DIS: -disruption to local habitats - pollution (noise, light, air) - littering/waste -soil erosion to paths ```
51
What animals and plants are present in Snowdonia
coastal and estuary birds forest birds moorland and mountain birdds badgers, voles, deer and hedgehogs snowdon lily, oak, alder, witchelm
52
What animals and plants are present in the lake district
water vole, toads, bats, deer, red ssquirrells vendance - endangered and only found here purple saxifrage, dwarf juniper, dwarf willow, alpine cinquefoil, sundew
53
How can we control human activity in Snowdonia/ the Lake district
Fixed paths for walking Limit areas for cycling or quad biking Visitor centre to educate - litter, keeping to paths... Warning about invasive species eg. mud on boots carrying seeds or pathogens Park rangers LAkes Permit on taking boats out and control on fishing
54
reason of importance and location - antarctica
southern most contient remote and ice covered contains 70% of worlds fresh water carbon sink
55
State 2 threats to antartica
Global warming | increased tourism
56
Why may tourism have increased in antarctica?
cheaper travel increased awareness research more accessible
57
WHat are the advantages and disadvantages to increased tourism to antarctica?
- more awareness - more research - better conservation - more money - damage to sensitive habitats - pollution - waste
58
How is the antarctic being managed
``` Antarctic treaty - 1961 ban on hunting controlled fishing restrictions on waste disposal removal of dogs permits for human access ```

Biology (17 decks)

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